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Extreme fire weather is the major driver of severe bushfires in southeast Australia

Science Bulletin 2022年第6期67卷 655-664,M0004页

作者： Bin Wang Allan C.Spessa Puyu Feng Xin Hou Chao Yue Jing-Jia Luo Philippe Ciais Cathy Waters Annette Cowie Rachael H.Nolan Tadas Nikonovas Huidong Jin Henry Walshaw Jinghua Wei Xiaowei Guo De Li Liu Qiang Yu state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Wagga Wagga Agricultural InstituteWagga Wagga 2650Australia Department of Geography College of ScienceSwansea UniversitySingleton ParkSwansea SA28PPUK College of Land Science and Technology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Institute for Climate and Application Research(ICAR)/key laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education(KLME) Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur Yvette F-91191France New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Dubbo 2830Australia New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Armidale 2351Australia School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New EnglandArmidale 2351Australia Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney UniversityPenrith 2751Australia CSIRO Data61 Canberra 2601Australia Python Charmers Pty Ltd Hawthorn 3122Australia key laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXining 810008China Climate Change Research Centre University of New South WalesSydney 2052Australia College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

In Australia,the proportion of forest area that burns in a typical fire season is less than for other vegetation ***,the 2019-2020 austral spring-summer was an exception,with over four times the previous maximum area burnt in southeast Australian temperate *** forest fires have extensive socio-economic,human health,greenhouse gas emissions,and biodiversity impacts due to high fire intensities.A robust model that identifies driving factors of forest fires and relates impact thresholds to fire activity at regional scales would help land managers and fire-fighting agencies prepare for potentially hazardous fire in ***,we developed a machine-learning diagnostic model to quantify nonlinear relationships between monthly burnt area and biophysical factors in southeast Australian forests for 2001-2020 on a 0.25°grid based on several biophysical parameters,notably fire weather and vegetation *** model explained over 80%of the variation in the burnt *** identified that burnt area dynamics in southeast Australian forest were primarily controlled by extreme fire weather,which mainly linked to fluctuations in the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)and Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD),with a relatively smaller contribution from the central Pacific El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO).Our fire diagnostic model and the non-linear relationships between burnt area and environmental covariates can provide useful guidance to decision-makers who manage preparations for an upcoming fire season,and model developers working on improved early warning systems for forest fires.

关键词： Remote sensing Forest fires Climate drivers Burnt area modelling Machine learning Southeast Australia

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Pyrolysis Characteristics and Thermal Kinetics of Degradable Films

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Pedosphere 2007年第5期17卷 654-659页

作者： WANG Xing LU Jia-Long ZHANG Yi-Ping College of Resources and Environment Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Yangling 712100 （China） Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of soil and Water Conservation Xi＇an 710004 （China）

Developing degradable films is an important means for resolving the problem of film pollution; however, in recent years, there have been only few studies related to the thermal analysis of degradable plastic films. This research detailed the composition and pyrolysis of one kind of ordinary and three kinds of degradable plastic films using the differential thermal analysis （DTA） technique. The results showed that degradable films and ordinary film had similar DTA curves, which reflected their similar compositions; however, small differences were measured, which were due to the added constituents of the degradable films. The pyrolysis reaction orders of each film were about 0.93. The pyrolysis activation energies and pre-exponential factors followed the order of ordinary film 〉 photodegradable film 〉 photodegradable calcium carbonate film 〉 biodegradable film. The results of this research laid the foundation for new theories for harnessing soil pollution caused by plastic films.

关键词： degradable film differential thermal analysis pyrolysis thermal kinetics

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Response of soil microorganisms to vegetational succession in Ziwuling Forest

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2009年第4期3卷 421-427页

作者： Hong ZHANG Jialong LU Shiwei ZHAO College of Resource and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Institute of soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China

This study investigates the changes in soil microbial populations as vegetational succession progress from abandoned farmland to climax forest in the Ziwuling Forest,which is located in the northern part of the loess plateau,*** organic C and total extractable N between the fumigated and non-fumigated soils were assumed to be released from soil *** microbial C was calculated using Kec=0.38 and microbial N was calculated using Ken=*** released P was converted to microbial biomass P using Kep=*** bacteria,fungi,and actinomycetes increased as the vegetational succession *** C was of the highest amount in *** C,N,and P generally increased from abandoned land to climax *** results indicated significant(Psoil microbial biomass under different *** was a significant correlation between microbial biomass and soil *** about soil microbial populations is important for forecasting vegetational succession and determining the ecological condition of the environment.

关键词： soil microorganisms vegetational succession Ziwuling Forest

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Quality of terrestrial data derived from UAV photogrammetry:A case study of Hetao irrigation district in northern China

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2018年第3期11卷 171-177页

作者： Hongming Zhang Jiangtao Yang Jantiene E.M.Baartman Shuqin Li Bei Jin Wenting Han Xiaomei Yang Lingtong Gai Coen J.Ritsema Violette Geissen College of Information Engineering Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina College of Economics and Management Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina Institute of soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina soil Physics and Land Management Group Wageningen UniversityPO Box 476700AA Wageningenthe Netherlands

Most crops in northern China are irrigated,but the topography affects the water use,soil erosion,runoff and *** for collecting high-resolution topographic data are essential for adequately assessing these *** surveys and techniques of light detection and ranging have good accuracy,but data acquisition can be time-consuming and expensive for large *** rapid technological development has provided new,flexible,high-resolution methods for collecting topographic data,such as photogrammetry using unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).The accuracy of UAV photogrammetry for generating high-resolution Digital Elevation Model(DEM)and for determining the width of irrigation channels,however,has not been assessed.A fixed-wing UAV was used for collecting high-resolution(0.15 m)topographic data for the Hetao irrigation district,the third largest irrigation district in China.112 ground checkpoints(GCPs)were surveyed by using a real-time kinematic global positioning system to evaluate the accuracy of the DEMs and channel widths.A comparison of manually measured channel widths with the widths derived from the DEMs indicated that the DEM-derived widths had vertical and horizontal root mean square errors of 13.0 and 7.9 cm,*** photogrammetric data can thus be used for land surveying,digital mapping,calculating channel capacity,monitoring crops,and predicting yields,with the advantages of economy,speed and ease.

关键词： UAVs GIS DEM irrigation area photogrammetry accuracy evaluation

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Evolution of soil and water conservation in rain-fed areas of China

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International soil and Water Conservation Research 2014年第1期2卷 78-90页

作者： Li Lingling Zhang Renzhi Luo Zhuzhu Liang Weili Xie Junhong Cai Liqun B.Bellotti Gansu Provincial key lab of Arid Land Crop Science Lanzhou Faculty of Agronomy Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou 730070China Faculty of Resource and Environment Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou 730070China Agricultural University of Hebei Baoding071001China Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development University of Western SydneyAustralia

Rain-fed(dryland)farming is an ancient agricultural production system in *** occurs widely across almost the whole country,especially in the Northwest and North *** semi-arid loess plateau is the most important region of rain-fed farming in China,but unfortunately,soil erosion on the loess plateau area is the highest in China,and indeed amongst the highest in the *** highlights the necessity for developing practices that can reduce soil and water erosion,improve soil water use efficiency,improve crop productivity,and reduce rural poverty in the *** techniques of soil and water conservation are being used in rain-fed areas of China,including such systems as mulch,ridge and furrow *** Appendix describes a unique system of soil and water conservation,called *** research on conservation tillage(No Till),although essential for reducing erosion,increasing crop productivity,and ameliorating poverty,is just beginning in *** conservation tillage research started in the1990s’with support from Australia and other *** procedures,however,were modified to be in accord with local conditions and prevailing farmer *** 10 years of experimentation,results show that the most successful conservation practice on the Western loess plateau is no till with stubble *** technique helps to conserve soil water,increases soil organic carbon,improves soil structure and water infiltration,reduces soil and water erosion,and improves crop productivity and sustainability of rain-fed farming ***,its adoption rate remains low due to barriers such as traditional attitude,insufficient rural extension,and so forth.

关键词： soil and water conservation Rain-fed agriculture Gravel sand mulch Conservation tillage No till Crop residue management soil carbon

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Response of plant physiological parameters to soil water availability during prolonged drought is affected by soil texture

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Journal of Arid Land 2021年第7期13卷 688-698页

作者： HUANG Laiming ZHAO Wen SHAO Ming'an key laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

soil water deficit is increasingly threatening the sustainable vegetation restoration and ecological construction on the loess plateau of China due to the climate warming and human *** determine the response thresholds of Amygdalus pedunculata(AP)and Salix psammophila(SP)to soil water availability under different textural soils,we measured the changes in net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),leaf water potential(ψw),water use efficiency(WUE)and daily transpiration rate(Td)of the two plant species during soil water content(SWC)decreased from 100%field capacity(FC)to 20%FC in the sandy and loamy soils on the loess plateau in the growing season from June to August in *** showed that Pn,Gs,WUE and Td of AP and SP remained relatively constant at the beginning of soil water deficit but decreased rapidly as plant available soil water content(PASWC)fell below the threshold values in both the sandy and loamy *** PASWC thresholds corresponding to Pn,Gs and Ci of AP in the loamy soil(0.61,0.62 and 0.70,respectively)were lower than those in the sandy soil(0.70,0.63 and 0.75,respectively),whereas the PASWC thresholds corresponding to Pn,Gs and Ci of SP in the loamy soil(0.63,0.68 and 0.78,respectively)were higher than those in the sandy soil(0.58,0.62 and 0.66,respectively).In addition,the PASWC thresholds in relation to Td and WUE of AP(0.60 and 0.58,respectively)and SP(0.62 and 0.60,respectively)in the loamy soil were higher than the corresponding PASWC thresholds of AP(0.58 and 0.52,respectively)and SP(0.55 and 0.56,respectively)in the sandy ***,the PASWC thresholds for the instantaneous gas exchange parameters(e.g.,Pn and Gs)at the transient scale were higher than the thresholds for the parameters(e.g.,Td)at the daily *** study demonstrates that different plant species and/or different physiological parameters exhibit different thresholds of PASWC and that the thresholds are affect

关键词： plant available soil water content drought stress soil water deficit sustainable vegetation restoration sandy soil loamy soil loess plateau

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Changes of soil microbial communities during decomposition of straw residues under different land uses

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Journal of Arid Land 2017年第5期9卷 666-677页

作者： ZHANG Hong XU Wenxin LI Yubao LYU Jialong CAO Yingfei HE Wenxiang key laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China Ministry of Agriculture College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F University School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Minerals and Materials Science & Technology Mawson Institute University of South Australia

Monitoring soil microbial communities can lead to better understanding of the transformation processes of organic carbon in soil. The present study investigated the changes of soil microbial communities during straw decomposition in three fields, i.e., cropland, peach orchard and vineyard. Straw decomposition was monitored for 360 d using a mesh-bag method. soil microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity were measured using the Biolog-Eco system. In all three fields, dried straws with a smaller size decomposed faster than their fresh counterparts that had a larger size. Dried corn straw decomposed slower than dried soybean straw in the early and middle stages, while the reverse trend was found in the late stage. The cropland showed the highest increase in microbial metabolic activity during the straw decomposition, whereas the peach orchard showed the lowest. There was no significant change in the species dominance or evenness of soil microbial communities during the straw decomposition. However, the species richness fluctuated significantly, with the peach orchard showing the highest richness and the cropland the lowest. With different carbon sources, the peach orchard utilised carbon the most, followed by the cropland and the vineyard. In all three fields, carbon was utilized in following decreasing order： saccharides〉amino acids〉polymers〉polyamines〉carboxylic acids〉aromatic compounds. In terms of carbon-source utilization, soil microbial communities in the peach orchard were less stable than those in the cropland. The metabolic activity and species dominance of soil microbial communities were negatively correlated with the straw residual percentage. Refractory components were primarily accumulated in the late stages, thus slowing down the straw decomposition. The results showed that dried and crushed corn straw was better for application in long-term fields. The diversity of soil microbial communities was more stable in cropland than in orchards during

关键词： long-term field straw decomposition soil microbial activity functional diversity carbon utilisation

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