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Implications of Climate Change on Streamflow of a snow-Fed River System of the Northwest Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2013年第4期10卷 574-587页

作者： Vaibhav SHARMA Varunendra Dutta MISHRA Pawan Kumar JOSHI snow and avalanche study establishment Chandigarh 160036 India TERI University Institutional AreaDelhi 110070 India

Air temperature and snow cover variability are sensitive indicators of climate change. This study was undertaken to forecast and quantify the potential streamflow response to climate change in the Jhelum River basin. The implications of air temperature trends （＋0.11℃decade） reported for the entire north-west Himalaya for past century and the regional warming （＋0.7℃/decade） trends of three observatories analyzed between last two decades were used for future projection of snow cover depletion and stream flow. The streamflow was simulated and validated for the year 2007-2008 using snowmelt runoff model （SRM） based on in-situ temperature and precipitation with remotely sensed snow cover area. The simulation was repeated using higher values of temperature and modified snow cover depletion curves according to the assumed future climate. Early snow cover depletion was observed in the basin in response to warmer climate. The results show that with the increase in air temperature, streamfiow pattern of Jhelum will be severely affected. Significant redistribution of streamflow was observed in both the scenarios. Higher discharge was observed during spring-summer months due to early snowmelt contribution with water deficit during monsoon months. Discharge increased by 5%-40% during the months of March to May in 2030 and 2050. The magnitude of impact of air temperature is higher in the scenario-2 based on regional warming. The inferences pertaining to change in future streamflow pattern can facilitate long term decisions and planning concerning hydro-power potential, waterresource management and flood hazard mapping in the region.

关键词： snowmelt snow cover depletion curve(SCDC) Climate change Global warming Streamflow SRM Jhelum

snow Cover Variation and Streamflow Simulation in a snow-fed River Basin of the Northwest Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2012年第6期9卷 853-868页

作者： Vaibhav SHARMA V.D.MISHRA P.K.JOSHI snow and avalanche study establishment Him ParisarSector 37AChandigarh 160036India TERI University New Delhi-110070India

snowmelt is an important component of any snow-fed river *** Jhelum River is one such transnational mountain river flowing through India and *** basin is minimally glacierized and its discharge is largely governed by seasonal snow cover and ***,accurate estimation of seasonal snow cover dynamics and snowmeltinduced runoff is important for sustainable water resource management in the *** present study looks into spatio-temporal variations of snow cover for past decade and stream flow simulation in the Jhelum River *** cover extent(SCE) was estimated using MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor *** Difference snow Index(NDSI) algorithm was used to generate multi-temporal time series snow cover *** results indicate large variation in snow cover distribution pattern and decreasing trend in different sub-basins of the Jhelum *** relationship between SCE-temperature,SCE-discharge and discharge-precipitation was analyzed for different seasons and shows strong *** streamflow simulation of the entire Jhelum basin snow melt Runoff Model(SRM) used.A good correlation was observed between simulated stream flow and in-situ *** monthly discharge contribution from different sub-basins to the total discharge of the Jhelum River was estimated using a modified version of runoff model based on temperature-index approach developed for small *** power - an indicator of the erosive capability of streams was also calculated for different sub-basins.

关键词： snow cover extent(SCE) Streamflow snow Melt Runoff Model(SRM) Normalized Difference snow Index(NDSI) Jhelum basin Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS)

Comparison of the water consumption levels of four shelterbelt tree species in a typical arid oasis in Northwest China

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2024年第2期17卷 169-176页

作者： Shuai Fu Bingxian Xu Yufang Leng Yuxin Peng Guogen Tao Lanhai Li School of Taxation and Public Administration Jiangxi University of Finance and EconomicsNanchang 330013China Research team of International price analysis and prediction of bulk commodities Jiangxi University of Finance and EconomicsNanchang 330013China School of Foreign Languages Jiangxi University of Finance and EconomicsNanchang 330013China Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Use in Arid Region Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China Tianshan snow Cover and avalanche Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Xinyuan 835800XinjiangChina

The shelterbelt is an indispensable barrier to the ecological and economic development of an *** moisture,groundwater and irrigation greatly affect the shelterbelt water consumption and *** this study,the transpiration rate of shelterbelt trees,soil moisture and meteorological data were collected to determine the effects of soil moisture and meteorological factors on the water consumption of different shelterbelt tree species via multivariate statistical *** results showed that the water consumption rate was positively correlated with solar radiation,air temperature and ***,the leaf transpiration rate exhibited the trend of *** Jabl.˃***˃*** Carr.>***,while the average daily water consumption decreased in the order of ***>*** Jabl.>*** Carr.>*** average daily water consumption levels of ***,*** Jabl.,*** *** *** were(9.15±0.92)kg/(tree∙d),(6.95±1.41)kg/(tree∙d),(4.43±1.32)kg/(tree∙d),and(1.58±0.18)kg/(tree∙d),*** the growing season,the soil water consumption levels of ***,*** Jabl.,*** Carr.,and *** in each shelterbelt tree stand reached 674.8,336.9,358.1 and 161.7 kg,*** than 96%of the soil moisture lost was provided by the upper 120-cm soil *** the influence and contribution of soil water and meteorological factors to shelterbelt water consumption is beneficial for shelterbelt management and protection.

关键词： water consumption irrigation management shelterbelts soil moisture climatic factors

Topographically derived subpixel-based change detection for monitoring changes over rugged terrain Himalayas using AWiFS data

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第1期18卷 126-140页

作者： Vishakha SOOD Hemendra Singh GUSAIN Sheifali GUPTA Sartajvir SINGH Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara UniversityPunjab 140401India snow and avalanche study establishment DRDOChandigarh 160017India Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology Chitkara UniversityHimachal Pradesh174103India

Continuous and accurate monitoring of earth surface changes over rugged terrain Himalayas is important to manage natural resources and mitigate natural *** techniques generally focus on per-pixel based processing and overlook the sub-pixel variations occurring especially in case of low or moderate resolution remotely sensed ***,the existing subpixel-based change detection(SCD)models are less effective to detect the mixed pixel information at its complexity level especially over rugged terrain *** overcome such issues,a topographically controlled SCD model has been proposed which is an improved version of widely used per-pixel based change vector analysis(CVA)and hence,named as a subpixel-based change vector analysis(SCVA).This study has been conducted over a part of the Western Himalayas using the advanced wide-field sensor(AWiFS)and Landsat-8 *** check the effectiveness of the proposed SCVA,the cross-validation of the results has been done with the existing neural network-based SCD(NN-SCD)and per-pixel based models such as fuzzybasedCVA(FCVA)andpost-classification comparison(PCC).The results have shown that SCVA offered robust performance(85.6%-86.4%)as comparedtoNN-SCD(81.6%-82.4%),PCC(79.2%-80.4%),and FCVA(81.2%-83.6%).We concluded that SCVA helps in reducing the detection of spurious pixels and improve the efficacy of generating change *** study is beneficial for the accurate monitoring of glacier retreat and snow cover variability over rugged terrain regions using moderate resolution remotely sensed datasets.

关键词： Topographic correction Change vector analysis(CVA) Subpixel-based change detection(SCD) Western Himalayas

Fuzzy–frequency ratio model for avalanche susceptibility mapping

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2016年第12期9卷 1168-1184页

作者： Satish Kumar Snehmani Pankaj Kumar Srivastava Akshay Gore Mritunjay Kumar Singh College of Engineering Studies University of Petroleum&Energy Studies(UPES)DehradunUttarakhandIndia snow and avalanche study establishment Defence Research&Development Organisation(DRDO)ChandigarhIndia Spatial Strokes Technologies Private Limited ZirakpurPunjabIndia

avalanche activities in the Indian Himalaya cause the majority of fatalities and responsible for heavy damage to the *** susceptibility maps assist decision-makers and planners to execute suitable measures to reduce the avalanche *** the present study,a probabilistic data-driven geospatial fuzzy–frequency ratio(fuzzy–FR)model is proposed and developed for avalanche susceptibility mapping,especially for the large undocumented *** fuzzy–FR model for avalanche susceptibility mapping is initially developed and applied for Lahaul-Spiti *** fuzzy–FR model utilized the six avalanche occurrence factors(***,aspect,curvature,elevation,terrain roughness and vegetation cover)and one referent avalanche inventory map to generate the avalanche susceptibility *** 292 documented avalanche locations from the avalanche inventory map,233(80%)were used for training the model and remaining 59(20%)were used for validation of the *** avalanche susceptibility map is validated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC-AUC)*** validation of the results using ROC-AUC technique,the success rate and prediction rate were *** values of success rate and prediction rate were 94.07%and 91.76%,*** validation of results using ROC-AUC indicated the fuzzy–FR model is appropriate for avalanche susceptibility mapping.

关键词： snow avalanche avalanche susceptibility mapping GIS fuzzy–frequency ratio(fuzzy–FR)model Lahaul&Spiti

Erratum to:snow Cover Variation and Streamflow Simulation in a snow-fed River Basin of the Northwest Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2013年第3期 494-494页

作者： Vaibhav SHARMA V.D.MISHRA P.K.JOSHI snow and avalanche study establishment TERI University

snowpack variations and their hazardous effects under climate warming in the central Tianshan Mountains

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第3期15卷 442-451页

作者： Jian-Sheng HAO Yan WANG Lan-Hai LI Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100101China Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Utilization in Arid Zone Urumqi 830011China State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China Tianshan snowcover and avalanche Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Xinyuan 835800China CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia Urumqi 830011China

Climate change alters snowpack evolution,which in turn influences the likelihood of snow avalanches and flood *** lack of systemic observational data on key snow characteristics in high mountains remains a scientific challenge in terms of systematically elucidating the dynamic chain of variations in climate-snowpack-snow *** restricts our understanding and poses challenges in the prediction of snow-related disaster *** such,this study analysed the variations of temperature and snowfall and the physical characteristics of snowpacks based on ground-based observations from the Kunse River Valley situated in the Tianshan Mountains from 1967 to *** results reveal that the temperature increased significantly by 0.32°C per decade(psnow season,along with more extreme snowfall *** snow-cover duration was observed to have been shortened by 4.77 d per decade(psnow-cover onset and earlier ***,average and maximum snow depths increased along with an increase in peak snow water equivalent,thus indicating a higher frequency of extremely scarce or abundant snow *** low snowpack temperature gradient and earlier snowmelt dates in spring lead to earlier occurrences of snowmelt floods and wet *** the risks of these events increase,they pose greater threats to farmlands,road transportation,water-electricity infrastructure and several other human ***,these insights are critical for providing vital information that can deepen our understanding of the impact of climate change on snowpack characteristics and improve management strategies for snow-related disaster prevention and mitigation.

关键词： Climate change snowpack variations snow-related disaster Tianshan Mountains

Energy Budget over Seasonal snow Surface at an Open Site and Beneath Forest Canopy Openness during the snowmelt Period in Western Tianshan Mountains,China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第2期12卷 298-312页

作者： LU Heng WEI Wen-shou LIU Mingzhe HAN Xi HONG Wen Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Desert Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Tianshan Station for snow & avalanche Research

In this study, meteorological factors and snowmelt rate at an open site on sunny slope(OPS) and beneath forest canopy openness on shady slope(BFC) were measured using an automatic weather station and snow lysimeter during the snowmelt period in 2009, 2010 and 2013. The energy budget over snow surface was calculated according to these meteorological datasets. The analysis results indicated that the net shortwave radiation(K) and sensible heat flux(H) were energy sources, and the latent heat flux(LVE) was energy sinks of snow surfaces at all sites. The net longwave radiation(L) was energy sink at OPS and 80% BFC, but energy source at 20% BFC. The gain of K, H, and the loss of LVE at BFC were obviously lower than those at OPS. The L was the maximum difference of energy budget between snow surface at BFC and OPS. In warm and wet years, the most important factor of the energy budget variation at OPS was air humidity and the second mostimportant factor was air temperature. However, the ground surface temperature on the sunny slope was the most important factor for L and energy budget at BFC. With the increases in forest canopy openness and the slope of adjacent terrains, the influences of ground surface temperature on the sunny slope on L and the energy budget over snow surface at BFC increased, especially when the snow cover on the sunny slope melts completely.

关键词： Energy budget Seasonal snow snowmelt period Tianshan Mountains

Aseismic Layer Detected in the Mid-Crust of Nubra-Siachen Region, India Using Local Seismic Data

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International Journal of Geosciences 2015年第9期6卷 993-1006页

作者： Rajinder Parshad Snehmani Pankaj Kumar Srivastva Reeta Rani Ashwagosha Ganju Geological Survey of India Faridabad India Deptt. of Petroleum Engineering and earth sciences UPES Dehradun India snow and avalanche study establishment Research and Development Center Chandigarh India

The local seismicity observed by seismic network in siachen-nubra region during January 2010-December 2012 shows that the middle part of the crust (17 - 40 km) is aseismic. This aseismic layer (17 - 40 km) is sandwiched between two seismically active layers and depicts a good spatial correlation with the observations of low resistivity reported from magnetotelluric studies for the same region. The local seismicity shows a trend along the Karakoram fault and clustering of events in Shyok Suture zone and Karakoram shear zone. The moment magnitude of these events lies between 1.3 and 4.3. Most of these events have been originated in upper crust.

关键词： Shear Zone Karakorum Local Events Aseismic Nubra-Siachen