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Jet Characteristics and Optimization of a Cavitation Nozzle for Hydraulic Fracturing Applications

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第1期20卷 179-192页

作者： Yu Gao Zhenqiang Xu Kaixiang Shen shenzhen south china sea oil economic development Co. Ltd.Shenzhen518000China Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey China Geological SurveyGuangzhou511458China National Engineering Research Center of Gas Hydrate Exploration and development Guangzhou511458China

Hydraulic jetting is a form of fracturing that involves using a high-pressure jet of water to create fractures in the reservoir rock with a nozzle serving as the central component of the hydraulic sandblasting perforation *** this study,the flow behavior of the nozzle is simulated numerically in the framework of a SST k-ωturbulence *** results show that the nozzle structure can significantly influence the jet performance and related cavitation *** orthogonal experiments,the nozzle geometric parameters are optimized,and the following configuration is found accordingly:contraction angle 20°,contraction segment length 6 mm,cylindrical segment diameter 6 mm,cylindrical segment length 12 mm,spread segment length 10 mm,and spread angle 55°.

关键词： Cavitation jet angle nozzle hydraulic characteristics nozzle parameters

Dynamic Analysis on Rifting Stage of Pearl River Mouth Basin through Analogue Modeling

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Journal of Earth Science 2010年第4期21卷 439-454页

作者：孙珍周蒂孙龙涛陈长民庞雄姜建群樊浩 Key Laboratory of Marginal sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Technology Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC Hainan oil & Gas Exploration company Liaohe Oilfield of PetroChina

The Pearl River Mouth basin （PRMB） is a marginal sedimentary basin of the south china sea. It trends NE and is divided into three segments from west to east by two NW-trending faults. Changing dramatically in structures along and across strike, the PRMB is a good example to analyze main factors that might control the process of a continental rift basin＇s extension. Through five series of analogue experiments, we investigate the role of different factors, such as pre-existing discontinuities of crust, rheological profiles of lithosphere, kinematics of extension and presence of magmatic bodies and strong crustal portions （rigid massifs） on the development of basin＇s structures. After being compared with the architecture of the natural prototype, the results of the analogue models were compared with the architecture of the natural prototype and used to infer the role of the different factors controlling the formation and evolution of the PRMB. The main conclusions are as follows. （1） Affected by pre-Cenozoic structures, the PRMB was controlled by crosscut NE- and NW-trending initial faults, and the NW-trending Yitong＇ansha （--~l~） fault may be a through-going fault along dip and offset the NE-trending rift and faults, while the Enpingdong （和统暗沙） fault might exist only in the middle and south. （2） The NW-trending faults may orient WNW to be sinistrally transtensional under SE to nearly NS extension. （3） The thickness ratio of brittle over ductile crust in Baiyun （白云） sag is lessthan normal, suggesting an initially hot and weak lithosphere. （4） The magma must have taken part in the rifting process from early stage, it may occur initially upon or slightly south of the divergent boundary in the middle segment. The flow of magma toward rift boundary faults caused extra vertical subsidence above the initial magma reservoir without creating a large extensional fault. （5） The rigid massif contributed to the strain partition along and across basin strike.

关键词： Pearl River Mouth basin analogue modeling controlling factor of continental rift basin.

Evolution of Low-Angle Normal Faults in the Enping Sag,the Northern south china sea: Lateral Growth and Vertical Rotation

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Journal of Earth Science 2019年第6期30卷 1326-1340页

作者： Zhichao Zhou Lianfu Mei Hesheng Shi Yu Shu Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Research Institute of Exploration and development PetroChina Tuha Oil Field CompanyHami 839000China shenzhen Branch of the china National Offshore oil Corporation Shenzhen 518000China

Low-angle normal faults(dip<30°,LANFs)are widespread in the northern margin of the south china sea where the maximum crust thickness is approximately 30.0 *** on 3 D seismic survey data and drilling wells in the Enpi... 详细信息

Low-angle normal faults(dipsouth china sea where the maximum crust thickness is approximately 30.0 *** on 3 D seismic survey data and drilling wells in the Enping sag,evidences for LANFs that initially formed at high-angles are *** a detailed investigation of extensional fault system and description of 3 D fault geometry,the initial fault dips under the model of distributed vertical simple shear are also *** results indicate that the present-day dip angles of the LANFs are in the range of 12°to 29°,and the initial fault dip angles are in the range of 39°to 49°.Deep seismic imaging suggests that the upper crust in the footwall block of the LANFs was tilted at an angle of ~14°to 22°due to the isostatic rebound during ***,the temporal and spatial sequences of the lateral growth of the LANFs have been investigated by the seismic interpretation of four isochronous stratigraphic interfaces,which demonstrates that two individual fault segments propagated towards each other and subsequently,were hard-linked during the Early Eocene.

关键词： low-angle normal fault fault rotation fault growth Enping sag Pearl River Mouth Basin the south china sea

Detrital K-feldspar^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar Ages:Source Constraints of the Lower Miocene Sandstones in the Pearl River Mouth Basin,south china sea

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第2期86卷 383-392页

作者： LIU Zaisheng SHI Hesheng ZHU Junzhang QIU Huaning ZHANG Zhilin YUN Jianbing CNOOC china Limited shenzhen Shenzhen 518067China State Key Laboratory of Isotopic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China Hailaer Petroleum Exploration and development Headquarters PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd.Hailar 021000China

The south china sea began to outspread in the Oligocene. A great quantity of terraneous detritus was deposited in the northern continental shelf of the sea, mostly in Pearl River Mouth Basin, which constituted the main paleo-Pearl River Delta. The delta developed for a long geological time and formed a superimposed area. Almost all the oil and gas fields of detrital rock reservoir distribute in this delta. Thirty-three oil sandstone core samples in the Zhujiang Formation, lower Miocene （23-16 Ma）, were collected from nine wells. The illite samples with detrital K feldspar （Kfs） separated from these sandstone cores in four sub-structural belts were analysed by the high-precision 40Ar/39Ar laser stepwise heating technique. All 33 illite 40Ar/39Ar data consistently yielded gradually rising age spectra at the low-temperature steps until reaching age plateaus at mid-high temperature steps. The youngest ages corresponding to the beginning steps were interpreted as the hydrocarbon accumulation ages and the plateau ages in mid-high temperature steps as the contributions of the detrital feldspar representing the ages of the granitic parent rocks in the provenances. The ages of the detrital feldspar from the Zhujiang Formation in the four sub-structural belts were different：（1） the late Cretaceous ages in the Lufeng 13 fault structural belt; （2） the late Cretaceous and early Cretaceous-Jurassic ages in the Huizhou 21 buried hill-fault belt; （3） the Jurassic and Triassic ages in the Xijiang 24 buried hill-fault belt; and （4） the early Cretaceous - late Jurassic ages in the Panyu 4 oil area. These detrital feldspar 4~Ar/39Ar ages become younger and younger from west to east, corresponding to the age distribution of the granites in the adjacent Guangdong Province, southern china.

关键词： Illite detrital K feldspar 40Ar/39Ar dating parent rock sandstone reservoir Pearl River Mouth Basin

Stage-progressive distribution pattern of the Lungmachi black graptolitic shales from Guizhou to Chongqing, Central china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2017年第6期60卷 1133-1146页

作者： CHEN Xu FAN JunXuan WANG WenHui WANG HongYan NIE HaiKuan SHI XueWen WEN ZhiDong CHEN DongYang LI WenJie Key Laboratory of economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Nanjing 210008 China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China Langfang Branch Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development PetroChina Langfang 065007 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Exploration and development Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company PetroChina Chengdu 610051 China southern company of SINOPEC Exploration Chengdu 610041 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The Lungmachi Formation is widely distributed in Guizhou, Chongqing and the adjacent area. It is important for the study of Silurian biostratigraphy and shale-gas investigation. Based on those biostratigraphically well-studied sections from Guiyang to Huayingshan, we reveal the stage-progressive distribution pattern of the Lungmachi black shales. The distribution of the Lungmachi black shales in the studying area can be subdivided into four geographic belts from the south to the north,reflecting the joint effect of regional and global environmental changes. The graptolite depth zonation model was adopted herein to infer the water depth of major graptolite assemblages from the black shales. The changes in the water depth indicate two major stages. The first stage is named the transgressive distribution stage which ranged from the Persculptograptus persculptus Biozone(LM1, upper Hirnantian) to the Coronograptus cyphus Biozone(LM5, upper Rhuddanian), an interval mostly controlled by global sea-level rise. The second stage, ranging from the Demirastrites triangulatus Biozone(LM6, lower Aeronian) to the Spirograptus guerichi Biozone(LM9, lower Telychian), is named the regressive shrinking stage, during which the black shales were gradually replaced by mixed-facies or carbonate sediments from the south to the north, representing the effects of the persistent uplifting of the Central Guizhou Oldland.

关键词： Lungmachi Formation Black shales Graptolite biozone Graptolite depth zonation Transgressive distribution stage Regressive shrinking stage