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Enhancing the biological functionality of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) cage-like structures through surface modification with micro- and nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles

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BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2024年第2期10卷 63-75页

作者： Chang, Dongbiao Li, Siyu Bai, Zhenfan You, Jing Cao, Lili Li, Qingcao Tan, Huan Zheng, Yan Ye, Feilun Weng, Jie Southwest Jiaotong univ Inst Biomed Engn Coll Med Chengdu Peoples R China Southwest Jiaotong univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn Key Lab Adv Technol Mat Minist Educ Chengdu Peoples R China Southwest Jiaotong univ Chengdu Peoples Hosp 3 Med Cosmetol Dept Affiliated Hosp Chengdu Peoples R China

Biomaterials with exceptional performance are crucial for addressing the challenges of complex bone regeneration. Compared with traditional three-dimensional scaffolds, injectable microspheres enable new strategies for the treatment of irregular bone defects. Biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) has found widespread applications as microcarriers of drugs, proteins, and other active macromolecules. Applied to the surface of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) cage-like structures (PLGA-CAS), hydroxyapatite (HA) effectively reduces inflammation while enhancing biological effects. In this study, we loaded the surface of PLGA-CAS with micro- and nano-hydroxyapatite particles, referred to as mu HA/PLGA-CAS and nHA/PLGA-CAS, respectively. Subsequently, their material characteristics and biological effects were assessed. The incorporation of hydroxyapatite onto PLGA-CAS resulted in enhanced surface roughness and hydrophilicity, coupled with improved thermal stability and delayed degradation. Furthermore, mu HA/PLGA-CAS induced osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells, while nHA/PLGA-CAS improved endothelial cell adhesion and stimulated angiogenic differentiation in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggest that mu HA/PLGA-CAS and nHA/PLGA-CAS, each with distinct characteristics, hold significant potential for application as microcarriers in various biomedical contexts.

关键词： biological functions hydroxyapatite material characteristics surface modification BONE MICROSPHERES REPAIR ANGIOGENESIS OSTEOGENESIS INHIBITION SCAFFOLDS HYDROGELS

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A hybrid solar-biogas system for post-COVID-19 rural energy access

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CLEAN ENERGY 2024年第1期8卷 84-99页

作者： Overen, Ochuko K. Obileke, Kechrist Meyer, Edson L. Makaka, Golden Apeh, Oliver O. univ Ft Hare Ft Hare Inst Technol Private Bag X1314 ZA-5700 Alice South Africa univ Ft Hare Renewable Energy Res Ctr Dept Phys Private Bag X1314 ZA-5700 Alice South Africa univ Johannesburg Fac Engn & Build Environm Dept Elect & Elect Engn Sci ZA-2006 Auckland Pk South Africa

Solar home systems for rural electrification are often designed with a limited energy supply, which presents a drawback for the technology. Furthermore, uncontrolled livestock faeces in rural communities constitute environmental sanitation and health risks. Livestock excrement can be used through a biogas digester to supplement solar energy to provide adequate and sustainable electricity access to underserved rural communities while achieving waste management. Therefore, this study presents a hybrid solar-biogas system for a more dynamic energy supply and waste management for post-Covid recovery plans in rural communities. A parametric research approach that involves the use of the Integrated Environment Solution Virtual Environment software application and mathematical models to design the desired household load and the hybrid system sizing is used in the study. The findings show that the daily household energy consumption was 6.6 kWh, equivalent to 206.40 kWh/month. A 1.2-kWp and 1.2-m3 hybrid solar-biogas system was found to adequately power the house. Financially, the total initial investment cost of the system was $5777.20 with a net present value of $6566.78, net profit of $4443.6, a payback period of 14 years and 8 months, and a levelized cost of energy of $0.21/kWh; these include a 60% initial investment and maintenance costs subsidy. Energy performance contracting and energy-as-a-service were recommended to effectively run and operate the system. The study successfully revealed the design, specifications and upscaling mechanism of the proposed hybrid solar-biogas system. More research is required to unveil the efficacy of the system, the performance gap and the perception of the technology by the beneficiaries. A hybrid solar-biogas system is designed for a more dynamic energy supply and waste management for post-Covid recovery plans in rural communities. A parametric research approach is used to specify the desired household load and the hybrid system sizi

关键词： energy access sustainable rural development clean energy waste management post-COVID-19 recovery plan SOUTH-AFRICA ELECTRIFICATION BATCH

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Protein hydrogels for biomedical applications

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BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2024年第3期10卷 106-131页

作者： Wang, Xinyi Hou, Yue Lu, Xiong Xie, Chaoming Jiang, Yanan Southwest Jiaotong univ Coll Med Inst Biomed Engn Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Southwest Jiaotong univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn Minist Educ Key Lab Adv Technol Mat Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Southwest Jiaotong univ Peoples Hosp Chengdu 3 Obes & Metab Med Engn Integrat Lab Dept Gen SurgAffiliated Hosp Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China

Hydrogels, characterised as highly hydrophilic three-dimensional polymer networks, have gained increasing attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, finding applications in various fields. Natural polymer hydrogels exhibit higher biocompatibility and biodegradability compared to traditional synthetic polymer hydrogels. Proteins, being the principal materials of natural polymer hydrogels, bear numerous modifiable functional groups. The resultant hydrogel possesses responsiveness, adjustable degradability, and underway as an excellent biomaterial. Seven common raw materials used to construct protein hydrogels are introduced. In terms of comparing natural polymer hydrogels with traditional synthetic polymer hydrogels, the authors conduct a detailed analysis and comparison, highlighting the advantages of natural polymer hydrogels in terms of biocompatibility and biodegradability, and summarising their characteristics. The authors also address the limitations of various protein hydrogels and list existing strengthening cross-linking strategies, proposing new insights to overcome the application limits of protein hydrogels. Additionally, the applications of protein hydrogels in drug delivery, biosensing, bio-inks and tissue engineering are discussed. The authors conclude by summarising the current challenges faced by protein hydrogels and prospecting its future development.

关键词： biomaterials biomedical application HUMAN HAIR KERATIN CROSS-LINKING SILK-FIBROIN EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE COLLAGEN STRUCTURE ALGINATE HYDROGEL DRUG-DELIVERY STEM-CELLS SOY

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Understanding of the Relationship between the Properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells and the Structure of Ag Network Electrodes

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ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS 2024年第6期7卷 246-253页

作者： Yoo, Hyesun Quy, Hoang Van Lee, Inpyo Jo, Seung Taek Hong, Tae Ei Kim, Junho Yoo, Dae-Hwang Shin, Jinwook Commerell, Walter Kim, Dae-Hwan Roh, Jong Wook Kyungpook Natl univ Reg Leading Res Ctr RLRC Smart Energy Syst Daegu 37224 Gyeongsangbug D South Korea Kyungpook Natl univ Dept Hydrogen & Renewable Energy Daegu 47922 South Korea Kyungpook Natl univ Dept Nano & Adv Mat Sci & Engn Daegu 37224 Gyeongsangbug D South Korea Daegu Gyeongbuk Inst sci & technol DGIST Div Energy Technol Daegu 42988 South Korea Incheon Natl univ Dept Phys Nano Photoelect Device Lab Incheon 22012 South Korea TH Ulm THU Prittwitzstr 10 D-89081 Ulm Germany

The relation between the structure of the silver network electrodes and the properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells is systemically investigated. The Ag network electrode is deposited onto an Al:ZnO (AZO) thin film, employing a self-forming cracked template. Precise control over the cracked template's structure is achieved through careful adjustment of temperature and humidity. The Ag network electrodes with different coverage areas and network densities are systemically applied to the CIGS solar cells. It is revealed that predominant fill factor (FF) is influenced by the figure of merit of transparent conducting electrodes, rather than sheet resistance, particularly when the coverage area falls within the range of 1.3-5%. Furthermore, a higher network density corresponds to an enhanced FF when the coverage areas of the Ag networks are similar. When utilizing a thinner AZO film, CIGS solar cells with a surface area of 1.0609 cm2 exhibit a notable performance improvement, with efficiency increasing from 10.48% to 11.63%. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the increase in FF from 45% to 65%. These findings underscore the considerable potential for reducing the thickness of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) in CIGS modules with implications for practical applications in photovoltaic technology.

关键词： CIGS large-area solar cell metal mesh metallic network transparent electrode

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Field stabilization of pulse duration in a hundredfemtosecond level

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CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS 2024年第8期22卷 081406-081406页

作者： Liu, Runmin Wu, Yong Pu, Guoqing Cheng, Jiayang Mu, Huan Liu, Bowen Yi, Lilin Hu, Minglie Tianjin univ Sch Precis Instruments & Optoelect Engn Key Lab Optoelect Informat Sci & Technol Minist EducUltrafast Laser Lab Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong univ Sch Elect Informat & Elect Engn State Key Lab Adv Commun Syst & Networks Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China AIOPTICS Co Ltd R&D Ctr Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

Pulse duration is considered as one of the most important characteristics of high-power femtosecond lasers. However, pulses output from the laser system are susceptible to ambient changes and manifest the instability of pulse durations in an open environment. In this paper, incorporating the algorithmic framework of the improved stochastic hill-climbing search and incremental proportional-integral controller, temperature-induced fluctuations of pulse duration can be effectively compensated by an automatic feedback control in an all-fiber chirped-pulse amplification system. In the experiment, sub-hundred femtosecond fluctuation of pulse duration is introduced to verify the performance robustness of the proposed pulse-duration feedback control (PDFC). The stability of pulse duration is obviously higher than the case without the feedback control, and the peak-to-peak fluctuation of pulse duration is reduced to 6.5%. Furthermore, the robust switching between different pulse durations proves the versatility of the PDFC. We expect that the proposed feedback control method could provide a novel insight into high-power femtosecond lasers widely applied in fundamental researches and industrial fields.

关键词： fiber amplifier femtosecond laser pulse-duration feedback control LASER AMPLIFICATION

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Unveiling vulnerable smart contracts: Toward profiling vulnerable smart contracts using genetic algorithm and generating benchmark dataset

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BLOCKCHAIN-RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第1期5卷 58-84页

作者： HajiHosseinkhani, Sepideh Lashkari, Arash Habibi Oskui, Ali Mizani York univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Comp Sci Toronto ON M3J1P3 Canada York univ Behav Centr Cybersecur Ctr BCCC Sch Informat Technol Toronto ON M3J1P3 Canada Financial & Crypto Advisory Switzerland FICAS AG Zug Switzerland

Smart contracts (SCs) are crucial in maintaining trust within blockchain networks. However, existing methods for analyzing SC vulnerabilities often lack accuracy and effectiveness, while approaches based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) struggle with detecting complex vulnerabilities due to limited data availability. This paper proposes a novel approach for analyzing SC vulnerabilities. Our method leverages an advanced form of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and includes the development of a comprehensive benchmark dataset consisting of 36,670 Solidity source code samples. The primary objective of our study is to profile vulnerable SCs effectively. To achieve this goal, we have devised an analyzer called SCsVulLyzer based on GAs, designed explicitly for profiling SCs. Additionally, we have carefully curated a new dataset encompassing a wide range of examples, ensuring the practical validation of our approach. Furthermore, we have established three distinct taxonomies that cover SCs, profiling techniques, and feature extraction. These taxonomies provide a systematic classification and analysis of information, improving the efficiency of our approach. Our methodology underwent rigorous testing through experimentation, and the results demonstrated the superior capabilities of our model in detecting vulnerabilities. Compared to traditional and DNN-based approaches, our approach achieved higher precision, recall, and F1 -score, which are widely used metrics for evaluating model performance. Across all these metrics, our model showed exceptional results. The customization and adaptations we implemented within the GA significantly enhanced its effectiveness. Our approach detects SC vulnerabilities more efficiently and facilitates robust exploration. These promising results highlight the potential of GA -based profiling to improve the detection of SC vulnerabilities, contributing to enhanced security in blockchain networks.

关键词： Smart contracts (SCs) Vulnerability Vulnerable smart contracts Vulnerability profiling Genetic algorithm BEHAVIOR OPTIMIZATION INFORMATION DISCOVERY KNOWLEDGE FRAMEWORK

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Comparisons and optimization of two absorption chiller types by considering heat transfer area, exergy and economy as single-objective functions

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CLEAN ENERGY 2024年第1期8卷 55-65页

作者： Qiu, Yida Wang, Jingkun Han, Jing Chen, Yuzhu Wang, Jun Lund, Peter D. univ Liverpool Management Sch Liverpool L693BX Lancs England Power China Huadong engn Corp Ltd 201 Gaojiao Rd Hangzhou 311122 Peoples R China Southeast univ Key Lab Solar Energy Sci & Technol Jiangsu Prov 2 Si Pai Lou Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Aalto univ Sch Sci POB 15100 FI-00076 Espoo Finland

Absorption cooling technology is an environmentally friendly method to generate continuous chilled water making use of multiple thermal sources, such as waste heat and renewable thermal energy. In this study, two absorption chillers (nominal capacity of 400 kW) with series and parallel connections are evaluated. To research the ideal configuration of chillers after thermodynamic analysis, the structures of the chillers are optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm by considering the heat transfer area (HTA), exergy efficiency and total annual cost as single-objective functions. The impact of temperature differences between external and internal flows, heat exchanger efficiencies and the solution allocation ratio is estimated. The optimized HTA, coefficient of performance, exergy efficiency and total annual cost are 149.0 m2, 1.56, 29.44% and $229 119 for the series-connected chiller, and 146.7 m2, 1.59, 31.45% and $234 562 for the parallel-connected type, respectively. Under the lowest HTA condition, compared with the reference simulation results, the energy and exergy performances are improved, while the annual total cost is higher. The annual total cost is highest when maximizing the exergy efficiency, which is attributed to the increase in the HTA. The operating cost accounts for 27.42% (series type) and 26.54% (parallel type) when the annual cost is the lowest. Two absorption chillers with series and parallel connections are evaluated using a thermodynamic analysis. The chiller structures are optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm by considering the heat transfer area, exergy efficiency and total annual cost as single-objective functions. Graphical Abstract

关键词： absorption chiller series/parallel-connected temperature difference parameters solution allocation ratio REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS COOLING SYSTEM MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS CLIMATE ZONES SERIES PARALLEL ENERGY CONSUMPTION REDUCE

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Surface active functional groups enhanced PET non-woven fabric for the filtering of harmful substances in smoke

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BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2024年第1期10卷 1-6页

作者： Ning, Lu Tang, Pengfei Lu, Xiong Yang, Guangyuan Jiang, Faxing Zhang, Hongping China Tobacco Hubei Ind Co Ltd Wuhan Peoples R China Sichuan univ Coll Architecture & Environm Key Lab Sichuan Prov Failure Mech & Engn Disaster Prevent & Mitigat Chengdu Peoples R China Southwest Jiaotong univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn Key Lab Adv Technol Mat Minist Educ Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Chengdu univ Inst Adv Study Sch Mech Engn Chengdu Peoples R China

Harmful components in cigarette smoke, such as nicotine, tar, and organic particulate matter, are the primary culprits behind lung diseases. While conventional filter materials based on cellulose, carbon, and molecular sieves exhibit commendable filtration capabilities, their high cost restricts their widespread applications. Based on this, the authors aim to prepare PET-based filter materials with good adsorption properties through a simple surface functionalisation strategy. The adsorption performance of the PET-based non-woven fabric was enhanced by the introduction of sodium alginate (SA). The gas adsorption experiments results reveal that SA-modified PET (SA-PET) exhibits significantly improved filtration efficiency for nicotine, tar, and total particulate matter-increasing by 27.1%, 26.2%, and 21.3%, respectively. Moreover, SA-PET exhibits more odour control ability than traditional activated carbon-based filter materials. These results prove that surface-functionalised SA-PET has better filtration performance for harmful substances in smoke and provides a new strategy for the design of high-performance filtration materials.

关键词： adsorption mechanism polymers

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Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on carbon assimilation and ecological stoichiometry of maize under combined abiotic stresses

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JOURNAL OF PLANT ECOLOGY 2024年第2期17卷 74-88页

作者： Ran, Qiong Zhang, Songlin Arif, Muhammad Yin, Xueting Chen, Shanshan Ren, Guangqian Chongqing univ technol Sch Management Chongqing 400054 Peoples R China Chinese Acad sci Chongqing Inst Green & Intelligent Technol Key Lab Reservoir Aquat Environm Chongqing 400714 Peoples R China Southwest univ Sch Life Sci Key Lab Ecoenvironm Three Gorges Reservoir Reg Minist EducState Cultivat Base Ecoagr Southwest M Chongqing 400715 Peoples R China Jiangsu univ Inst Environm & Ecol Acad Environm Hlth & Ecol Secur Sch Environm & Safety Engn Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses like salinity and improve crop yield. However, their effects are variable, and the underlying cause of such variation remains largely unknown. This study aimed to assess how drought modified the effect of AMF on plant resistance to high calcium-saline stress. A pot experiment was performed to examine how AMF inoculation affects the growth, photosynthetic activity, nutrient uptake and carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric ratio (C:N:P) of maize under high calcium stress and contrasting water conditions. The results showed that high calcium stress significantly reduced mycorrhizal colonization, biomass accumulation, C assimilation rate and C:N stoichiometric ratio in plant tissues. Besides, the adverse effects of calcium stress on photosynthesis were exacerbated under drought. AMF inoculation profoundly alleviated such reductions under drought and saline stress. However, it barely affected maize performance when subjected to calcium stress under well-watered conditions. Moreover, watering changed AMF impact on nutrient allocation in plant tissues. Under well-watered conditions, AMF stimulated P accumulation in roots and plant growth, but did not induce leaf P accumulation proportional to C and N, resulting in increased leaf C:P and N:P ratios under high calcium stress. In contrast, AMF decreased N content and the N:P ratio in leaves under drought. Overall, AMF inoculation improved maize resistance to calcium-salt stress through enhanced photosynthesis and modulation of nutrient stoichiometry, particularly under water deficit conditions. These results highlighted the regulatory role of AMF in carbon assimilation and nutrient homeostasis under compound stresses, and provide significant guidance on the improvement of crop yield in saline and arid regions.

关键词： arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compound abiotic stresses C:N:P stoichiometry induced systemic resistance calcium-salt stress PLANT-GROWTH ROOT COLONIZATION WATER RELATIONS NUTRIENT-UPTAKE DROUGHT SOIL TOLERANCE SALINITY SALT AVAILABILITY

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Hybrid-integrated 200 Gb/s REC-DML array transmitter based on photonic wire bonding technology

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CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS 2024年第8期22卷 081401-081401页

作者： Ma, Yuxin Zhao, Jie Yang, Tongtong Mei, Yipeng Sun, Zhenxing Lu, Jun Li, Shaobo Ma, Xiang Chen, Xiangfei Nanjing univ Key Lab Intelligent Opt Sensing & Manipulat Minist Educ Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Nanjing univ Natl Lab Solid State Microstruct Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Nanjing univ Coll Engn & Appl Sci Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Nanjing univ Inst Opt Commun Engn Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Nanjing univ Nanjing Univ Tongding Joint Lab Large Scale Photon Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China China Elect technol Grp Corp Res Inst 54 Opt Commun Res & Dev Ctr Shijiazhuang 050081 Peoples R China

An 8-channel hybrid-integrated chip for 200 Gb/s (8 x 25 Gb/s) signal transmission has been demonstrated. The channels are all within the O-band, and with a spacing of 800 GHz. The core of this chip is a monolithic integrated multi-wavelength laser array of 8 directly-modulated distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. By using the reconstruction equivalent chirp technique, multi-wavelength integration and asymmetric phase shift structures are achieved in the laser array. The output laser beams of the array are combined by a planar light-wave circuit, which is hybrid-integrated with the laser array by photonic wire bonding. Experiment results of this transmitter chip show good single-mode working of each unit laser, with a side- mode suppression ratio above 50 dB, and the modulation bandwidth is above 20 GHz. Clear eye diagrams are obtained in the lasers for 25 Gb/s non-return-to-zero modulation, which implies a total 200 Gb/s transmission rate for the whole chip.

关键词： direct modulation laser array reconstruction equivalent chirp photonic wire bonding hybrid integration LASER ARRAY SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER

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