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A Reasonable Approach for the Development of Shale gas Wells with Consideration of the Stress Sensitivity

Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2019年第1期15卷 39-51页

作者： Jin Pang Di Luo Haohong Gao Jie Liang Yuanyuan Huang Qi Liu Chongqing University of Science and Technology ChongqingChina Shunan gas Production Plant PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gasfield CompanyLuzhouChina southwest gas Production Plant PetroChina Zhejiang Oilfield BranchYibinChina Linpan Drilling Branch Sinopec Southwest Petroleum Engineering Co.Ltd.LinpanChina

High-pressure deep shale gas reservoirs are usually highly stress-sensitive.When the reasonable production mode of shale gas well is built,the impact of strong stress sensitivity should be fully considered.First,this study calculated the relationship between permeability and formation pressure under different elastic modulus based on the shale lithology of Long Ma Xi formation in Sichuan Basin by testing and analysing the mechanical parameters of the rock.According to numerical simulation result,when the elastic modulus exceeds 14.0 GPa,the stress sensitivity of the matrix will slight affect the cumulative gas production of shale gas.Second,the changing relation between fracture conductivity and permeability with fracture pressure and the time of pressure acts were experimentally studied.The numerical simulation result suggested that the 30-year cumulative gas production considering the stress sensitivity was reduced by 13.5%compared with the 30-year cumulative gas production without considering the stress sensitivity.Finally,the production of different production modes under different stress sensitive characteristics was predicted using numerical simulation method.When the matrix and fractures are fixed with a same stress-sensitive curve,the initial production allocation will not significantly impact the cumulative gas production.When the fractured fractures are subjected to a varying stress sensitive curve,the lower production allocation will result in higher post-production and cumulative gas production.

关键词： Shale stress sensitivity production mode production allocation fractures matrix

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Flow characteristic of polymer solutions in porous media:Influence of the molecular weight and concentration

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Petroleum 2023年第2期9卷 214-222页

作者： Yingjie Dai Jia Li Li Li Yifei Liu Yuan Li Xiangyu Wang Xuguang Song Caili Dai Bin Yuan Key Laboratory of Unconventional oil&gas Development(China University of Petroleum East China)Ministry of EducationQingdao 266580China Shandong Key Laboratory of oilfield Chemistry(China University of Petroleum East China)Qingdao 266580China Nanchong Vocational and Technical College Nanchong 637131China oil&gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing oilfield company Xi'an 710000China sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Fracturing&Acidizing and Natural Gas Production Research InstituteDongying 257000China Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of AlbertaEdmontonAB T6G 1H9Canada

The polymer solution flow in porous media is a central research topic related to hydraulic fracturing measures,formation damage and fracture propagation.Influenced by molecular weights and concentrations,various flow patterns of polymer in pores are presented,resulting in different filtration loss.In this work,the effectiveness of various polymer solutions for filtration loss was assessed by utilizing the core flooding experiment firstly.The result shows that lesser filtration loss normally is inextricably linked to solutions with high molecular weight and concentration.Subsequently,the flow behaviors of polymer solutions investigated by designed micro pore-throat structure and micro-particle image velocimetry(m-PIV)further confirmed the above result.It was found that the central convergent flow pattern benefiting from higher viscous force loss and less filtration loss was observed at high flow rates(0.5 mL/h),and higher molecular weight and concentration were more prone to convergent flow patterns.The viscosity force loss increases by about 4 times varying the molecular weight of polymer from 5×10^(6)to 18×10^(6)g/mol or the concentration from 0.05 to 0.3%.It interprets higher molecular weight and concentration in core studies and field observations with decreased filtration loss of HPAM.This work provides a theoretical foundation for the application of fracturing fluids as well as fresh perspectives on how to access the filtration loss of fracturing fluids.

关键词： Polymer solution Porous media Flow pattern m-PIV

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Failure mechanism and influencing factors of cement sheath integrity under alternating pressure

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Petroleum Science 2023年第4期20卷 2413-2427页

作者： Kuan-Hai Deng Nian-Tao Zhou Yuan-Hua Lin Yan-Xian Wu Jie Chen Chang Shu Peng-Fei Xie State Key Laboratory of oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation(southwest Petroleum University) ChengduSichuan610500China Engineering Technology Research Institute PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyKaramayXinjiang834000China CNPC Xibu Drilling Engineering company Limited UrumqiXinjiang830000China Engineering Technology Research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengduSichuan610066China

The failure of cement sheath integrity can be easily caused by alternating pressure during large-scale multistage hydraulic fracturing in shale-gas well.An elastic-plastic mechanical model of casing-cement sheath-formation(CSF)system under alternating pressure is established based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion and thick-walled cylinder theory,and it has been solved by MATLAB programming combining global optimization algorithm with Global Search.The failure mechanism of cement sheath integrity is investigated,by which it can be seen that the formation of interface debonding is mainly related to the plastic strain accumulation,and there is a risk of interface debonding under alternating pressure,once the cement sheath enters plasticity whether in shallow or deep well sections.The matching relationship between the mechanical parameters(elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio)of cement sheath and its integrity failure under alternating pressure in whole well sections is studied,by which it has been found there is a“critical range”in the Poisson's ratio of cement sheath.When the Poisson's ratio is below the“critical range”,there is a positive correlation between the yield internal pressure of cement sheath(SYP)and its elastic modulus.However,when the Poisson's ratio is above the“critical range”,there is a negative correlation.The elastic modulus of cement sheath is closely related to its Poisson's ratio,and restricts each other.Scientific and reasonable matching between mechanical parameters of cement sheath and CSF system under different working conditions can not only reduce the cost,but also protect the cement sheath integrity.

关键词： Casing-cement sheath-formation system Mechanical model Matching relationship Cement sheath integrity Critical range Mechanical parameters

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CO2 corrosion behaviors of 13Cr steel in the high-temperature steam environment

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Petroleum 2020年第1期6卷 106-113页

作者： Guoqing Xiao SiZhou Tan Zhiming Yu Baojun Dong Yonggang Yi Gang Tian Huiyong Yu Shanzhi Shi College of Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China State Key Laboratory of oil&gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation(southwest Petroleum University) Chengdu610500China Research Institute of Engineering Technology Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyPetroChinaKaramay834000China

The study aims to explore the corrosion behaviors of 13Cr steel in the high-temperature steam environment.The corrosion behaviors of 13Cr steel were tested in CO2 auxiliary steam drive environment simulated with the HTHP autoclave.The corrosion morphology and product composition were explored by SEM,EDS,XRD and XPS.The exploration results showed the corrosion rate of 13Cr steel in the high-temperature steam environment was less than 0.04 mm/a.The corrosion behaviors of 13Cr steel were mainly affected by temperature and chloride ion concentration.Temperature inhibited steam condensation and the compactness of Cr-rich layer.With the increase in temperature,more droplets were adsorbed on the surface of 13Cr steel and the compactness of the Crrich layer is worse.Chloride ions affects the activity of Fe atoms in the metal matrix.When chloride concentration increased,Fe^2+concentration in the solution and FeCO3 content in the rich-Cr layer were increased and the rich-Cr layer became looser.

关键词： CO2 auxiliary steam drive Temperature Cl−concentration Corrosion 13Cr steel

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Arrival picking method for microseismic phases based on curve fi tting

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Applied Geophysics 2020年第3期17卷 453-464页

作者： Yu Zhi-Chao Yu Jing Feng Fang-Fang Tan Yu-Yang Hou Gui-Ting He Chuan Institute of oil&gas School of Earth and Space SciencePeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Geophysical company Shengli BranchSINOPECDongying 257000China. Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 10029China Ocean University of China Qingdao266100

Microseismic phase detection and arrival picking are critical steps in the processing of hydraulic fracturing microseismic monitoring data.As the signal-to-noise ratios of P-and S-waves diff er because of the infl uence of focal mechanisms,geometry,and background noise,diffi culties are introduced in the eff ective discrimination of seismic phases and the accurate acquisition of arrivals in conventional processing methods.In this paper,we propose a method for identifying microseismic phase arrival time by comprehensively analyzing the variation of moveout curves and combining the intra-event waveform similarities with the energy ratio of multitrace signals.First,a curve-fi tting formula is constructed with perforation arrivals,and event detection is achieved by adopting an energy-weighted similarity coeffi cient that seeks plausible fi tting curves with a sliding time window in continuous microseismic recordings.Then,the P-and S-waves are separated by the fitting parameters.The known arrival time trend of the microseismic phase is employed to calculate residual time corrections.Finally,the accurate arrival results of the microseismic phases can be obtained by picking the arrivals of stacked traces.The reliability and eff ectiveness of the proposed method for microseismic phase detection and arrival picking were determined through tests using field data.Arrival results indicate that the proposed method can improve accuracy compared with the traditional energy ratio method.

关键词： Microseismic moveout curves phase detection arrival picking

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Pore evolution characteristic of shale in the Longmaxi Formation,Sichuan Basin

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Petroleum Research 2017年第4期2卷 291-300页

作者： Wenping Liu Jun Liu Molun Cai Chao Luo Xuewen Shi Jian Zhang Shale gas Research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanySichuan 610051China Shale gas Evaluation and Exploitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan 610213China CCDC Geological Exploration&Development Research Institute Sichuan 610051China

Through the field emission scanning electronic microscope(FESEM)and the nitrogen adsorption test,pore type and structure of shale reservoir in the Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin were well studied.Result showed that the pore type includes organic pore,intercrystalline pore,dissolution intracrystalline pore and interparticle pore,and the organic pore was one of major pore types;among the organic pore,the micropore had large pore volume and specific surface area,and was the main storage space of shale gas.Through study on effect of total organic carbon(TOC),organic matter maturity(Ro),diagenesis and tectonism on shale porosity,influence of TOC on porosity could be divided into four stages:the rapid increasing stage(TOC from 0 to 2%),the slow decreasing stage(TOC from 2 to 3%),the rapid increasing stage(TOC from 3 to 4%or 6%)and the rapid decreasing stage(TOC>4%or 6%);influence of the maturity on porosity of shale could be divided into three stages:the rapid decreasing stage(Ro from 1.5 to 2.2%),the rapid increasing stage(Ro from 2.2 to 2.7%)and the rapid decreasing stage(Ro>2.7%);during the high thermal evolution stage,the organic diagenesis was stronger than the inorganic diagenesis;the tectonism had a great impact on porosity,and the more intense the tectonism was,the smaller the porosity would be.The evolution of shale porosity of the Longmaxi Formation underwent five stages:the immature rapid compaction stage(Ro2.7%);among which the mature hydrocarbon generation and dissolution stage and the overmature secondary pyrolysis stage were the most favorable shale pore development stages。

关键词： Organic pore Inorganic pore TOC Organic matter maturity Shale Longmaxi formation

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Numerical study of hydraulic fracturing in the sectorial well-factory considering well interference and stress shadowing

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Petroleum Science 2023年第6期20卷 3567-3581页

作者： Yu-Hao Liu Jin-Tao Zhang Jie Bai Feng-Shou Zhang Ji-Zhou Tang Key Laboratory of Geotechnical&Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education Tongji UniversityShanghai200092China Department of Geotechnical Engineering College of Civil EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092China southwest oil&gas Field company PetroChinaChengdu610017SichuanChina oil and gas Technology Research Institute PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi’an710021ShaanxiChina National Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai200092China School of Ocean and Earth Science Tongji UniversityShanghai200092China

In the Changqing oilfield in northwest China, when traditional petroleum exploitation encounters forestry reserves or water source protection areas, sectorial well-factory design is proposed. The most distinct feature of a sectorial well-factory is the deviation of the well from the minimum horizontal principal stress, resulting in hydraulic fracture deflection after the initiation, along with possible well interference (i.e., fracture hit) and fracture coalescence in the oblique wells. Four indexes describing well deflection are then proposed according to fracture morphology. Several fracturing designs, including stage arrangement, fracturing sequences, and fracturing techniques are applied to study the feasibility of the sectorial well-factory design. The results show that the “gradual” or “sparse” stage arrangement, large injection rate, and simultaneous multifracture treatment can help to optimize the fracture morphology and stimulation design. However, the subsequent stress shadowing effect usually adversely affects the fracturing of adjacent wells. With a small initial horizontal stress difference, large injection rate and staggered stage arrangement can achieve ideal stimulation performance. Our results can provide a guidance for optimizing stimulation design in unconventional well-factory while taking into account environmental protection.

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing Sectorial well-factory Fracture deflection Well interference Stress shadowing

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Evaluation on the anisotropic brittleness index of shale rock using geophysical logging

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Petroleum 2023年第4期9卷 545-557页

作者： Junchuan Gui Jianchun Guo Yu Sang Yaxi Chen Tianshou Ma P.G.Ranjith Research Institute of Shale gas PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield CompanyChengdu610051China State Key Laboratory of oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China Shunan gas Mine PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field CompanyLuzhou646000China Downhole Service company CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company LimitedChengdu610501China Deep Earth Energy Laboratory Department of Civil EngineeringMonash UniversityMelbourne3800Australia

The brittleness index plays a significant role in the hydraulic fracturing design and wellbore stability analysis of shale reservoirs.Various brittleness indices have been proposed to characterize the brittleness of shale rocks,but almost all of them ignored the anisotropy of the brittleness index.Therefore,uniaxial compression testing integrated with geophysical logging was used to provide insights into the anisotropy of the brittleness index for Longmaxi shale,the presented method was utilized to assess brittleness index of Longmaxi shale formation for the interval of 3155e3175 m in CW-1 well.The results indicated that the brittleness index of Longmaxi shale showed a distinct anisotropy,and it achieved the minimum value at β=45°-60°.As the bedding angle increased,the observed brittleness index(BI_(2_β))decreased firstly and increased then,it achieved the lowest value at β=40°-60°,and it is consistent with the uniaxial compression testing results.Compared to the isotropic brittleness index(β=0°),the deviation of the anisotropic brittleness index ranged from 10%to 66.7%,in other words,the anisotropy of brittleness index cannot be ignored for Longmaxi shale.Organic matter content is one of the main intrinsic causes of shale anisotropy,and the anisotropy degree of the brittleness index generally increases with the increase in organic matter content.The present work is valuable for the assessment of anisotropic brittleness for hydraulic fracturing design and wellbore stability analysis.

关键词： Shale rock Brittleness Brittleness index Anisotropy Transverse isotropy Geophysical logging

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Fluid identification and effective fracture prediction based on frequency-dependent AVOAz inversion for fractured reservoirs

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Petroleum Science 2021年第4期18卷 1069-1085页

作者： Muhammad Ajaz Fang Ouyang Gui-Hai Wang Shuang-Lian Liu Li-Xin Wang Jian-Guo Zhao State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting Key Laboratory of Geophysical Prospecting of CNPCChina University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China China National oil&gas Exploration and Development Corporation Beijing100034China sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing100101China sinopec North China E&P company Beijing100728China

Fluid and effective fracture identification in reservoirs is a crucial part of reservoir prediction.The frequency-dependent AVO inversion algorithms have proven to be effective for identifying fluid through its dispersion property.However,the conventional frequency-dependent AVO inversion algorithms based on Smith&Gidlow and Aki&Richards approximations do not consider the acquisition azimuth of seismic data and neglect the effect of seismic anisotropic dispersion in the actual medium.The aligned fractures in the subsurface medium induce anisotropy.The seismic anisotropy should be considered while accounting for the seismic dispersion properties through fluid-saturated fractured reservoirs.Anisotropy in such reservoirs is frequency-related due to wave-induced fluid-flow(WIFF)between interconnected fractures and pores.It can be used to identify fluid and effective fractures(fluid-saturated)by using azimuthal seismic data via anisotropic dispersion properties.In this paper,based on Rüger’s equation,we derived an analytical expression in the frequency domain for the frequencydependent AVOAz inversion in terms of fracture orientation,dispersion gradient of isotropic background rock,anisotropic dispersion gradient,and the dispersion at a normal incident angle.The frequency-dependent AVOAz equation utilizes azimuthal seismic data and considers the effect of both isotropic and anisotropic dispersion.Reassigned Gabor Transform(RGT)is used to achieve highresolution frequency division data.We then propose the frequency-dependent AVOAz inversion method to identify fluid and characterize effective fractures in fractured porous reservoirs.Through application to high-qualified seismic data of dolomite and carbonate reservoirs,the results show that the method is useful for identifying fluid and effective fractures in fluid-saturated fractured rocks.

关键词： Frequency-dependent AVOAz inversion P-wave anisotropy Seismic dispersion Effective fractures Fluid identification

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An Investigation into the Effects of oil-Well Cement Expansion Agent on the Integrity of Cement Sheath

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2023年第5期19卷 1291-1300页

作者： Chunqin Tan Shenglai Guo Juanjuan Huang sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing100101China Key Laboratory of Unconventional oil&gas Development(China University of Petroleum(East China)) Ministry of EducationQingdao266580China School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580China E&D Research Institute of Liaohe oilfield company Panjin124000China

Generally,the so-called expansion agent is very effective in eliminating all the micro-annuli that exist between the casing and the cement sheath or between the cement sheath and the formation.However,this approach can detrimentally affect the sealing ability of cement sheath if the expansion agent is used in an unreasonable way.For these reasons,in the present work,numerical simulations have been conducted to analyze the effect of elasticity modulus of cement sheath,the elasticity modulus of formation,the expansion rate of cement,the geo-stress on the micro-annulus caused by cement expansion,and the cement sheath expansion on the integrity of cement sheath and formation.The micro-annulus between the casing and the cement sheath has been found to decrease according to the ratio between the elasticity modulus of formation and the elasticity modulus of cement sheath.A positive correlation has been observed between the micro-annulus and the cement expansion ratio.The microannulus decreases as the geo-stress increases,but the effect of the geo-stress on the micro-annulus is much smaller.In conclusion,the expansion agent is suitable for the formation in which the elasticity modulus is higher than the cement sheath.

关键词： Cement sheath expansion agent numerical simulation integrity

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