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The Influence of Acid on the RockMechanical Characteristics of Deep shale in theWujiaping Formation

Energy Engineering 2024年第1期121卷 27-42页

作者： Hao Zhang Yan Zhang Wei Liu Ximin Zhang Xiang Liu School of Petroleum Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100China Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute Jianghan Oilfield Branch of SinopecWuhan430035China drilling Technology Research Institute Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Service CorporationDeyang618000China

The microscopic characteristics and mechanical properties of rocks change after the action of acid on deep shale,which affects the fracturing effect.Accordingly,we designed and conducted indoor experiments related to the changes in macro and microscopic characteristics after the interaction of acid with the shale of Wujiaping Formation,based on which the characteristic law of fracture volume modification after acid fracturing was studied using numerical simulation.The results demonstrate that the pores and fractures are enlarged and the structure is significantly loosened after the acid immersion.And a 15%concentration of hydrochloric acid can effectively dissolve shale.Furthermore,the degree of acid-etching reaction is highly variable because of the different carbonate content,which reveals the strong inhomogeneity of the shale system in the Wujiaping Group reservoir section.After the acid interacted with the shale rock samples,the triaxial compressive strength,elastic modulus,and Poisson’s ratio of shale decreased.Moreover,the evaluation of the effect after acid fracturing simulated by fracturing software revealed that the smaller the value of elastic modulus in shale-based reservoirs,the more favorable the fracture volume modification.This discovery not only provides a theoretical basis for the expansion and extension patterns of acid-fracturing in carbonaceous shale formations but also offers research methods and theoretical insights for the fundamental exploration of other deep-seated oil and gas resources.

关键词： shale acid fracturing macro characteristics microscopic characteristics mechanical properties

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Thermal conductive proppant with self-suspension ability

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Petroleum Science 2023年第3期20卷 1742-1749页

作者： Guo-Qing Xu Xiu-Ping Lan Si-Si hao Kai-Yi Hu Si-Meng Qi Li-Dong Geng Quan Xu Yang Zhou sinopec key laboratory of drilling completion and fracturing of shale oil and gas SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Co.LtdBejing102249China State key laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting Bejing Key Laboratoryof Biogas Upgrading UtilizationHarvard SEAS-CUPB Joint Laboratory on Petroleum ScienceChina University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China

The in situ mining technology is applied to the exploitation of medium-and low-maturity shale oil,which can use heaters to warm up the oil shale formations and pyrolyze the kerogen.Due to the low thermal conductivity of oil shale,electric heaters need extra equipment to improve heat transfer efficiency.In this study,a thermally conductive proppant is fabricated by coating epoxy-resin and graphite on ceramic proppants for the first time,which could support the fracturing crack and transfer heat.The thermal conduction property of epoxy-resin and graphite coated proppants(EGPs)is 245%higher than that of uncoated proppants,which can transfer more heat to the oil shale formation and accelerate the conversion of kerogen.The adhesive property of EGPs is improved by 47.9%under the load force of 1500 nN,which prolongs the time for the fracture to close.In summary,this novel proppant is expected to assist in-situ mining technology in the production of medium and low-maturity shale oil.

关键词： Exploitation of shaleoil In situ mining Technology Thermally conductive proppant Heat transfer

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Simulation study on cuttings transport of the backreaming operation for long horizontal section wells

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Petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 1149-1170页

作者： Yu-Fei Chen Hui Zhang Wen-Xin Wu Jun Li Yong Ouyang Zong-Yu Lu De-Xin Ma Yong-Chuan Wu Jun-Bo Liu Ke-Rou Liu Zhuo-Xin Dong China University of Petroleum(Beijing) Beijing102249China Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Experimental and Practical Education Innovation CenterZhuhai519087GuangdongChina oil&gas Technology Research Institute of PetroChina Changqing oilfield Company Xi©an710016ShaanxiChina PetroChina Xinjiang oilfield Company Karamay834002XinjiangChina China oilfield Services Ltd. Tianjin300459China

The backreaming operation plays a significant role in safe drilling for horizontal wellbores, while it may cause severe stuck pipe accidents. To lower the risk of the stuck pipe in backreaming operations, the mechanism of cuttings transport needs to be carefully investigated. In this research, a transient cuttings transport with multiple flow patterns model is developed to predict the evolution of cuttings transported in the annulus while backreaming. The established model can provide predictions of the distribution of cuttings bed along the wellbore considering the bulldozer effect caused by large-size drilling tools(LSDTs). The sensitivity analyses of the size of LSDTs, and backreaming operating parameters are conducted in Section 4. And a new theory is proposed to explain the mechanism of cuttings transport in the backreaming operation, in which both the bit and LSDTs have the “cleaning effect” and “plugging effect”.The results demonstrate that the cuttings bed in annuli is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, but the overall trend and the distribution pattern are obvious. First, larger diameters and longer drilling tools could lead to a higher risk of the stuck pipe. Second, we find that it is not the case that the higher flow rate is always better for hole cleaning, so three flow-rate intervals are discussed separately under the given conditions. When the “dangerous flow rate”(35 L/s in Case 4),the higher the flow rate, the better the cleaning effect of cuttings beds. Third, an interval of tripping velocity called “dangerous velocity” is proposed, in which the cuttings bed accumulation near the LSDTs is more serious than those of other tripping velocities. As long as

关键词： Backreaming Stuck pipe Hole cleaning Transient solid transport Multiple flow patterns

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Enrichment characteristics and exploration directions of deep shale gas of Ordovician-Silurian in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas,China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第4期49卷 744-757页

作者： NIE Haikuan LI Pei DANG Wei DING Jianghui SUN Chuanxiang LIU Mi WANG Jin DU Wei ZHANG Peixian LI Donghui SU Haikun State key laboratory of shale oil and gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing 102206China sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing 102206China School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Xi’an Shiyou UniversityXi’an 710300 CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing 102206China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Sinopec Jianghan Oilfield CompanyWuhan 430223China sinopec East China Company Nanjing 210019China School of Energy Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China

The enrichment characteristics of deep shale gas in the Ordovician Wufeng-Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas are investigated through experiments under high temperature and high pressure,including petrophysical properties analyses,triaxial stress test and isothermal adsorption of methane experiment.(1)The deep shale reservoirs drop significantly in porosity and permeability compared with shallower shale reservoirs,and contain mainly free gas.(2)With higher deviatoric stress and axial strain,the deep shale reservoirs have higher difficulty fracturing.(3)Affected by structural location and morphology,fracture characteristics,geofluid activity stages and intensity,deep shale gas reservoirs have more complicated preservation conditions.(4)To achieve the commercial development of deep shale gas reservoirs,deepening geological understanding is the basis,and exploring reservoir simulation technology befitting the geological features is the key.(5)The siliceous shale and limestone-bearing siliceous shale in the Metabolograptus persculptus-Parakidograptus acuminatus zones(LM1-LM3 graptolite zones)are the high-production intervals for deep shale gas and the most favorable landing targets for horizontal drilling.Deeps water areas such as Jiaoshiba,Wulong,Luzhou and Changning with deep shale reservoirs over 10 m thickness are the most favorable areas for deep shale gas enrichment.It is recommended to carry out exploration and development practice in deep-water shale gas areas deposited deep with burial depth no more than 5000 m where the geological structure is simple and the shale thickness in the LM1-LM3 graptolite zone is greater than 10 m.It is better to increase the lateral length of horizontal wells,and apply techniques including high intensity of perforations,large volume of proppant,far-field and near-wellbore diversions to maximize the stimulated deep reservoir volume.

关键词： deep shale gas enrichment conditions reservoir characteristics exploration direction Ordovician Wufeng Formation Silurian Longmaxi Formation Sichuan Basin

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Ensemble-based optimization of hydraulically fractured horizontal well placement in shale gas reservoir through Hough transform parameterization

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Petroleum Science 2021年第3期18卷 839-851页

作者： Liang Xue Shao-Hua Gu Xie-Er Jiang Yue-Tian Liu Chen Yang State key laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Department of oil-gas Field Development Engineering College of Petroleum EngineeringChina University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China State key laboratory of shale oil and gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efective Development Beijing 100083China sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing 100083China School of Water Conservancy North China University of Water Resources and Electric PowerZhengzhou 450046HenanChina

shale gas reservoirs have been successfully developed due to the advancement of the horizontal well drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing techniques.However,the optimization design of the horizontal well drilling,hydraulic fracturing,and operational schedule is a challenging problem.An ensemble-based optimization method(EnOpt)is proposed here to optimize the design of the hydraulically fractured horizontal well in the shale gas reservoir.The objective is to maximize the net present value(NPV)which requires a simulation model to predict the cumulative shale gas production.To accurately describe the geometry of the hydraulic fractures,the embedded discrete fracture modeling method(EDFM)is used to construct the shale gas simulation model.The efects of gas absorption,Knudsen difusion,natural and hydraulic fractures,and gas-water two phase fow are considered in the shale gas production system.To improve the parameter continuity and Gaussianity required by the EnOpt method,the Hough transformation parameterization is used to characterize the horizontal well.The results show that the proposed method can efectively optimize the design parameters of the hydraulically fractured horizontal well,and the NPV can be improved greatly after optimization so that the design parameters can approach to their optimal values.

关键词： shale gas Ensemble optimization Embedded discrete fracture model Hough transformation

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A high salt tolerance and low adsorption drag reducer based on non-covalent enhancement

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第6期47卷 1333-1341页

作者： MA Yingxian ZHU Zhi GUO Jianchun ZHOU Han LI Jia XIONG Yujia MA Leyao Petroleum Engineering School Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China State key laboratory of oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China Downhole Service Company CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company LimitedChengdu 610051China Geological Exploration and Development Research Institute CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company LimitedChengdu 610051China Shengli oil Production Plant Sinopec Shengli Oilfield BranchDongying 257000China

To formulate fluids with flowback water,produced water directly to improve the utilization rate of recycling and reduce the adsorption damage of slick water to reservoirs,a high salt tolerance and low adsorption drag reducer was designed and prepared by introducing polar cation fragments to enhance the non-covalent interactions between the chains.The drag reducer was characterized by IR and NMR.Friction resistance and viscosity tests were conducted to evaluate its salt resistance property.Static adsorption and dynamic adsorption retention tests were carried out to evaluate the damage of this reducer to shale reservoirs.The introduction of cation units into the molecular structure can weak the shielding effect of metal cations to some extent,so the drag reducer can keep a stable molecular structure and good resistant reducing performance under high salinity.The enhancement of non-covalent interaction between chains decreased the free polarity sites,further reduced the possibility of hydrogen bonding between drag reducer molecules and shale.In high salinity condition,both the adsorption capacity of the drag reducer on the shale surface and the average damage rate to the core permeability are low.Compared with the conventional salt-tolerant system,the overall liquid cost was reduced by 17%and the production per well increased by 44%.The application of this slick water system has achieved remarkable results.

关键词： shale hydraulic fracturing slick water drag reducer low adsorption high salt tolerance

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Development technologies for Triassic Chang 7 shale oil in Ordos Basin: A case study of Qingcheng oilfield, NW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第6期50卷 1426-1444页

作者： HE Yonghong XUE Ting LI Zhen BAI Xiaohu FAN Jianming ZHANG Xuze PetroChina Changqing oilfield Company Xi’an 710018China National Engineering laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low Permeability oil&gas Fields Xi’an 710018China Research Institute of Exploration&Development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi’an 710018China oil&gas Technology Research Institute PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi’an 710018China

The reservoirs in the seventh member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 Member) in the Qingcheng oilfield of the Ordos Basin are characterized by thin sandbody, tight rocks, high heterogeneity, low formation pressure coefficient, and complex geomorphology. Through the efforts in the stages of exploration, appraisal, pilot testing and development, a series of key technologies have been formed, including “sweet spot” optimization, differentiated three-dimensional well deployment, fast drilling and completion of large-cluster horizontal well, intensively-staged volume fracturing in long horizontal well, and optimization of rational production system. Furthermore, a production organization mode represented by factory-like operations on loess platform has been implemented. Application of these technologies has enabled to significantly improve the single-well production of the Qingcheng oilfield, reduce the investment cost, and realize a large-scale and beneficial development at a full cost below $55 per barrel. In 2022, the annual production of Chang 7 shale oil in the Ordos Basin reached 221×10^(4) t, accounting for 70% of the annual shale oil production of China. The practice of development technologies in the Qingcheng oilfield provides valuable references for efficient development of continental shale oil.

关键词： Ordos Basin shale oil development technology development effect Qingcheng oilfield

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Theoretical Progress and key Technologies of Onshore Ultra-Deep oil/gas Exploration

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Engineering 2019年第3期5卷 458-470页

作者： Xusheng Guo Dongfeng Hu Yuping Li Jinbao Duan Xuefeng Zhang Xiaojun Fan Hua Duan Wencheng Li sinopec Exploration Company Chengdu 610041 China Institute of oil and gas School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China

oil/gas exploration around the world has extended into deep and ultra-deep strata because it is increasingly difficult to find new large-scale oil/gas reservoirs in shallow–middle buried strata. In recent years, China has made remarkable achievements in oil/gas exploration in ultra-deep areas including carbonate and clastic reservoirs. Some (ultra) large-scale oil and gas fields have been discovered. The oil/gas accumulation mechanisms and key technologies of oil/gas reservoir exploration and development are summarized in this study in order to share China’s experiences. Ultra-deep oil/gas originates from numerous sources of hydrocarbons and multiphase charging. Liquid hydrocarbons can form in ultradeep layers due to low geothermal gradients or overpressures, and the natural gas composition in ultra-deep areas is complicated by the reactions between deep hydrocarbons, water, and rock or by the addition of mantle- or crust-sourced gases. These oils/gases are mainly stored in the original highenergy reef/shoal complexes or in sand body sediments. They usually have high original porosity. Secondary pores are often developed by dissolution, dolomitization, and fracturing in the late stage. The early pores have been preserved by retentive diageneses such as the early charging of hydrocarbons. oil/gas accumulation in ultra-deep areas generally has the characteristics of near-source accumulation and sustained preservation. The effective exploration and development of ultra-deep oil/gas reservoirs depend on the support of key technologies. Use of the latest technologies such as seismic signal acquisition and processing, low porosity and permeability zone prediction, and gas–water identification has enabled the discovery of ultra-deep oil/gas resources. In addition, advanced technologies for drilling, completion, and oil/gas testing have ensured the effective development of these fields.

关键词： oil/gas exploration Ultra-deep sources Reservoir Petroleum accumulation Exploration and exploitation technologies

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Technical status and challenges of shale gas development in Sichuan Basin,China

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Petroleum 2015年第1期1卷 1-7页

作者： Pingli Liu Yinsheng Feng Liqiang Zhao Nianyin Li Zhifeng Luo State key laboratory of oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation in Southwest Petroleum University ChengduSichuan 610500China

During the past decade,shale gas developments have changed the energy structure in the US natural gas industry,and the exploration activities for shale gas are also increasing worldwide.According to the papers published in recent years,shale gas resources are quite abundant in China.With the successful experience obtained from North America,many state-of-the-art technologies are brought in and refined for field application.State-owned enterprise,private enterprises and foreign enterprises have all actively participated in the exploitation of shale gas.Compared with US,China faces many more challenges,both geological and above-ground,in the development of shale gas resources.This paper begins with the introduction of shale gas reserve distribution in China and the identified shale gas formation in Sichuan Basin.The following paper reviews the methodology employed in the geophysical prospecting,drilling and completion,and hydraulic fracturing process.Since China is in the early stage of shale gas development,there is a great technical gap between China and North America.Based on literature review,the major challenges faced in the exploration and production process are identified.What presented in this paper should be of particular interest to the personnels involved in shale gas production in China and countries that are about to set foot in shale gas business.It will also be of interest to researchers who are dedicated to developing these technologies to unlock unconventional gas resources in China.

关键词： shale gas Effective development Technical status Challenges Sichuan Basin

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The Brittleness Evaluation of Sand and shale based on the Stress-Strain Curve in Fifth Member of Xujiahe Formation,Xinchang gas Field,Sichuan Province

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第A1期89卷 433-433页

作者： ZHANG Haotian ZHOU Wen ZHAO Cheng College of Energy Resource Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 State key laboratory of oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploration Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu610059 Institute of sinopec Shanghai Offshore oil & gas Company Shanghai 200120 China

Brittleness index is a very important parameter for horizontal well drilling, hydraulic fracturing and production prediction of gas shale.

关键词： BRITTLENESS MATERIALS -- Testing SAND shale MODULUS of elasticity gas fields CHINA

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