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Particuology 2018年第2期16卷 143-153页

作者： Sandeep Police Sanjay Kumar Sahu Mahesh Tiwari Gauri Girish Pandit environmental monitoring and Assessment Section Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400085 India Homi Bhabha National Institute Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India

PM2.5 and PM2.5 lo concentrations, elemental constituents, and sources in a densely populated coastal industrial area （Trombay, Mumbai） were investigated in 2010 and 2011.The PM2.s and PM2.s lo concentra- tions were 13.50-71.60 and 22.40-127.78 p^g/m3, respectively. The daily PM25 concentrations exceeded the Indian Central Pollution Control Board limit （60 μg/m3） several days in winter. Of the elements analyzed, Si then Al had the highest concentrations in PM2.5- 10, but black carbon then Si had the highest concentrations in PM2.s. The element concentrations varied widely by season. Al, Ca, Fe, Si, and Ti con- centrations were highest in summer, Cl, Mg, and Na concentrations were highest in the monsoon season, and the other trace metal concentrations in both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were highest in winter. The PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 sources were apportioned by positive matrix factorization. PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 had six dominant sources, crustal material （8.7% and 25.3%, respectively）, sea salt spray （6.1% and 15.0%, respectively）, coal/biomass combustion （25.5% and 13.8%, respectively）, fuel oil combustion （19.0% and 11.2%, respectively）, road traffic （ 17.7% and 12.6%, respectively）, and the metal industry （ 10.6% and 7.0%, respectively）. Anthropogenic sources clearly contributed most to PM2.5 but natural sources contributed most to PM2.5-10.

关键词： Trombay PM2.5 PM2.5-10 Black carbon Metals Positive matrix factorization

Catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide over two-dimensional boron monolayer

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第15期110卷 96-102页

作者： Chuangwei Liu Tianyi Wang Derek Hao Qinye Li Song Li Chenghua Sun School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of TechnologyDongguan 523808China Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology and centre for Translational Atomaterials School of ScienceSwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornAustralian 3122Australia centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater(CTWW) School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology SydneyNew South Wales 2007Australia

Carbon dioxide reduction(CRR)is an attractive strategy for alleviating global warming and producing valuable fuels.In this work,we study the catalytic conversion of CO_(2)to C__(1)-C_(3) products on boron nanosheet in the presence of compressive strain by using density functional theory.Thermodynamic and microkinetic models are applied to demonstrate the favorable products,critical steps,and hydrogenation mechanisms.As demonstrated,the strain can turn metallic two-dimensional boron nanosheet to semiconductor,not only making boron sheets possess photo(electro)catalytic activity,but also improving energy efficiency and selectivity performance against hydrogen evolution reaction.By introducing the aqueous electrolytes,the hydrated alkali cations not only effect on the CO_(2) concentration,but also produce a bigger surface charge density and stronger interfacial electric filed.Especially,the selectivity of C_(2+) products is enhanced with the increase of alkali cations size by decreasing the kinetic barrier for CO dimerization and stabilizing the intermediates.The results highlight the significance of metal-free catalysts for CRR by the photoelectrochemical method and provide novel avenues for the development of new solar-energy utilization catalysts.

关键词： Carbon dioxide reduction Metal-free Boron nanosheet Density functional theory Strain engineering Alkali cation

Comparison of microwave and autoclave treatment for biomedical waste disinfection

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Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing 2022年第4期2卷 732-742页

作者： Vamsi Krishna Reddy Kollu Parmeshwar Kumar Krishna Gautam All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi 110029India centre for Energy and environmental Sustainability LucknowUttar Pradesh 226029India

As the world is facing a Covid-19 pandemic,this virus teaches a lesson about the importance of on-site disinfection.On-site disinfection/sterilization with real-time monitoring of biomedical waste generated from the medical facilities is mandatory to prevent hospital-acquired infection(HAI).In this study,the life cycle assessment of two technologies,i.e.,microwave(radiation-based)and autoclave(steam-based)were performed to summarize the inside-out evaluation of both technologies in terms of efficiency,efficacy,and cost-effectiveness.The results of disinfection efficacy indicated a log 10 reduction(almost 100%)in the vegetative load of microorganisms compared to the control,showing a similar level of disinfection efficacy of both strategies.Additionally,both technologies were compared on several parameters,and it was discovered that the autoclave uses more time and resources than the microwave.The total cost of an autoclave to the government is approximately double that of a microwave,while the operational cost of an autoclave is more than double that of a microwave.The findings from this study indicate that MACS may be used as a dry technique of biomedical disinfection,and its portability,tunability,and compactness make it a suitable alternative for biomedical disinfection and sterilization.

关键词： Biomedical waste management Microwave Disinfection Sterilization COVID-19

STUDIES ON environmental BACKGROUND VALUES IN CHINA

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Chinese Geographical Science 1991年第4期1卷 16-25页

作者：缪天成王惠琪郑春江 China National environmental monitoring centre Beijing 100012 PRC

An investigation on environmental background values was made in an area of about 1,140,000 km2, which included temperate and subtropical zones of China. The environmental background values of 142 soil environment units, 18 main soil types, 87 surface water environment units, 8 aquatic organism environment units and 20 underground water environment units were obtained. The rules, causes and effecting factors of regional differentiation of the environmental background values were deduced from over 200,000 various data.

关键词： soil water organism environmental background value

Importance and vulnerability of lakes and reservoirs supporting drinking water in China

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Fundamental Research 2023年第2期3卷 265-273页

作者： Yunlin Zhang Jianming Deng Boqiang Qin Guangwei Zhu Yinjun Zhang Erik Jeppesen Yindong Tong State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Nanjing Institute of Geography and LimnologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China China National environmental monitoring centre 8(B)Dayangfang Beiyuan RoadChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100012China Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research centre Aarhus University8600SilkeborgDenmark Sino-Danish centre for Education and Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Limnology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and ImplementationMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkara 06800Turkey Institute of Marine Sciences Middle East Technical UniversityErdemli-Mersin 33731Turkey School of environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

Drinking water is closely related to human health,disease and mortality,and contaminated drinking water causes 485,000 deaths from diarrhea each year worldwide.China has been facing increasingly severe water scarcity due to both water shortages and poor water quality.Ensuring safe and clean drinking water is a great challenge and top priority,especially for China with 1.4 billion people.In China,more than 4000 centralized drinking water sources including rivers,lakes and reservoirs,and groundwater have been established to serve urban residents.However,there is little knowledge on the percentage,serving population and water quality of three centralized drinking water source types.We collected nationwide centralized drinking water sources data and serving population data covering 395 prefecture-level and county-level cities and water quality data in the two most populous provinces(Guangdong and Shandong)to examine their contribution and importance.Geographically,the drinking water source types can be classified into three clear regions exhibiting apparent differences in the respective contributions of rivers,lakes and reservoirs,and groundwater.We further found that overall,lakes and reservoirs account for 40.6%of the centralized drinking water sources vs.river(30.8%)and groundwater(28.6%)in China.Lakes and reservoirs are particularly important in the densely populated eastern region,where they are used as drinking water sources by 51.0%of the population(318 million).Moreover,the contribution to the drinking water supply from lakes and reservoirs is increasing due to their better water quality and many cross-regional water transfer projects.These results will be useful for the government to improve and optimize the establishment of centralized drinking water sources,which provide safe and clean drinking water in China to safeguard people's lives and health and realize sustainable development goals.

关键词： Centralized drinking water source Drinking water safety Lakes and reservoirs Population Water quality

Insight into atmospheric corrosion evolution of mild steel in a simulated coastal atmosphere

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2021年第17期76卷 41-50页

作者： Yue Wang Xin Mu Junhua Dong Aniefiok Joseph Umoh Wei Ke shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenyang 110016China environmental Corrosion centre of Materials Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China

The corrosion behavior of mild steel in a simulated coastal atmosphere environment has been investigated by the indoor accelerated wet/dry cyclic corrosion acceleration test(CCT),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements.During the CCT test of 60 cycles,the evolution of logarithmic(corrosion rate)vs.logarithmic(CCT cycles)presents a turning point at the 5th cycle,presenting a tendency to increase first and then decrease to gradually stabilize as the CCT cycle prolonged.Before the 5th cycle,γ-FeOOH andβ-FeOOH and Fe_(3)O_(4)were detected,respectively.And then,α-FeOOH as a new chemical composition was detected in the subsequent corrosion cycles.It is found that,after long term corrosion,the rust separated into a relatively dense inner layer rich withα-FeOOH and a loose outer layer rich withγ-FeOOH,both of which have poor electrical conductivity.The rapid increase of corrosion rate in the early stage since reducible corrosion products are involved in the reduction process of the cathode which promotes the dissolution of the anodic metal substrate.Afterward,as the rust layer thickens,the resistance of the rust increases,and the aggressive ions diffusion is blocked,gradually suppressing the electrochemical corrosion process.At last,when the composition and distribution of the rust layer remain stable,the corrosion presents a fluctuating speed around a certain value during the cracking and self-repairing process of the rust layer.

关键词： Mild steel Coastal atmospheric corrosion Raman spectroscopy Rusting evolution EIS

An improved typhoon monitoring model based on precipitable water vapor and pressure

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Geodesy and Geodynamics 2024年第3期15卷 276-290页

作者： Junyu Li Haojie Li Lilong Liu Jiaqing Chen Yibin Yao Mingyun Hu Liangke Huang Fade Chen Tengxu Zhang Lv Zhou College of Geomatics and Geoinformation Guilin University of TechnologyGuilin 541006China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics Guilin 541006China Qinzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping for Housing and Urban-Rural Development Co. Ltd.Qinzhou 535000China School of Geodesy and Geomatics Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079China School of Resources and environmental Science and Engineering Hubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning 437100China

The potential of monitoring the movement of typhoons using the precipitable water vapor(PWV) has been confirmed. However, monitoring the movement of typhoon is focused on PWV, making it difficult to describe the movement of a typhoon in detail minutely and resulting in insufficient accuracy. Hence,based on PWV and meteorological data, we propose an improved typhoon monitoring mode. First, the European centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5-derived PWV(ERA5-PWV) and the Global Navigation Satellite System-derived PWV(GNSS-PWV) were compared with the reference radiosonde PWV(RS-PWV). Then, using the PWV and atmospheric parameters derived from ERA5, we discussed the anomalous variations of PWV, pressure(P), precipitation, and wind speed during different typhoons. Finally, we compiled a list of critical factors related to typhoon movement, PWV and P. We developed an improved multi-factor typhoon monitoring mode(IMTM) with different models(i.e.,IMTM-I and IMTM-II) in different cases with a higher density of GNSS observation or only Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP) data. The IMTM was evaluated through the reference movement speeds of HATO and Mangkhut from the China Meteorological Observatory Typhoon Network(CMOTN). The results show that the root mean square(RMS) of the IMTM-I is 1.26 km/h based on ERA5-P and ERA5-PWV,and the absolute bias values are mostly within 2 km/h. Compared with the models considering the single factor ERA5-P/ERA5-PWV, the RMS of the IMTM-I is improved by 26.3% and 38.5%, respectively. The IMTM-II model manifests a residual of only 0.35 km/h. Compared with the single-factor model based on GNSS-PWV/P, the residual of the IMTM-II model is reduced by 90.8% and 84.1%, respectively. These results propose that the typhoon movement monitoring approach combining PWV and P has evident advantages over the single-factor model and is expected to supplement traditional typhoon monitoring.

关键词： Typhoon GNSS/ERA5 PWV Pressure monitoring Improved model

Numeric modelling and risk assessment of pollutions in the Chinese Bohai Sea

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Science China Earth Sciences 2017年第8期60卷 1546-1557页

作者： LIU YongZhi SHEN YouLi LV XianQing LIU Qiang Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ocean University of China Beihai Marine environmental monitoring centre Station of State Oceanic Administration College of Engineering Ocean University of China

To simulate the dynamic process of total nitrogen(TN) in seas, numerical modelling combined with the adjoint method is implemented in this study. Because nonpoint source terms(ST) and initial values(IV) of TN are essential but difficult to determine, the adjoint method was applied to a numerical model, and the ST and IV terms of TN were inverted via routine monitoring data in the Bohai Sea. In twin experiments, the adjoint method was capable of inverting the prescribed spatio-temporally distributed ST and the spatial distributed IV. In practical experiments, the results demonstrated that the simulation precision with ST inversion was higher than that with IV inversion and was accurate with joint initial values and source term(IST) inversion. This result indicates that nonpoint source TN is essential for the simulation of TN concentration. Furthermore, the simulated results indicate that the pollution in three bays of the Bohai Sea is rather severe. The model in this study is not specific to the Bohai Sea and can be generalized to other areas, such as the Beibu Gulf. These findings may assist in the development of cost-effective controls for accidental or planned industrial pollutant releases into coastal waters.

关键词：数值模拟渤海海域海域污染风险评估中国伴随方法数据反演数值模型

Regulated emission characteristics of in-use LNG and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles under real driving conditions using PEMS

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2020年第2期32卷 155-164页

作者： Liqun Lv Yunshan Ge Zhe Ji Jianwei Tan Xin Wang Lijun Hao Zhiwei Wang Mengzhu Zhang Chunjie Wang Haidan Liu National Laboratory of Auto Performance&Emission Test School of Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China Vehicle Emission Control Center Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100081China Tangshan environmental monitoring centre Tangshan 063000China

On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission.

关键词： Semi-trailer towing vehicles Regulated emission PEMS

Interactions between gas flow and reversible chemical reaction in porous media

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Journal of Central South University 2017年第5期24卷 1144-1154页

作者：姜元勇徐曾和张梦舟白立远 School of Resources and Civil Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China College of Applied Technology Liaoning Technical UniversityFuxin 123000China environmental monitoring Center Station of Tangshan City Tangshan 063000China

Taking into consideration the gas compressibility and chemical reaction reversibility, a model was developed to study the interactions between gas flow and chemical reaction in porous media and resolved by the finite volume method on the basis of the gas-solid reaction aA(g)+bB(s)cC(g)+dD(s).The numerical analysis shows that the equilibrium constant is an important factor influencing the process of gas-solid reaction. The stoichiometric coefficients, molar masses of reactant gas, product gas and inert gas are the main factors influencing the density of gas mixture. The equilibrium constant influences the gas flow in porous media obviously when the stoichiometric coefficients satisfy a/c≠1.

关键词： porous media compressible gas flow reversible chemical reaction interaction