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Theoretical understandings, key technologies and practices of tight conglomerate oilfield efficient development: A case study of the Mahu oilfield, Junggar basin, NW China

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Petroleum Exploration and development 2020年第6期47卷 1275-1290页

作者： LI Guoxin QIN Jianhua XIAN Chenggang FAN Xibin ZHANG Jing DING Yi PetroChina Exploration and Production Company Beijing 100007China CNPC Exploration and development Headquarters of the Key Exploration Areas in the Junggar basin Karamay 834000China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Research Institute of Exploration and development PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyKaramay 834000China

A series of theoretical explorations and field tests have been carried out to efficiently develop the Mahu tight conglomerate oilfield in the Junggar *** of steered-by-edge fracturing and proactive fracturing interference were proposed.A series of innovative technologies were developed and implemented including optimization of 3-D staggered well pattern,proactive control and utilization of spatial stress field,and synergetic integration of multiple *** from shale,the unique rock fabric and strong heterogeneities of tight conglomerate formation are favorable factors for forming complex fractures,small space well pattern can proactively control and make use of interwell interference to increase the complexity of fracture network,and the"optimum-size and distribution"hydraulic fracturing can be achieved through synergetic *** pilot phase of this field,both depletion with hydraulically fractured vertical wells and volume fracturing in horizontal wells were tested after water injection through vertical wells,then the multi-stage fracturing with horizontal well was taken as the primary development technology.A series of engineering methods were tested,and key development parameters were evaluated such as well spacing,lateral length,fractures spacing,fracturing size,and fracturing operation *** to geoengineering approach,the 100 m/150 m tridimensional tight-spacing staggered development method was established with systematic integration of big well clusters,multiple stacked pay zones,small well spacing,long lateral length,fine perforation clustering,zipper fracturing and factory *** to half-year production performance,100 m/150 m small spacing wells outperformed 500 m/400 m/300 m spacing *** average estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)of wells was identical with those best wells from large-spacing *** with the overall performance of Mahu oilfield,the drainage efficiency and estimated recove

关键词： tight conglomerate tight oil Junggar basin Mahu oilfield steered-by-edge fracturing proactive fracturing interference small spacing staggered well pattern

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Altitude pattern of carbon stocks in desert grasslands of an arid land region

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2018年第5期10卷 404-412页

作者： Rong Yang JunQia Kong ZeYu Du YongZhong Su Linze Inland river basin Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences

For estimating the altitude-distribution pattern of carbon stocks in desert grasslands and analyzing the possible mechanism for this distribution, a detailed study was performed through a series of field vegetation surveys and soil samplings from 90 vegetation plots and 45 soil profiles at 9 sites of the Hexi Corridor region, Northwestern China. Aboveground, belowground, and litter-fall biomass-carbon stocks ranged from 43 to 109, 23 to 64, and 5 to 20 g/m2, with mean values of 80.82,44.91, and 12.15 g/m2, respectively. Soil-carbon stocks varied between 2.88 and 3.98 kg/m2, with a mean value of 3.43 kg/m2 in the 0–100-cm soil layer. Both biomass-and soil-carbon stocks had an increasing tendency corresponding to the altitudinal gradient. A significantly negative correlation was found between soil-carbon stock and mean annual temperature, with further better correlations between soil-and biomass-carbon stocks, and mean annual precipitation. Furthermore, soil carbon was found to be positively correlated with soil-silt and-clay content, and negatively correlated with soil bulk density and the volume percent of gravel. It can be concluded that variations in soil texture and climate condition were the key factors influencing the altitudinal pattern of carbon stocks in this desert-grassland ecosystem. Thus, by using the linear-regression functions between altitude and carbon stocks, approximately 4.18 Tg carbon were predicted from the 1,260 km2 of desert grasslands in the study area.

关键词： altitudinal gradient soil organic carbon biomass carbon soil bulk density desert grasslands

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Time-averaged sub-layer concentration profiles in oscillatory sheet flows

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2018年第4期33卷 433-440页

作者： Yuhai Wang Wenhong Cao Wen Lu Huifeng Liu Gauhu Sun Chonghao Wang Fei Liu State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in river basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research

Although thin on the order of several to tens of millimeters, sheet flows normally comprise a lower pickup sub-layer and an upper contact-load sub-layer, separated at the bed level(z = 0). The time-averaged concentration profile in the pick-up sub-layer shows a 'convex upward' curvature, but 'concave upward'shape characterizes the time-averaged concentration profile in the contact-load sub-layer. The timedependent concentration in the contact-load sub-layer is approximately in-phase with the free stream flow velocity, whereas it is nearly in anti-phase with the free stream flow velocity, in the pick-up sublayer. Two distinct analytical expressions of the time-averaged concentration profiles for the respective sub-layers are proposed. The expressions are validated with detailed observation datasets collected in the Groper Wellenkanal(GWK) prototype wave flume in Hannover, Germany. The agreement between the predicted and the measured values is excellent. Interparticle collisions in the pick-up sub-layer and convective lifting processes associated with vortex shedding in the contact-load sub-layer are considered responsible for the opposite curvatures and in-phase/anti-phase concentration variations. Both transitional boundary and reference concentration are also elaborated.

关键词： Sheet flow Sub-layer Time-averaged concentration profile Suspension mechanism

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Erosion-control mechanism of sediment check dams on the Loess Plateau

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2021年第5期36卷 668-677页

作者： Zhaoyin Wang Zuyu Chena Shu Yu Qiang Zhang Yu Wang Jianwei Hao State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in river basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research

Severe soil erosion occurs on the Loess Plateau in China, which makes the Yellow river the most sediment-laden river in the world. Construction of about 60,000 sediment check dams has remarkably controlled soil erosion on the Loess Plateau and reduced the sediment load of the middle and lower Yellow river. Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanism of erosion control and vegetation development of sediment check dams. The function of a single check dam mainly is trapping sediment,while the function of a train of check dams comprising dozens of or over hundreds of check dams in a gully encompasses controlling bed incision and reducing erosion energy. A formula was proposed to calculate the potential energy of bank failure and slope failure in a gully, which essentially constitutes the erosion energy. The erosion energy increases when gully incision occurs, which is induced by the incision of the Yellow river and its tributaries on the Loess Plateau. Sediment deposition in many gullies due to construction of check dams reduces the erosion energy to almost zero, which in turn greatly reduces soil erosion and sediment yield. Construction of check dams promotes vegetation development. The vegetation-erosion dynamics model was used to study the effect of check dams on vegetation development. Simulation results show that reforestation without check dam construction might result in an increase of vegetation cover in the first ten years and then a drop of vegetation cover to less than 10% in the later years. The check dams provide a foundation for vegetation development.

关键词： Loess plateau Check dam Energy of soil erosion Vegetation-erosion dynamics Gully incision

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Maintaining the connected river-lake relationship in the middle Yangtze river reaches after completion of the Three Gorges Project

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2017年第4期32卷 487-494页

作者： Xiuying Wang Xiang Li Baiyinbaoligao Yihong Wu State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in river basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research

After operation of the Three Gorges Project(TGP), there is a new evolution tendency for rivers and lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze river(i.e. the Ching river reaches). In recent years, the weakening connection relationship between the Yangtze river and Dongting Lake has resulted in a series of problems for flood regulation, water resources utilization, and aquatic ecosystem protection in the river-lake joint area. In this paper, the hydrological characteristics and fluvial processes within the river-lake joint area are studied, and possible management strategies to maintain the connected river-lake relationship are proposed. To achieve this objective, the evolution tendency, such as the zero-flow problem and river regime for three major outlets(i.e. the Songzi Outlet, Taiping Outlet, and Ouchi Outlet) to Dongting Lake from the Yangtze river, is analyzed. It is believed that the Songzi Outlet has a comparative advantage in flow diversion over the other two outlets. The Range of Variability Approach is introduced to identify hydrological characteristics at the Songzi Outlet. Several characteristic values of flow diversion from this outlet during drought periods are determined. Then, the fluvial processes in the river-lake joint area are studied by comparing topographic maps and using control gauge station data of various years. The water and sediment flux are analyzed before and after operation of the TGP. Finally, based on the results obtained, two possible management strategies are recommended and corresponding parameters are estimated to strengthen and maintain the connected river-lake relationship. This analysis takes into account operation of the TGP, mainstream shift and increasing riverbed scour in the Ching river *** restore the flow diversion condition to that in the 1950 s or 1960 s(i.e. 140 m~3/s of flow diversion corresponding to 5500 m~3/s of flow at the Zhicheng station), it is estimated that the river channel around the Songzi Outlet s

关键词： river-lake relationship Yangtze river Dongting Lake Three Gorges Project Flow diversion

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Clay mineral transformation in medium–high maturity shale oil reservoir: a case study of the Qingshankou Formation， Songliao basin， Northeast China

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年

作者： Xinping Liang Xueyu Yao Rukai Zhu Xiaojun Wang Zhijun Jin Changrong Li Institute of Energy， Peking University State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective development College of Geosciences/National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering， China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & development PetroChina Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute SINOPEC

Currently， significant hurdles lie ahead in China’s lacustrine shale oil exploration and exploitation， particularly due to the high clay mineral content， which severely impacts pore development in organic-rich shales. In this study， we take the medium- to high-maturity shale of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn) in the Gulong Sag， Songliao basin， China， as an example and analyze the dynamic evolution of the clay minerals and their effects on pore development by core observations， scanning electron microscopy， X-ray diffraction， physical property and nitrogen adsorptions to provide a valuable reference for the effective evaluation of lacustrine clay-rich shale oil reservoirs. Our findings reveal that the dynamic transformation of clay minerals in the Qingshankou Formation is classified into three stages based on diagenesis， thermal maturity， and mineral characteristics: the initial stage (vitrinite reflectivity (Ro) 1.3%). Clay minerals play crucial roles in controlling shale reservoirs during the rapid transformation process， which is evidenced by the formation of shrinkage fractures， enhanced pore connectivity， increased porosity， and expanded space for shale oil adsorption and storage. In addition， authigenic quartz can form during the transformation of clay minerals， contributing to increased reservoir brittleness and improving the potential for reservoir fracturing.

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Urban Expansion in Major Grain Producing Area from 1978 to 2017:A Case Study of Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area,China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2023年第1期33卷 1-20页

作者： YANG Yongju ZHANG Hebing QIAO Xuning LIU Liang ZHENG Jinchan School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo 454003China Research Centre of Arable Land Protection and Urban-rural High-quality development of Yellow river basin Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo 454003China

The spatial form of urbanization in China has developed from single-core city expansion to a multi-center metropolitan ***,little attention has been paid to the growth process of the emerging metropolitan area situated in major grain producing locations in the central *** the Zhengzhou metropolitan area(ZZMA)as a case study,we developed an inverse S-shape model to characterize the spatial distribution of urban land density,and constructed an urban expansion core index,urban expansion intensity index,and urban compactness index to quantify the spatial structure change that has taken place from 1978 to 2017 during the process of urban ***,cropland contribution rate(CR)was constructed to evaluate the impacts of urban expansion on *** uncovered four key ***,over the past 40 yr,the ZZMA has experienced dramatic expansion,and the central city of Zhengzhou expanded faster than other *** gravity centers of urban expansion of surrounding cities were moving toward to Zhengzhou ***,the urban land density decreased with the distance from the city center to the *** the only large city,Zhengzhou has experienced the fastest and most compact centralized urban expansion,especially after 2000,while other medium-and small-sized cities have experienced low-intensity decentralized ***,the urban core has been gradually expanding *** 1978 to 2017,the hot-zone of urban growth has moved progressively with the acceleration of *** cities except Jiaozuo had a single peak in different ***,the cities in national core grain-producing areas has higher cropland contribution rates and lower urban expansion areas,which was closely related to cropland *** analysis showed that large city was relatively better positioned than smaller cities in the efficiency of their urban infrastructure and the effectiveness of wealth creation efficiency in the urbanized area could be

关键词： urban expansion major grain producing area inverse S-shape cropland contribution rate(CR) policy factor Zhengzhou metropolitan area(ZZMA)

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Geology of the Structurally Controlled Quartz Vein Gold Mineralization in the Dikko Area, Part of Zungeru—Minna—Birnin Gwari Schist Belt, NW Nigeria

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2021年第7期9卷 180-191页

作者： Abdullahi Adamu Mohammed Adamu Usman Mohammed Otorison Abdulganiu Danladi Abubakar Sadiq Applied Geology Department Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi Nigeria Geology Department (Engineering Services) Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) Abuja Nigeria Hadejia Jama’are river basin development authority Kano Nigeria

Dikko area, Niger State, North Central Nigeria falls within the Pan-African thermo-tectonic event which occurred in Nigeria as in other parts of West Africa with widespread effect on the mineralization of rejuvenated basement and geosynclinal trough deposits. The Pan-African Belt in Nigeria forms part of the Benin-Nigeria (Dahomeyan) shield which is regarded as the southern prolongation of the circumcratonic Pan-African belt of the West African Craton. Structurally controlled, gold-bearing quartz veins were measured and studied in the area from an extensive geological ground investigation. Field and petrographical studies indicate that the Neoproterozoic rocks constitute gneisses, amphibolite schist, amphibolites and migmatites. The amphibolites are intruded by pegmatites. The associated quartz veins are generally concordant with the main N-S regional structural trend. The lithological and structural studies carried out in these areas have demonstrated the relationship between structures and mineralization and/or lithology. The main characteristics of the gold mineralization in the area appear to indicate hydrothermal mineralization in connection with shear zones. This study allows us to predict that quartz veins in the amphibolite can be mined at a profit and a detailed geochemical and resource valuation needs to be carried out for the Au and associated Galena and Ag mineralization to fully exploit their economic potential.

关键词： Gold Mineralization Quartz Veins Pan-African Economic Potential Mined

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Exploring impact of street layout on urban flood risk of people and vehicles under extreme rainfall based on numerical experiments

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中国科学:技术科学英文版 2023年第9期66卷 2561-2574页

作者： MEI Chao LIU JiaHong SHI HongYuan WANG Hao WANG Jia DONG LiRong SONG TianXu ZHANG HaiJia State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in river basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing 100038China Key Laboratory of river basin Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources(Preparation) Beijing 100038China Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Water Cycle and Sponge City Technology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Urban street layout is an important factor in the formation process, characteristics, and risk level of urban flooding;therefore, this study numerically investigates the impact of street layout on urban flood risk to people and vehicles. Four typical street-layout scenarios with areas of 3 km × 3 km are established based on a block-scale investigation. The layout types are regular grid,irregular grid, radial, and annular. Urban inundation models are then constructed for these typical street layouts based on the twodimensional(2D) hydrodynamic method. Two historic, extreme rainfall events, which occurred in Beijing on July 21, 2012 and in Zhengzhou on July 20, 2021, are used as rainstorm scenarios for urban inundation modelling. The flood risks to people and vehicles are then calculated. Results show that, for an extreme rainstorm on the block scale, the street layout impacts the spatial and temporal distributions of the inundation variables, which include the water depth, flow velocity, flood volume, and inundated area. Moreover, for the same extreme-rainfall scenario, the greatest differences in the total flood volume, maximum street-water depth, and maximum street-flow velocity caused by street-layout differences are 17.22%, 60.25%, and 61.50%, *** the four street layouts considered in this study, the annular street layout exhibits the lowest degrees of inundation and flood risk. For the same extreme-rainfall scenario, the proportions of high-risk road sections for adults and children in this layout are 58.89% and 62.28% smaller than those for the layout with the largest proportion of high-risk road sections, respectively;the proportions of high-risk road sections for the Honda Accord and Audi Q7 were 55.31% and 53.04% smaller, respectively. The findings of this study may aid scientific understanding and development of “flood-sensitive” block-scale street layouts and urban planning in the context of the changing environment.

关键词： urban inundation street layout urban form flood risk hydrodynamic simulation

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Chemical, carbon and sulfur isotopic compositions constrain the origin of Upper Carboniferous-Lower Triassic gases in eastern Sichuan basin, SW China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第10期67卷 3169-3185页

作者： Chunfang CAI Ilya KUTUZOV Wenhua MEI Daowei WANG Bing LUO Shipeng HUANG Bing HE Alon AMRANI China University of Petroleum National Key Lab Petroleum Resource&EngineeringBeijing 102249China State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Institute of Earth Sciences The Hebrew UniversityJerusalem 91904Israel College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Yulin University Yulin 719000China Research Institute of Exploration and development Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyPetroChinaChengdu 610051China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentBeijing 100083China

Methane dominated gas is one of the cleanest energy resources;however, there is no direct method to determine its source rock. Natural gases produced from the eastern Sichuan basin together with seismic data were studied for their sources and secondary alteration by thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR). Our results demonstrate that Upper Permian to Lower Triassic(P_(3)ch-T_(1)f) gases in the surrounding of the Kaijiang-Liangping area show volatile organic sulfur compounds(VOSCs) δ^(34)S values close to those of the associated H_(2)S, and may have been altered by methane-dominated TSR, resulting in positive shift in methane δ^(13)C_(1)values with increasing TSR extents. Other(or group 2) gases produced from the P_(3)ch-T_(1)f reservoirs from the southern area and the Upper Carboniferous to Middle Permian(C_(2)h-P_(2)q) from the eastern Sichuan basin are not significantly changed by TSR, show similar δ^(34)S values between the kerogens and some VOSCs, and may have been derived from the Lower Silurian and Middle Permian source rocks. This study demonstrates a case for the first time showing the δ^(34)S values of VOSCs can be used as a tool for direct correlation between non-TSR altered gas and source rocks. Methane-dominated gas pools can be found using gas and source rock geochemistry combined with seismic data.

关键词： Sulfur isotopes Volatile organic sulfur compounds Thermochemical sulfate reduction Sichuan basin Gas-source rock correlation

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