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中国神经科学学会第十二届全国学术会议

作者： Heng Zhou Gui-Jing Xiong Liang Jing Ning-Ning Song De-Lin Pu Xun Tang Xiao-Bing He Fu-Qiang Xu Jing-Fei Huang Ling-Jiang Li Gal Richter-Levin Rong-Rong Mao Qi-Xin Zhou Yu-Qiang Ding Lin Xu key laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Department of Neurobiology and Ethology and Department of Psychology University of Haifa key laboratory of Arrhythmias Ministry of Education East Hospital and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Tongji University School of Medicine Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences state key laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences Mental Health Institute Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University key laboratory of Arrhythmias Ministry of Education East Hospital and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceTongji University School of Medicine KIZ-SU Joint laboratory of Animal Model and drug Development College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University

Encoding specificity theory predicts most effective recall by the original conditions at encoding, while generalisation endows recall flexibly under circumstances which deviate from the originals. The CA1 regions have been implicated in memory and generalisation but whether and which locally separated mechanisms are involved is not clear. We report here that fear memory is quickly formed, but generalisation develops gradually over 24 h. Generalisation but not fear memory is impaired by inhibiting ipsilateral(ips) or contralateral(con) CA1, and by optogenetic silencing of the ips CA1 projections onto con CA1. By contrast, in vivo f EPSP recordings reveal that ips CA1-con CA1 synaptic efficacy is increased with delay over 24 h when generalisation is formed but it is unchanged if generalisation is disrupted. Direct exciting of ips CA1-con CA1 synapses using chemogenetic h M3 Dq facilitates generalisation formation. Thus, rapid generalisation is an active process depended on bilateral CA1 regions, and encoded by gradual synaptic learning in ips CA1-con CA1 circuit.

关键词： Memory generalization recall specificity interhemispheric CA1 circuit hippocampus

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A Novel Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis:Constructing Informative Kernel by Decision Tree Ensemble for Metabolomics Data Analysis

A Novel Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis:Constructing Inf...

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中国化学会第28届学术年会

作者： Dong-Sheng Cao1 Mao-Mao Zeng2 Jun Yan1 Jian-Hua Huang1 Qian-Nan Hu4 Qing-Song Xu3 Yi-Zeng Liang*1 1Research center of modernization of traditional Chinese medicines Central South University Changsha 410083 P.R.China 2state key laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan Univesity Wuxi 214122 P.R.China 3School of Mathematical Sciences and Computing Technology Central South University Changsha 410083 P.R.China 4key laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and drug Discovery (Wuhan University) Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan 430071 P.R.China Research center of modernization of traditional Chinese medicines Central South UniversityChangsha 410083 P. R. China State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan Univesity Wuxi 214122 P.R.China Research center of modernization of traditional Chinese medicines Central South UniversityChangsha 410083 P.R. China Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery(Wuhan University)Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan 430071 P.R.China School of Mathematical Sciences and Computing Technology Central South UniversityChangsha 410083 P.R.China

Large amounts of data from high-throughput metabolomics experiments become commonly more and more complex,which brings an enormous amount of challenges to existing statistical *** there is a need to develop statistically efficient approach for mining the underlying metabolite information contained by metabolomics data under *** the work,we developed a novel kernel Fisher discriminant analysis （KFDA） algorithm by constructing an informative kernel based on decision tree *** constructed kernel can effectively encode the similarities of metabolomics samples between informative metabolites/biomarkers in specific parts of the measurement ***,informative metabolites or potential biomarkers can be successfully discovered by variable importance ranking in the process of building ***,KFDA can also deal with nonlinear relationship in the metabolomics data by such a kernel to some ***,two real metabolomics datasets together with a simulated data were used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach through the comparison of different approaches.

关键词： metabolomics kernel methods Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) biomarker discovery decision tree classification and regression tree (CART)

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Structural basis for directional chitin biosynthesis

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四川生理科学杂志 2022年第9期44卷 1621-1621页

作者： Wei Chen state key laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China Shenzhen Branch Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenzhen China Faculty of Environment and Life Beijing University of Technology Beijing China School of Bioengineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China Tianjin key laboratory for Modern drug Delivery and High-Efficiency Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China Center for Multi-disciplinary Research Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Chemistry and Biology School of Science and Technology University of Siegen Siegen Germany

Chitin,the most abundant aminopolysaccharide in nature,is an extracellular polymer consisting of N-acetylglucosamine(GlcNAc)*** key reactions of chitin biosynthesis are catalysed by chitin synthase2-4,a membrane-integrated glycosyltransferase that transfers GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to a growing chitin ***,the precise mechanism of this process has yet to be *** we report five cryo-electron microscopy structures of a chitin synthase from the devastating soybean root rot pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae(PsChs1).They represent the apo,GlcNAc-bound,nascent chitin oligomer-bound,UDP-bound(post-synthesis)and chitin synthase inhibitor nikkomycin Z-bound states of the enzyme,providing detailed views into the multiple steps of chitin biosynthesis and its competitive *** structures reveal the chitin synthesis reaction chamber that has the substrate-binding site,the catalytic centre and the entrance to the polymer-translocating channel that allows the product polymer to be *** arrangement reflects consecutive key events in chitin biosynthesis from UDP-GlcNAc binding and polymer elongation to the release of the *** identified a swinging loop within the chitin-translocating channel,which acts as a'gate lock'that prevents the substrate from leaving while directing the product polymer into the translocating channel for discharge to the extracellular side of the cell *** work reveals the directional multistep mechanism of chitin biosynthesis and provides a structural basis for inhibition of chitin synthesis.

关键词： directional locating arrangement

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Determination of deferasirox particle size distribution via laser diffraction and its application in establishing a correlation between particle size and drug dissolution in vitro

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Journal of Chinese pharmaceutical Sciences 2021年第11期30卷 912-923页

作者： Yuyuan Chen Song Wu Liqing Chen Yuanyuan Zhang Zhonggao Gao Tianlei Li Wei Huang Qingyun Yang state key laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines Institute of MateriaMedicaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050China

Deferasirox is the first-line drug for iron overload due to thalassemia in adults and pediatric patients. It is classified as a type II compound in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, and thus the particle size of its active pharmaceutical ingredient(API) should be strictly controlled during the manufacturing process. In the present study, laser diffraction was adopted to measure the particle size distribution of deferasirox API. We also developed and validated an accurate and convenient method by investigating important optical parameters and sample dispersing conditions. The relative standard deviation values, namely, d(0.1), d(0.5), d(0.9), and d(4,3), measured via methodology validation and actual sample measurement were drug dissolution in vitro. Results indicated that the particle size distribution of deferasirox API significantly affected the release of its dispersible tablet.

关键词： Deferasirox Particle size distribution Laser diffraction Dissolution curve

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An integrated approach to identify the microRNAs regulation network modulating autophagy and cancer prognosis

An integrated approach to identify the microRNAs regulation ...

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第五届全国生物信息学与系统生物学学术大会暨国际生物信息学前沿研讨会高通量时代的生物信息学与系统生物学

作者： Fengji Liang Xionghui Zhou Wcnyan Qiao Xingyi Hang Ling Yin Juan Liu Yinghui Li Shanguang Chen Jianghui Xiong Bioinformatics Group and Data Coordination Center State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application(SMFA)China Astronaut Research and Training Center(ACC) School of Computer Science Wuhan University430072China National Scientific Data Sharing Platform for Population and Health Telemedicine Center Institute of Medical InformaticsGeneral Hospital of Chinese PLA

A core task of drug discovery study is to identify the dependency between the genetic/ molecular makeups of the human body and disease *** we proposed a novel method for systematically screening the microRNAs regulating cancer prognosis via driving a specific ppi(protein-protein interaction) *** this method,we integrated information from microRNAs expression,mRNAs expression and patient outcome,and tried to mine the in vivo dependency between microRNAs and ppi *** conditional dependency of the mRNAs expression(G),microRNAs expression(M) and phenotype(P) was calculated, and the permutation was conduct to screen the significant Conditional Mutual Information I (G,P|M).In this study we test the proposed method on autophagy protein networks in ovarian cancer as *** is a cellular process involved the degradation of cell’s own components,in which cytoplasmic contents are sequestered into a double-membrane called autophagosome and then subsequently delivered to lysosome for *** identified a group of microRNAs,which could regulate the hub nodes of autophagy ppi *** experimentally demonstrated that the transfection of the mimics of these microRNAs could inhibit autophagy via inhibiting the target gene:***,the miRNA-target gene pair is significantly associated with prognosis in a cohort of ovarian cancer patients.

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Epidemiology of liver diseases:global disease burden and forecasted research trends

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Science China Life Sciences 2024年

作者： Jia Xiao Fei Wang Yuan Yuan Jinhang Gao Lu Xiao Chao Yan Feifei Guo Jiajun Zhong Zhaodi Che Wei Li Tian Lan Frank Tacke Vijay H.Shah Cui Li Hua Wang Erdan Dong Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic Department of Health Sciences National Natural Science Foundation of China Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases laboratory of Anhui Province Anhui Medical University Research Center for Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital(Qingdao Municipal Hospital) School of Health and Life Sciences University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine Peking University Third Hospital State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling Peking University Department of Gastroenterology Qingdao Central Hospital University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Guangdong Provincial key laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University Division of Gastroenterology Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University School of Biological Sciences Jinan University Aier Institute of Ophthalmology Central South University lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Clinical Medicine Research Institute and Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences Toho University Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Charité-Universit?tsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte

We assessed the global incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs) associated with various liver diseases, including alcohol-related liver disease(ALD), hepatitis B/C virus infections(HBV or HCV), liver cancer, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD), and other chronic liver diseases, from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study. Additionally, we analyzed the global trends in hepatology research and drug development. From 2000 to 2019, prevalence rates increased for ALD, MASLD and other liver diseases, while they decreased for HBV, HCV, and liver cancer. Countries with a high socio-demographic index(SDI) exhibited the lowest mortality rates and DALYs. The burden of liver diseases varied due to factors like sex and region. In nine representative countries, MASLD,along with hepatobiliary cancer, showed highest increase in funding in hepatology research. Globally, the major research categories in hepatology papers from 2000 to 2019 were cancer, pathobiology, and MASLD. The United states(U.S.) was at the forefront of hepatology research, with China gradually increasing its influence over time. Hepatologists worldwide are increasingly focusing on studying the communication between the liver and other organs, while underestimating the research on ALD. Cancer, HCV, and MASLD were the primary diseases targeted for therapeutic development in clinical trials. However, the proportion of new drugs approved for the treatment of liver diseases was relatively low among all newly approved drugs in the U.S., China, Japan, and the European Union. Notably, there were no approved drug for the treatment of ALD in the world.

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Valorization of the Caragana waste via two-stage bioaugmentation: Optimizing nutrition composition, palatability, and microbial contaminant control

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Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 2024年第4期9卷 518-533页

作者： Guilin Du Marina Tišma Beiru He Xinghui Zhai Chenyang Yuan Zhengding Su Jiping Shi Baoguo Zhang laboratory of Biorefinery Shanghai Advanced Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201210China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai 201210China Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Food Technology OsijekFranje Kuhača 18Osijek HR-31000Croatia School of pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Materia Medic1 Xinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830017China

Caragana korshinskii kom. (CKK) waste, a common forestry byproduct in northwest of China, presents challenges in its transformation into alternative ruminant feed due to its initial nutritional limitations and unappealing palatability. Conventional strategies, such as ensiling and fungal- based solid-state fermentation (SSF) cannot effectively address this issue in practice. Herein, a two-stage bioaugmentation (TBA) process was devised, leveraging the benefits of ensiling and SSF. During the anaerobic ensiling phase, CKK waste was inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plan- tarum LP1, effectively suppressing potential animal pathogens such as Aspergillus and Nocardiop- sis while enriching the material with potential probiotics like Pediococcus and Lactiplantibacillus , reaching an abundance of 95.7%. In the subsequent aerobic SSF stage, the ensiled CKK under- went inoculation with the white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus F17, which became enriched to 87.9%. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis identified Irpex as the key taxon, possessing an extensive redox enzyme system that led to the improvement in nutrient composition, reduction of astrin- gent phenolic substances, and mitigation of mycotoxins. As a result, the crude protein content of the CKK increased by 39.2%, while lignin, total phenolic substances, and tannic acid content de- creased by 24.4%, 52.2%, and 51.4%, respectively. The mycotoxin levels, including aflatoxin B1 , zearalenone, and vomitoxin, were rendered negligible, confirming the safety. Overall, this study demonstrates the TBA strategy can successfully transform challenging and unpalatable CKK waste into a nutrient-enriched and safe mycelium-based bioproduct, thereby enabling the valorization of a previously underutilized forestry resource as a promising alternative feed.

关键词： Caragana waste Two-stage bioaugmentation Alternative feed Anti-nutritional factor Mycotoxin

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Applications and prospects of cryo-EM in drug discovery

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Military Medical Research 2023年第6期10卷 848-861页

作者： Kong-Fu Zhu Chuang Yuan Yong-Ming Du Kai-Lei Sun Xiao-Kang Zhang Horst Vogel Xu-Dong Jia Yuan-Zhu Gao Qin-Fen Zhang Da-Ping Wang Hua-Wei Zhang Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China Department of Structural Biology St.Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTN 38105USA Center for Protein Science and Crystallography School of Life SciencesFaculty of ScienceChinese University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease InstituteShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina Faculty of Life and Health Sciences Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions Shenzhen 518055GuangdongChina Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina state key lab for Biocontrol School of Life SciencesSun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China Cryo‑EM Facility Center Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina Department of Orthopedics Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation PlatformGuangdong Provincial Research Center for Artifcial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic TechnologyShenzhen Second People’s HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000GuangdongChina Guangdong Provincial key laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina

drug discovery is a crucial part of human healthcare and has dramatically benefited human lifespan and life quality in recent centuries, however, it is usually time-and effort-consuming. Structural biology has been demonstrated as a powerful tool to accelerate drug development. Among different techniques, cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM) is emerging as the mainstream of structure determination of biomacromolecules in the past decade and has received increasing attention from the pharmaceutical industry. Although cryo-EM still has limitations in resolution, speed and throughput, a growing number of innovative drugs are being developed with the help of cryo-EM. Here, we aim to provide an overview of how cryo-EM techniques are applied to facilitate drug discovery. The development and typical workflow of cryo-EM technique will be briefly introduced, followed by its specific applications in structure-based drug design, fragment-based drug discovery, proteolysis targeting chimeras, antibody drug development and drug repurposing. Besides cryo-EM, drug discovery innovation usually involves other state-of-the-art techniques such as artificial intelligence(AI), which is increasingly active in diverse areas. The combination of cryo-EM and AI provides an opportunity to minimize limitations of cryo-EM such as automation, throughput and interpretation of mediumresolution maps, and tends to be the new direction of future development of cryo-EM. The rapid development of cryo-EM will make it as an indispensable part of modern drug discovery.

关键词： Cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM) drug discovery Structure-based drug design Fragment-based drug discovery Proteolysis targeting chimeras drug repurposing Artificial intelligence(AI)

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Standard:Human intestinal organoids

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Cell Regeneration 2023年第1期12卷 199-203页

作者： Yalong Wang Hanqing Lin Lianzheng Zhao Fan Hong Jie Hao Zhen Zhang Weiqi Sheng Linhong Song Chu‑Xia Deng Bing Zhao Jiani Cao Lei Wang Liu Wang Lingmin Liang Wenli Kelly Chen Chunping Yu Zhijian Sun Yingying Yang Changlin Wang Yong Zhang Qiyuan Li Ka Li Aijin Ma Tongbiao Zhao Guoqiang Hua Ye-Guang Chen The state key laboratory of Membrane Biology Tsinghua‑Peking Center for Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Guangzhou laboratory Guangzhou 510005China Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510530China Guangzhou Hua Yi Regeneration Technology Co. LtdHuangpu DistrictGuangzhou 510700China D1Med Technology(Shanghai)Inc Shanghai 201802China state key laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationInstitute of ZoologyNational Stem Cell Resource CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Beijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Institute of Clinical Science Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Institute Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032China Department of Oncology Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai 200032China Shanghai key laboratory of Radiation Oncology Shanghai 200032China Department of Pathology Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai 200032China Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences&Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu 610072China Cancer Centre Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacaoMacao 999078SARChina state key laboratory of Genetic Engineering School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai 200438China China Innovation Center of Roche Li Shi Zhen RoadPudongShanghai 201203China Eli Lilly and Company PudongShanghai 201203China K2 Oncology Co. LtdKeChuang StreetBeijing 100176China Qilu pharmaceutical Co. LtdJinan 250104China China National Institute of Standardization Beijing 100191China Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research Shanghai 200032China HHLIFE Co. IncShenzhen 518040China China National GeneBank Shenzhen 518000China Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048China School of Bas

Organoids have attracted great interest for disease modelling,drug discovery and development,and tissue growth and homeostasis ***,lack of standards for quality control has become a prominent obstacle to limit their translation into clinic and other applications.“Human intestinal organoids”is the first guideline on human intestinal organoids in China,jointly drafted and agreed by the experts from the Chinese Society for Cell Biology and its branch society:the Chinese Society for Stem Cell *** standard specifies terms and definitions,technical requirements,test methods,inspection rules for human intestinal organoids,which is applicable to quality control during the process of manufacturing and testing of human intestinal *** was originally released by the Chinese Society for Cell Biology on 24 September *** hope that the publication of this standard will guide institutional establishment,acceptance and execution of proper practical protocols and accelerate the international standardization of human intestinal organoids for applications.

关键词： Human jointly branch

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The past, present, and future of in vivo-implantable recording microelectrodes:the neural interfaces

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中国药理学与毒理学杂志 2023年第7期37卷 553-553页

作者： LIU Kun ZHANG Hao HU Minghui LI Zifa XU Kaiyong CHEN Dan CUI Wenqiang LYU Cui DING Ran GENG Xiwen WEI Sheng key laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory Ministry of Education Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chinese Medicine and Brain Science Interdisciplinary Research Center Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First College of Clinical Medicine Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health Shandong Analysis and Test Centre School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Institute for Translational Neuroscience Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University

Neural recording electrodes enable the acquisition and collection of electrical signals from neurons, and these recorded neural electrical signals are an important means of understanding neuronal activity. As a major component of the brain-machine interface, neural recording electrodes serve as a bridge between the nervous system and external devices. The extracted information can be used to understand the state of the brain and acts as a feedback signal to regulate external devices, thus providing important information for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases. Moreover, the electrodes can be used as a vehicle for drug injection to directly treat diseases. Since the time that Strumwasser used microwires to achieve long-term recordings of neural activity in hibernating squirrels, implantable electrode technology has gradually improved over three generations of development, and progress has been made in improving the biocompatibility, mechanical performance(size, shape, density, etc.), and signal-to-noise *** neural recording electrodes can acquire signals from cortical and deep neural clusters, with the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio, information content, and spatial/temporal resolution. However, there is still a need to improve the structure and performance of these electrodes; for example, their high invasiveness and lack of biocompatibility pose technical difficulties in the process of translation to the clinic. This paper reviews the basic requirements for electrodes, main recording methods and signal types, common types of implantable neural recording electrodes, and their challenges and future development directions. With the continuous development of electrode materials, equipment, systems,and neurotechnology, it should be possible to apply neural recording electrodes in clinical practice, to promote safe and efficient treatment of human diseases.

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