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Validation and error analysis of wave-modifi ed ocean surface currents in the northwestern Pacifi c Ocean

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第4期40卷 1289-1303页

作者： Zhenli HUI Ying LI Jia SUN Long YU Xia JU Xuejun XIONG First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao 266061China

By incorporating the wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing into the classical Ekman layer,the wave-modifi ed ocean surface currents in the northwestern Pacifi c Ocean were estimated.Thus,the ocean surface currents are the combination of classical Ekman current from the cross-calibrated multi-platform(CCMP)wind speed,geostrophic current from the mean absolute dynamic topography(MADT),and wave-induced current based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Interim Re-Analysis(ERA-Interim)surface wave datasets.Weight functions are introduced in the Ekman current formulation as well.Comparisons with in-situ data from Lagrangian drifters in the study area and Kuroshio Extension Observatory(KEO)observations at 32.3°N,144.6°E,and 15-m depth indicate that wave-modifi ed ocean surface currents provide accurate time means of zonal and meridional currents in the northwestern Pacifi c Ocean.Result shows that the wave-modifi ed currents are quite consistent with the Lagrangian drifter observations for the period 1993-2017 in the deep ocean.The correlation(root mean square error,RMSE)is 0.96(1.45 cm/s)for the zonal component and 0.90(1.07 cm/s)for the meridional component.However,wave-modifi ed currents underestimate the Lagrangian drifter velocity in strong current and some off shore regions,especially in the regions along the Japan coast and the southeastern Mindanao.What’s more,the wave-modifi ed currents overestimate the pure Eulerian KEO current which does not consider the impact of waves,and the zonal(meridional)correlation and RMSE are 0.95(0.90)and 11.25 cm/s(12.05 cm/s)respectively.These comparisons demonstrate that our wave-modifi ed ocean surface currents have high precision and can describe the real-world ocean in the northwestern Pacifi c Ocean accurately and intuitively,which can provide important routes to calculate ocean surface currents on large spatial scales.

关键词： ocean surface current Ekman current geostrophic current Stokes drift

Objective array design for three-dimensional temperature and salinity observation:Application to the South China Sea

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2022年第7期41卷 65-77页

作者： Mengxue Qu Zexun Wei Yanfeng Wang Yonggang Wang Tengfei Xu First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao266061China

In this study,a moored array optimization tool(MAOT)was developed and applied to the South China Sea(SCS)with a focus on three-dimensional temperature and salinity observations.Application of the MAOT involves two steps:(1)deriving a set of optimal arrays that are independent of each other for different variables at different depths based on an empirical orthogonal function method,and(2)consolidating these arrays using a K-center clustering algorithm.Compared with the assumed initial array consisting of 17 mooring sites located on a 3°×3°horizontal grid,the consolidated array improved the observing ability for three-dimensional temperature and salinity in the SCS with optimization efficiencies of 19.03%and 21.38%,respectively.Experiments with an increased number of moored sites showed that the most cost-effective option is a total of 20 moorings,improving the observing ability with optimization efficiencies up to 26.54%for temperature and 27.25%for salinity.The design of an objective array relies on the ocean phenomenon of interest and its spatial and temporal scales.In this study,we focus on basin-scale variations in temperature and salinity in the SCS,and thus our consolidated array may not well resolve mesoscale processes.The MAOT can be extended to include other variables and multi-scale variability and can be applied to other regions.

关键词： optimal array design observation system simulation experiment South China Sea empirical orthogonal function K-center clustering

FIO-ESM v2.0 CORE2-forced experiment for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2022年第10期41卷 22-31页

作者： Qi Shu Zhenya Song Ying Bao Xiaodan Yang Yajuan Song Xinfang Li Meng Wei Fangli Qiao First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao266061China

We introduced the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)Ocean Model Intercomparison Project CORE2-forced(OMIP-1)experiment by using the First Institute of Oceanography Earth System Model version 2.0(FIO-ESM v2.0),and comprehensively evaluated the simulation results.Unlike other OMIP models,FIO-ESM v2.0 includes a coupled ocean surface wave component model that takes into account non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing in the ocean and effect of surface wave Stokes drift on air-sea momentum and heat fluxes in the climate system.A sub-layer sea surface temperature(SST)diurnal cycle parameterization was also employed to take into account effect of SST diurnal cycle on air-sea heat fluxes to improve simulations of air-sea interactions.Evaluations show that mean values and long-term trends of significant wave height were adequately reproduced in the FIO-ESM v2.0 OMIP-1 simulations,and there is a reasonable fit between the SST diurnal cycle obtained from in situ observations and that parameterized by FIO-ESM v2.0.Evaluations of model drift,temperature,salinity,mixed layer depth,and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation show that the model performs well in the FIO-ESM v2.0 OMIP-1 simulation.However,the summer sea ice extent of the Arctic and Antarctic is underestimated.

关键词： FIO-ESM OMIP CMIP6 OGCM

Subthermocline eddies carrying the Indonesian Throughflow water observed in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2023年第5期42卷 1-13页

作者： Guangbing Yang Quanan Zheng Xuejun Xiong First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao 266061China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic science University of MarylandCollege Park 20742USA

We observed a subthermocline eddy(STE)with a cold and fresh core during an observation cruise along a transect of 10°S in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean(SETIO)in December 2017.The vertical scale,speed radius,and maximum swirl velocity of the STE were about 200 m,55 km,and 0.5 m/s,respectively.The mean Rossby number and Burger number of the STE were then estimated to be about−0.7 and 2.4,indicating the STE was a submesoscale coherent vortex.The STE core water had characteristics of the Indonesian Throughflow(ITF)water and was distinct from that of surrounding areas.By examining Argo float data,another STE was well captured by five successive profiles of the same Argo float.Both STEs showed significant temperature and salinity anomalies at theσ0=26.0-26.5 kg/m3 surfaces.With the assumption that the low-salinity ITF water parcels could be carried only by surface eddies and the STEs,the Argo profiles,which detected low-salinity ITF water and were located outside a surface eddy,were believed to be inside an STE and were used to analyze the distribution,origin,and generation mechanism of the STE.The results suggested that the STEs carrying ITF water may be generated under topography-current interaction at the eastern coastal waters or under front-induced subduction in the area away from coastal waters.Those STEs may be widely distributed in the SETIO and may play a role in ITF water parcel transport.

关键词： subthermocline eddy southeastern tropical Indian Ocean Indonesian Throughflow submesoscale coherent vortex

Evaluation of Nonbreaking Wave-Induced Mixing Parameterization Schemes Based on a One-Dimensional Ocean Model

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第3期23卷 567-576页

作者： TANG Ran HUANG Chuanjiang DAI Dejun WANG Gang The First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Laoshan LaboratoryQingdao 266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao 266061China

Surface waves have a considerable effect on vertical mixing in the upper ocean.In the past two decades,the vertical mixing induced through nonbreaking surface waves has been used in ocean and climate models to improve the simulation of the upper ocean.Thus far,several nonbreaking wave-induced mixing parameterization schemes have been proposed;however,no quantitative comparison has been performed among them.In this paper,a one-dimensional ocean model was used to compare the performances of five schemes,including those of Qiao et al.(Q),Hu and Wang(HW),Huang and Qiao(HQ),Pleskachevsky et al.(P),and Ghantous and Babanin(GB).Similar to previous studies,all of these schemes can decrease the simulated sea surface temperature(SST),increase the subsurface temperature,and deepen the mixed layer,thereby alleviating the common thermal deviation problem of the ocean model for upper ocean simulation.Among these schemes,the HQ scheme exhibited the weakest wave-induced mixing effect,and the HW scheme exhibited the strongest effect;the other three schemes exhibited roughly the same effect.In particular,the Q and P schemes exhibited nearly the same effect.In the simulation based on observations from the Ocean Weather Station Papa,the HQ scheme exhibited the best performance,followed by the Q scheme.In the experiment with the HQ scheme,the root-mean-square deviation of the simulated SST from the observations was 0.43℃,and the mixed layer depth(MLD)was 2.0 m.As a contrast,the deviations of the SST and MLD reached 1.25℃ and 8.4 m,respectively,in the experiment without wave-induced mixing.

关键词： wave-induced mixing surface waves sea surface temperature mixed layer depth General Ocean Turbulence Model

Vertical velocity and transport in the South China Sea

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2022年第7期41卷 13-25页

作者： Yaohua Zhu Dingqi Wang Yonggang Wang Shujiang Li Tengfei Xu Zexun Wei First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao266061China College of Oceanic and Atmospheric sciences Ocean University of ChinaQingdao266100China

Deep water in the South China Sea is renewed by the cold and dense Luzon Strait overflow.However,from where and how the deep water upwells is poorly understood yet.Based on the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model reanalysis data,vertical velocity is derived to answer these questions.Domain-integrated vertical velocity is of two maxima,one in the shallow water and the other at depth,and separated by a layer of minimum at the bottom of the thermocline.Further analysis shows that this two-segmented vertical transport is attributed to the vertical compensation of subsurface water to the excessive outflow of shallow water and upward push of the dense Luzon Strait overflow,respectively.In the abyssal basin,the vertical transport increases upward from zero at the depth of 3500–4000 m and reaches a maximum of 1.5×10^(6) m^(3)/s at about 1500 m.Deep water upwells mainly from the northeastern and southwestern ends of the abyssal basin and off the continental slopes.To explain the upward velocity arising from slope breaks,a possible mechanism is proposed that an onshore velocity component can be derived from the deep western boundary current above steep slopes under bottom friction.

关键词： vertical velocity vertical transport Luzon Strait overflow South China Sea

Estimating the evolution of sea state non-Gaussianity based on a phase-resolving model

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第5期40卷 1909-1923页

作者： Xingjie JIANG Tingting ZHANG Dalu GAO Daolong WANG Yongzeng YANG First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao 266061China Ocean University of China College of Oceanic and Atmospheric SciencesQingdao 266071China

The occurrence of rogue waves is closely related to the non-Gaussianity of sea states,and this non-Gaussianity can be estimated using corresponding two-dimensional wave spectra.This paper presents an approach to non-Gaussianity estimation based on a phase-resolving model called the high-order spectral method(HOSM).Based on numerous HOSM simulations,a set of precalculated non-Gaussianity indicators was established that could be applied to real sea states without any calibration of spectral shapes.With a newly developed extraction approach,the indicators for given two-dimensional wave spectra could then be conveniently extracted from the precalculated dataset.The feasibility of the newly developed approach in a real wave environment is verified.Using the estimation approach,phase-resolved non-Gaussianity can now be illustrated throughout the evolution of sea states of interest,not just at a few specific times;and the level of non-Gaussianity at any time in a duration can be identified according to the statistics(e.g.,quantities)of the phase-resolved indicators,that are obtained throughout the duration concerned.

关键词： rogue wave sea state non-Gaussianity high-order spectral method spectral geometry wave-wave nonlinearity

Decadal variation of thermocline-sea surface temperature feedback in the tropical Indian Ocean and the underlying mechanisms

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2021年第11期40卷 31-38页

作者： Meiqi Zhang Shuangwen Sun Lin Liu Yongcan Zu Lin Feng First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao 266061China

The thermocline-sea surface temperature(SST)feedback is the most important component of the Bjerknes feedback,which plays an important role in the development of the air-sea coupling modes of the Indian Ocean.The thermocline-SST feedback in the Indian Ocean has experienced significant decadal variations over the last40 a.The feedback intensified in the late twentieth century and then weakened during the hiatus in global warming at the early twenty-first century.The thermocline-SST feedback is most prominent in the southeastern and southwestern Indian Ocean.Although the decadal variations of feedback are similar in these two regions,there are still differences in the underlying mechanisms.The decadal variations of feedback in the southeastern Indian Ocean are dominated by variations in the depth of the thermocline,which are modulated by equatorial zonal wind anomalies.Whereas the decadal variation of feedback in the southwestern Indian Ocean is mainly controlled by the intensity of upwelling and thermocline depth in winter and spring,respectively.The upwelling and thermocline depth are both affected by wind stress curl anomalies over the southeastern Indian Ocean,which excite anomalous Ekman pumping and influence the southwestern Indian Ocean through westward propagating Rossby waves.

关键词： Indian Ocean thermocline-SST feedback decadal variation upwelling thermocline depth

Could CMIP6 climate models reproduce the early-2000s global warming slowdown?

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science China Earth sciences 2021年第6期64卷 853-865页

作者： Meng WEI Qi SHU Zhenya SONG Yajuan SONG Xiaodan YANG Yongqing GUO Xinfang LI Fangli QIAO First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao266061China laboratory for Regional Oceanography and numerical modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao266061China marine science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan316000China

The unexpected global warming slowdown during 1998–2013 challenges the existing scientific understanding of global temperature change mechanisms,and thus the simulation and prediction ability of state-of-the-art climate models since most models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5)cannot simulate it.Here,we examine whether the new-generation climate models in CMIP6 can reproduce the recent global warming slowdown,and further evaluate their capacities for simulating key-scale natural variabilities which are the most likely causes of the slowdown.The results show that although the CMIP6 models present some encouraging improvements when compared with CMIP5,most of them still fail to reproduce the warming slowdown.They considerably overestimate the warming rate observed in 1998–2013,exhibiting an obvious warming acceleration rather than the observed deceleration.This is probably associated with their deficiencies in simulating the distinct temperature change signals from the human-induced long-term warming trend and/or the three crucial natural variabilities at interannual,interdecadal,and multidecadal scales.In contrast,the 4 models that can successfully reproduce the slowdown show relatively high skills in simulating the long-term warming trend and the three keyscale natural variabilities.Our work may provide important insight for the simulation and prediction of near-term climate changes.

关键词： CMIP6 climate models Global warming Global warming slowdown Hiatus Climate natural variability Anthropogenic warming trend