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High-precision magnetic field measurement system based on a coherent population trapping magnetometer onboard the SATech-01 satellite

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science China Technological sciences 2025年

作者： Hongbo XUE Wei SONG Haoran ZHAO Yiteng ZHANG Shanzhi YE Jindong WANG Ran TAO Peng SANG Keli CHEN Xingzi Bi Bingjun CHENG Bin ZHOU Yongliang XUE Yingying TANG Liu LiU Jinsong Li Xiaocheng ZHU Baoquan Li Jinguo LiU Wen CHEN Xiaofeng ZHANG Yonghe ZHANG Lei Li State Key Laboratory of space Weather National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and space Weather National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Electronics and information Technology for space Systems National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Robotics Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences

On July 27, 2022, a high-precision system for measuring the magnetic field based on a coherent population trapping magnetometer（referred to as the CPT system） was launched onboard the space Advanced Technology demonstration satellite（SATech-01） by a ZK-1A rocket. The payload comprises a scalar coherent population trapping magnetometer（CPTM）, triaxial anisotropic magnetoresistance magnetometer（AMRM）, and nano star tracker mounted on a non-magnetic telescopic tubular mast. This configuration enables synchronized measurement of scalar and vector geomagnetic fields, as well as the attitude,making the payload with its compact sensors suitable for applications on miniature satellite platforms. On November 7, 2022,the novel telescopic tubular mast was deployed in orbit, extending to a length of 5.28 m. The CPTM, an absolute scalar magnetometer with an omnidirectional sensor, is the first China-developed quantum/atomic magnetometer successfully operating in space. in orbit, the CPTM has sensitivity of ～10 pT/Hz1/2and can automatically operate under complex magnetic field variations. The difference between the scalar fields obtained using the CPTM and CHAOS model has a mean deviation of–3.73 n T and a standard deviation of 26.11 nT（1σ）, without on-orbit calibration or correction. The miniaturized AMRM has a sensitivity of ～0.3 n T/Hz1/2and maintains stable and reliable operation in orbit. The low-power and miniaturized nano star tracker has a measurement uncertainty of 14.23″（1σ） in orbit. The mission has realized the on-orbit technical verification of the integrated and synchronized detection of the vector magnetic field and attitude and fully validated the system's performance,automation level, and reliability.

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The low-latitude sodium layer:comparative data from lidar observations at Hainan,China and São Paulo,Brazil

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 39-53页

作者： Fang Wu Jing Jiao GuoTao Yang LiFang Du ZhengKuan Liu HaoRan Zheng JiXin Guo ShaoHua Gong YaJun Zhu State Key Laboratory of space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Hainan National Field science Observation and Research Observatory for space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for space Weather NSSC/INPESão Josédos Campos 12227-010Brazil School of Physics and Electronics Engineering Hainan Normal UniversityHaikou 571158China

Physical and chemical processes observed in the mesosphere and thermosphere above the Earth’s low latitudes are complex and highly interrelated to activity in the low-latitude *** sodium detected by lidar can yield clues to dynamic and chemical processes in these spatial layers above the Earth’s *** paper is based on sodium layer data collected at two low-latitude stations,one in the northern hemisphere and one in the *** low-latitude sodium layer exhibits conspicuous seasonal variations in shape,density,and altitude;these variations are similar between Earth’s hemispheres:sodium layer density at both stations reaches its seasonal maximum in autumn and minimum in ***,maximal Na density over Brazil is greater than that over *** variations of Na density above the two low-latitude stations are also similar;at both,maxima are observed before *** variations of the Na layer over Brazil that differ from those observed in the northern hemisphere may be related to the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly(SAMA)or fountain *** suggest that low-latitude Na layer data may provide useful additional evidence that could significantly improve the low-latitude part of the WACCM-Na model.

关键词： metallic sodium layer seasonal variation nocturnal variation lidar

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Statistical characteristics and classification of ionospheric mid-latitude trough as revealed by the observations of DMSP-F18

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 137-147页

作者： Yi Liu JiuHou Lei FuQing Huang Su Zhou School of Earth and space sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China School of science Guiyang UniversityGuiyang 550005China

Statistical characteristics and the classification of the topside ionospheric mid-latitude trough are systemically analyzed,using observations from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F18(DMSP-F18)*** data was obtained at an altitude of around 860 km in near polar orbit,throughout *** study identified the auroral boundary based on the in-situ electron density and electron spectrum,allowing us to precisely determine the location of the mid-latitude *** differs from most previous works,which only use Total Electron Content(TEC)or in-situ electron *** our study,the troughs exhibited a higher occurrence rate in local winter than in summer,and extended to lower latitudes with increasing geomagnetic *** was found that the ionospheric mid-latitude trough,which is associated with temperature changes or enhanced ion drift,exhibited distinct ***,the ionospheric mid-latitude troughs related to electron temperature(Te)peak were located more equatorward of auroral oval boundary in winter than in *** ionospheric mid-latitude troughs related to Te-maximum were less frequently observed at 60−70°S magnetic latitude and 90−240°E ***,the troughs related to ion temperature(Ti)maximums were observed at relatively higher latitudes,occurring more frequently in *** addition,the troughs related to ion velocity(Vi)maximums could be observed in all *** troughs with the maximum-Ti and maximum-Vi were located closer to the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval at the nightside,and in both *** implies that enhanced ion drift velocity contributes to increased collisional frictional heating and enhanced ion temperatures,resulting in a density depletion within the trough region.

关键词： topside ionosphere mid-latitude trough ionospheric main trough auroral oval boundary temperature maximum

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Solar flare forecasting based on a Fusion Model

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 171-181页

作者： YiYang Li ShiYong Huang SiBo Xu ZhiGang Yuan Kui Jiang QiYang Xiong RenTong Lin School of Earth and space science Technology Hubei Luojia LaboratoryWuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China

Solar flare prediction is an important subject in the field of space *** learning technology has greatly promoted the development of this *** this study,we propose a novel solar flare forecasting model integrating Deep Residual Network(ResNet)and Support Vector Machine(SVM)for both≥C-class(C,M,and X classes)and≥M-class(M and X classes)*** collected samples of magnetograms from May 1,2010 to September 13,2018 from space-weather Helioseismic and Magnetic imager(HMi)Active Region Patches and then used a cross-validation method to obtain seven independent data *** then utilized five metrics to evaluate our fusion model,based on intermediate-output extracted by ResNet and SVM using the Gaussian kernel *** results show that the primary metric true skill statistics(TSS)achieves a value of 0.708±0.027 for≥C-class prediction,and of 0.758±0.042 for≥M-class prediction;these values indicate that our approach performs significantly better than those of previous *** metrics of our fusion model’s performance on the seven datasets indicate that the model is quite stable and robust,suggesting that fusion models that integrate an excellent baseline network with SVM can achieve improved performance in solar flare ***,we also discuss the performance impact of architectural innovation in our fusion model.

关键词： solar flare pace weather deep learning Fusion Model

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Wave effect of gravitational waves intersected with a microlens field Ⅱ:An adaptive hierarchical tree algorithm and population study

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science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 241-254页

作者： Xikai Shan Guoliang Li Xuechun Chen Wen Zhao Bin Hu Shude Mao Department of Astronomy Tsinghua University Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences institute for Frontier in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University School of Physics and Astronomy Beijing Normal University School of Astronomy and space science University of Science and Technology of China CAS Key Laboratory for Researches in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences

The gravitational lensing wave effect generated by a microlensing field embedded in a lens galaxy is an inevitable phenomenon in strong lensed gravitational waves （SLGWs）.This effect presents both challenges and opportunities for the detection and application of ***,investigating this wave effect requires computing a complete diffraction integral over each microlens in the *** is extremely time-consuming due to the large number of microlenses （10～3-10～6）.Therefore,simply adding all the microlenses is ***,the complexity of the time delay surface makes the lens plane resolution a crucial factor in controlling numerical *** this paper,we propose a trapezoid approximation-based adaptive hierarchical tree algorithm to meet the challenges of calculation speed and *** find that this algorithm accelerates the calculation by four orders of magnitude compared to the simple adding method and is one order of magnitude faster than the fixed hierarchical tree algorithm proposed for electromagnetic *** importantly,our algorithm ensures controllable numerical errors,increasing confidence in the *** with our previous work （***.66,239511,2023）,this paper addresses all numerical issues,including integral convergence,precision,and computational time1).Finally,we conducted a population study on the microlensing wave effect of SLGWs using this algorithm and found that the microlensing wave effect cannot be ignored,especially for Type ii SLGWs （from saddle position of the time delay surface） due to their intrinsic geometric structures and their typical intersection with a denser microlensing ***,more than 33%（11%） of SLGWs have a mismatch larger than 1%（3%） compared to the unlensed ***,we found that the mismatch between signal pairs in a doubly imaged GW is generally larger than 10-3,and 61%（25%） of signal pairs have a mismatch larger than 1%（3%）.Therefo

关键词： gravitational lensing diffractional integral algorithm gravitational wave

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Comparative analysis of empirical and deep learning models for ionospheric sporadic E layer prediction

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 10-19页

作者： BingKun Yu PengHao Tian XiangHui Xue Christopher JScott HaiLun Ye JianFei Wu Wen Yi TingDi Chen XianKang Dou institute of Deep space sciences Deep Space Exploration LaboratoryHefei 230088China CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment School of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Hefei National Laboratory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230088China Department of Meteorology University of ReadingReading RG66BBUK

Sporadic E(Es)layers in the ionosphere are characterized by intense plasma irregularities in the E region at altitudes of 90-130 *** they can significantly influence radio communications and navigation systems,accurate forecasting of Es layers is crucial for ensuring the precision and dependability of navigation satellite *** this study,we present Es predictions made by an empirical model and by a deep learning model,and analyze their differences comprehensively by comparing the model predictions to satellite RO measurements and ground-based ionosonde *** deep learning model exhibited significantly better performance,as indicated by its high coefficient of correlation(r=0.87)with RO observations and predictions,than did the empirical model(r=0.53).This study highlights the importance of integrating artificial intelligence technology into ionosphere modelling generally,and into predicting Es layer occurrences and characteristics,in particular.

关键词： ionospheric sporadic E layer radio occultation ionosondes numerical model deep learning model artificial intelligence

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An embedded electron current layer observed at the edge of the plasma sheet in the Earth’s magnetotail

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 148-158页

作者： ChenChen Zhan RongSheng Wang QuanMing Lu San Lu XinMin Li Deep space Exploration Laboratory/School of Earth and space sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Chinese Academy of sciences(CAS)Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology/CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment/Anhui Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Collaborative innovation Center of Astronautical science and Technology Harbin 150001China

The formation of an embedded electron current sheet within the magnetotail plasma sheet has been poorly *** this article,we present an electron current layer detected at the edge of the magnetotail plasma *** ions were demagnetized inside the electron current layer,but the electrons were still frozen in with the magnetic field ***,this decoupling of ions and electrons gave rise to a strong Hall electric field,which could be the reason for the formation of the embedded thin current *** magnetized electrons,the absence of the nongyrotropic electron distribution,and negligible energy dissipation in the layer indicate that magnetic reconnection had not been triggered within the embedded thin current *** highly asymmetric plasma on the two sides of the current layer and low magnetic shear across it could suppress magnetic *** observations indicate that the embedded electric current layer,probably generated by the Hall electric field,even down to electron scale,is not a sufficient condition for magnetic reconnection.

关键词： magnetotail plasma sheet magnetic reconnection

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Accurate quantification of the algebraic,multiplicative algebraic,and simultaneous iterative reconstruction techniques in ionosphere rebuilding based on the TiEGCM assessment

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 117-126页

作者： Ao Qi HaiBing Ruan institute of space Weather Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment University of Science&Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230026China

The algebraic reconstruction technique(ART),multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique(MART),and simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique(SiRT)are computational methodologies extensively utilized within the field of computerized ionospheric tomography(CiT)to facilitate three-dimensional reconstruction of the ionospheric ***,reconstruction accuracy elicits recurrent disputes over its practical application,and people usually attribute this issue to incomplete and uneven coverage of the *** Thermosphere ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model(TiEGCM)offers a reasonable physics-based ionospheric background and is widely utilized in ionospheric *** use the TiEGCM simulations as the targeted ionosphere because the current measurements are far from able to realistically reproduce the ionosphere in *** designations of satellite measurements are conducted to investigate the limiting performance of CiT methods in ionospheric *** to common practice,electron density distributions from outputs of the international Reference ionosphere(iRi)model are used as the iterative initial value in CiT *** outcomes suggest that despite data coverage,iterative initial conditions also play an essential role in ionospheric *** particular,in the longitudinal sectors where the iterative initial height of the F2-layer peak electron density(hmF2)differs substantially from the background densities,none of the three CiT methods can reproduce the exact background *** hmF2 is close but the ionospheric F2-layer peak density(NmF2)is different between the targeted background and initial conditions,the MART performs better than the ART and SiRT,as evidenced by the correlation coefficients of MART being above 0.97 and those of ART and SiRT being below *** summary,this investigation reveals the potential uncertainties in traditional CiT reconstruction,particularly when reali

关键词： computerized ionospheric tomography international Reference ionosphere model Thermosphere ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation model ionosphere

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Regression analysis of squeezing-induced hybrid nanofluid flow in Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2025年第1期46卷 193-208页

作者： K.MUHAMMAD M.SARFRAZ Department of Humanities and sciences School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science National University of Sciences and Technology Department of Mathematics Quaid-i-Azam University

This article presents a mathematical model addressing a scenario involving a hybrid nanofluid flow between two infinite parallel plates. One plate remains stationary, while the other moves downward at a squeezing velocity. The space between these plates contains a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium. A mixture of water-based fluid with gold(Au) and silicon dioxide(Si O2) nanoparticles is formulated. in contrast to the conventional Fourier's heat flux equation, this study employs the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux equation. A uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the flow direction, invoking magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) effects. Further, the model accounts for Joule heating, which is the heat generated when an electric current passes through the fluid. The problem is solved via NDSolve in MATHEMATiCA. Numerical and statistical analyses are conducted to provide insights into the behavior of the nanomaterials between the parallel plates with respect to the flow, energy transport, and skin *** findings of this study have potential applications in enhancing cooling systems and optimizing thermal management strategies. it is observed that the squeezing motion generates additional pressure gradients within the fluid, which enhances the flow rate but reduces the frictional drag. Consequently, the fluid is pushed more vigorously between the plates, increasing the flow velocity. As the fluid experiences higher flow rates due to the increased squeezing effect, it spends less time in the region between the plates. The thermal relaxation, however, abruptly changes the temperature, leading to a decrease in the temperature fluctuations.

关键词： convective boundary condition Darcy-Forchheimer medium hybrid nanofluid Joule heating magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) numerical solution squeezing flow regression analysis O361 O175.2

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Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

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science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 222-240页

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing Ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati Lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue Li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen Xinwen Shu Shengli Sun Xiaojin Sun Xiaofeng Wang Lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P.U.Fynbo Lluis Galbany Saurabh W.Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua Lei Wenxiong Li Bifang Liu Mingjun Liu Xing Liu Yuan Liu Zhu Liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria Lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yanjun Xu Suijian Xue Yongquan Xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui Li Junfei Li Longhui Li Maoshun Li Wei Li Zhengda Li Tianying Lian Congzhan Liu Heyang Liu Huaqiu Liu Fangjun Lu Laidan Luo Jia Ma Xuan Mao Haiwu Pan Xin Pan Liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang Lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao Xu Jingjing Xu Xinpeng Xu Yunfei Xu Zhao Xu Changbin Xue Yulong Xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang Xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao Xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of sciences School of Astronomy and space sciences University of Chinese Academy of sciences Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of sciences institute of space sciences (iCE) CSiC institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (iEEC) Max Planck institute for Extraterrestrial Physics innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of sciences Department of Physics University of Hong Kong School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen University Department of Physics Anhui Normal University Shanghai institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of sciences Physics Department Tsinghua University Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada Las Vegas Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las Vegas South African Astronomical Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Cape Town Department of Physics University of the Free State Université Paris Cité CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Université Paris Cité CEA Paris-Saclay iRFU/DAp-AiM Department of Astronomy Guangzhou University Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) Niels Bohr institute University of Copenhagen Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC Department of Astronomy School of Physics Huazhong University of science and Technology iNAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney institute for Astronomy School of Physics The University of Sydney Department of Astronomy Xiamen University institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University Department of Astronomy University of science and Technology School of Astronomy and space sciences University of science and Technology of China institute of Deep space sciences Deep space Exploration Laboratory Department of Astronomy School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chi

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NiCER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray telescope （WXT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 ke V,～300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT,Swift and NiCER confirmed the finding of this new *** X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 ke V,with a power-law photon index varying *** X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ～4 d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ～10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,X-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of～10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

关键词： X-ray transients ${\bm~{Einstein~~Probe}}$

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