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Conventional Geothermal Systems and Unconventional Geothermal Developments: An Overview

Open Journal of Geology 2024年第2期14卷 196-246页

作者： Maryam Khodayar Sveinbjörn Björnsson consultant and researcher in Geosciences Reykjavík Iceland Formerly at National Energy Authority of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland

This paper provides an overview of conventional geothermal systems and unconventional geothermal developments as a common reference is needed for discussions between energy professionals. Conventional geothermal systems have the heat, permeability and fluid, requiring only drilling down to °C, normal heat flow or decaying radiogenic granite as heat sources, and used in district heating. Medium-temperature (MT) 100°C - 190°C, and high-temperature (HT) 190°C - 374°C resources are mostly at plate boundaries, with volcanic intrusive heat source, used mostly for electricity generation. Single well capacities are °C - 500°C) and a range of depths (1 m to 20 Km), but lack permeability or fluid, thus requiring stimulations for heat extraction by conduction. HVAC is 1 - 2 m deep and shallow geothermal down to 500 m in wells, both capturing °C, with °C are either advanced by geothermal developers at <7 Km depth (Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), drilling below brittle-ductile transition zones and under geothermal fields), or by the Oil & Gas industry (Advanced Geothermal Systems, heat recovery from hydrocarbon wells or reservoirs, Superhot Rock Geothermal, and millimeter-wave drilling down to 20 Km). Their primary aim is electricity generation, relying on closed-loops, but EGS uses fractures for heat exchange with earthquake risks during fracking. Unconventional approaches could be everywhere, with shallow geothermal already functional. The deeper and hotter unconventional alternatives are still experimental, overcoming costs and technological challenges to become fully commercial. Meanwhile, the conventional geothermal resources remain the most proven opportunities for investments and development.

关键词： Conventional Geothermal Systems Unconventional Geothermal Developments Shallow and Deep Closed-Loops Enhanced Geothermal Systems Supercritical and Millimeter-Wave Drilling

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Fracture Permeability: Outcrop Analogues from Active Plate Boundaries and Intraplate Contexts of Iceland

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Open Journal of Geology 2021年第12期11卷 621-657页

作者： Maryam Khodayar Sveinbjörn Björnsson consultant and researcher in Geosciences Reykjavík Iceland National Energy Authority of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland

We bring new insights into fracture permeability with 7 analogues from the intraplate outcrops of West Iceland (WI), the active South Iceland transform zone (SISZ), the intersection of rift and SISZ near Hengill (Reykjafjall-RF), and the Reykjanes oblique rift (RP). WI formed at Tertiary plate boundaries, shifted away, is now cut by the Quaternary intraplate Snæfellsnes volcanic zone (SVZ), and undergoes occasional earthquakes. By contrast, fractures are being formed and reactivated under intense plate boundary earthquakes in the younger SISZ, RF and RP. Our mapping of stratigraphy, basement fractures, surface ruptures of earthquakes, and leakages of cold and hot water in all areas shows that: 1) In active SISZ, RF and RP, permeable fractures are identical to N-S to NNW dextral, ENE to E-W sinistral, and WNW to NNW sinistral source faults of earthquakes, acting as Riedel shears that accommodate the sinistral motion of the transform zone. The NNE/NE rift-parallel extensional fractures are the least frequent permeable set. Notably, the NW and WNW sets also show dextral motions in RP where they could be splay of each other but belong to a separate developed fracture system, and in the SISZ where the NW set is a splay of a N-S source fault of earthquake. However, permeable fractures in the intraplate WI are only oblique-slip sets striking N-S to NNW dextral, ENE sinistral, and WNW dextral parallel to the SVZ. 2) In each area, the permeable sets fit the fault plane solutions of intraplate or plate boundary earthquakes, as well as the latest stress fields that allow fracture opening for fluid flow. 3) Fractures are more open in the younger SISZ, RF, and RP, with leakages along the fractures and their splays rather than by their tips or in the stepovers. In the older WI where the crust and fractures are filled with secondary minerals, leakages are as much along fractures as where numerous fracture intersections facilitate fluid

关键词： Fracture Permeability Fluid Flow Fractured Reservoirs Rift Zone Transform Zone Tectonic of Iceland

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Unstable Rifts,a Leaky Transform Zone and a Microplate:Analogues from South Iceland

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Open Journal of Geology 2020年第4期10卷 317-367页

作者： Maryam Khodayar Sveinbjorn Bjornsson Skúli Víkingsson Guorún Sigríour Jonsdottir consultant and researcher in Geosciences ReykjavíkIceland National Energy Authority of Iceland ReykjavíkIceland Iceland GeoSurvey(ISOR) ReykjavíkIceland

A structural analysis was undertaken in the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) transform zone, and in the Hreppar Microplate (HMP) located between the propagating Eastern Rift Zone (ERZ) and the receding Western Rift Zone (WRZ). The age of the oceanic crust in these areas is 3.4 Ma to present. About 20,000 fracture segments on aerial images reflect the dominance of NNE extensional structures in the WRZ. Around 9,000 basement faults, intrusions, secondary fractures, surface ruptures of earthquakes, and leakages were mapped in the outcrops of the HMP and the SISZ. About 23% of these fractures strike NNE, while 77% are dominantly northerly dextral and ENE sinistral, and secondarily E-W, WNW and NW sinistral strike- and oblique-slip structures, forming a Riedel shear pattern typical of a transform zone. Dyke injections into Riedel shears indicate a leaky transform zone. Fractures reactivated, accumulated slip, and re-opened for fluid flow. The ENE faults dip mostly to the southeast and could be the present boundary of the SISZ to the north. A 10 - 30 km wide ENE structural zone hosts a valley to the east, which could be deeper in the west. This ENE zone contains all the earthquakes, dominant ENE rivers, frequent ENE secondary fractures, and is likely the active part of the SISZ. The HMP does not show rotation since 3.4 Ma despite being between two rift segments. Future propagation/recession of the rift segments along their N55°E sections would cause a migration and a clockwise rotation of the SISZ from ENE to E-W. The boundary faults of the SISZ would then be E-W, with unchanged internal Riedel shears, compensating its sinistral motion. Insights into complexities of diverging plate boundaries are critical for resource management in such tectonic contexts.

关键词： Unstable Diverging Plate Boundaries South Iceland Seismic Zone Leaky Transform Zone Rotation of Microplate Tectonics of Iceland

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Prediction of exchangeable potassium in soil through mid-infrared spectroscopy and deep learning:From prediction to explainability

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Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture 2022年第1期6卷 230-241页

作者： Franck Albinet Yi Peng Tetsuya Eguchi Erik Smolders Gerd Dercon Independent researcher&consultant GuétharyFrance Soil and Water Management&Crop Nutrition Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureSeibersdorfAustria Global Soil Partnership Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsViale delle Terme di Caracalla00153 RomeItaly Agricultural Radiation Research Center Tohoku Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationFukushimaJapan Soil and Water Management Unit KU LeuvenBelgium

The ability to characterize rapidly and repeatedly exchangeable potassium(Kex)content in the soil is essential for optimizing remediation of radiocaesium contamination in *** this paper,we show how this can be now achieved using a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)model trained on a large Mid-Infrared(MIR)soil spectral library(40,000 samples with Kex determined with 1 M NH4OAc,pH 7),compiled by the National Soil Survey Center of the United States Department of *** Partial Least Squares Regression as a base-line,we found that our implemented CNN leads to a significantly higher prediction performance of Kex when a large amount of data is available(10000),increasing the coefficient of determination from 0.64 to 0.79,and reducing the Mean Absolute Percentage Error from 135%to 31%.Furthermore,in order to provide end-users with required interpretive keys,we implemented the GradientShap algorithm to identify the spectral regions considered important by the model for predicting *** in the context of the implemented CNN on various Soil Taxonomy Orders,it allowed(i)to relate the important spectral features to domain knowledge and(ii)to demonstrate that including all Soil Taxonomy Orders in CNN-based modeling is beneficial as spectral features learned can be reused across different,sometimes underrepresented orders.

关键词： High-throughput soil characterization Machine learning Convolutional neural network Agriculture Nuclear emergency response Remediation Interpretability

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An Intelligent Gestational Diabetes Diagnosis Model Using Deep Stacked Autoencoder

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第12期69卷 3109-3126页

作者： A.Sumathi S.Meganathan BVijila Ravisankar SRC SASTRA Deemed to be UniversityKumbakonamTamil Nadu612001India consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist Anbu Hospital and Nalam ClinicKumbakonamTamil Nadu612001India

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus(GDM)is one of the commonly occurring diseases among women during *** Glucose Tolerance Test(OGTT)is followed universally in the diagnosis of GDM diagnosis at early pregnancy which is costly and ***,there is a need to design an effective and automated GDM diagnosis and classification *** recent developments in the field of Deep Learning(DL)are useful in diagnosing different *** this view,the current research article presents a new outlier detection with deep-stacked Autoencoder(OD-DSAE)model for GDM diagnosis and *** goal of the proposed OD-DSAE model is to find out those mothers with high risks and make them undergo earlier diagnosis,monitoring,and treatment compared to low-risk *** presented ODDSAE model involves three major processes namely,preprocessing,outlier detection,and *** the first step i.e.,data preprocessing,there exists three stages namely,format conversion,class labelling,and missing value replacement using k-nearest neighbors(KNN)*** are superior values which considerably varies from other data ***,it might represent the variability in measurement,experimental errors or novelty ***,Hierarchical Clustering(HC)-based outlier detection technique is incorporated in OD-DSAE model,and thereby classification performance can be *** proposed model was simulated using Python 3.6.5 on a dataset collected by the researcher themselves.A series of experiments was conducted and the results were investigated under different *** experimental outcomes inferred that the OD-DSAE model has outperformed the compared methods and achieved high precision of 96.17%,recall of 98.69%,specificity of 89.50%,accuracy of 96.18%,and F-score of 97.41%.

关键词： Gestational diabetes mellitus data classification outlier detection deep learning hierarchical clustering

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Evaluation of Cavity Formation and the Use of Cut-off Wall to Reduce the Risk of Washing Subsurface Fine Material

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Open Journal of Geology 2013年第2期3卷 71-76页

作者： Fouzan Alfouzan Muawia A Dafalla Akeel Alharbi Assistant Professor and consultant Civil Engineering BRCES King Saud University Assistant Research Professor King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology KACST Saudi Arabia Scientific researcher King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology KACST Saudi Arabia

This study shows the results of mapping numerous cavities and distress which appeared and detected in Qassim area, Saudi Arabia. This phenomenon was observed near a school building and residential area and became a serious risk to occupants and residents. The survey was carried out applying geotechnical techniques which included advancing rotary boreholes to depths of 23 m to 30 m with sampling and testing. The evaluation process also included resistivity imaging profiles using 2D electrical resistivity measurements. Results obtained from this research showed a thick top layer of silty clayey sand soil rich of gypsum and carbonate presenting a hazardous and high-risk soil type. The percentage of fines that are likely to be washed out as a result of chemical disintegration and exposure to significant hydraulic gradient was of great concern. Assessment was made using combined geotechnical and geophysical approach in addition to chemical tests. Based on the data collected and analysis of test results a practical solution was suggested to solve this problem. The use of “cut-off wall” in order to reduce the level of subsurface scour and cajuvity formation were found appropriate. The depth of the cut off wall was determined based on the subsurface geological profile. Advantages of this approach and concerns need to be considered in adopting typical solutions that are presented.

关键词： Collapse Cavities Electrical Resistivity Sarah Formation Geotechnical Methods

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内在安全的生产,对清洁生产的一种正常的补充

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产业与环境 2003年第3期25卷 84-88页

作者： Gerard I.J.M.Zwetsloot Nicholas Askounes Ashford 夏光 senior researcher and consultant TNO Work & EmploymentandProfessor at Erasmus Centre for Sustainable Development and Management of Erasmus University Rotterdam TNO Work & Employment P.O. Box718NL 2130 AS Hoofddorp The Netherlands senior researcher Ergonomia Ltd.AthensGreeceand Professor at Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyTechnology and Law ProgramE-40-23977 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA 02139USA

内在的安全性,是一种利用没有毒性、可燃性或不稳定性的工艺与材料的方法,它通常被认为是化工厂设计的一个重要概念.受到清洁生产成功发展的鼓舞,进行了一项类似的有关内在安全生产的发展可行性研究.在1997-1998年进行的初步试验案例中... 详细信息

内在的安全性,是一种利用没有毒性、可燃性或不稳定性的工艺与材料的方法,它通常被认为是化工厂设计的一个重要概念.受到清洁生产成功发展的鼓舞,进行了一项类似的有关内在安全生产的发展可行性研究.在1997-1998年进行的初步试验案例中,发展并检验了一个产生内在安全的技术选择的方法论.该研究表明,大部分选择的偿还时间少于两年,而且内在安全的生产是一个可行的概念,有可能同时产生巨大的安全与经济成效的改善,并且可以结合进清洁生产计划.

关键词：安全生产清洁生产经济效益化学品生产安全管理

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Is the Long-term Economic Decline of the Philippines Unstoppable? Trends, Reasons, Outlook

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Journal of Sustainable Business and Economics 2023年第4期6卷 1-19页

作者： Peter Richter Independant researcher and Business consultant Berlin10711Germany

The Philippines was in the 1960s a model of development in Asia and second to Japan,but occupies presently only the 11th position under South-East and East Asian countries in terms of GDP-per *** article explores why this important Asian country with a long colonial past and enormous economic potential still ranks under lower-income countries and has in the last decades let pass by many other Asian *** answering this question,the approach of external triggers for accelerated development is being *** stark contrast to the success stories of the strongly outward-looking Asian countries like the four Tigers,later of Thailand and Vietnam the Philippines never developed a vision of an open economy connecting pro-actively to the world *** is hampered by a non-competitive and highly protected national *** existing FDI is more oriented to the profitable local *** debts were never effectively used and international tourism was never well *** these failures to the existing power structures in the country,it seems very much that the backward forces like the big landowners,the local producers and industrialists never wanted and continue not to want to open up the economy to international competition and governments are complacent with these *** indicators demonstrate the long-term decline of the Philippines:Among them the slow growth of the GDP and the continuously high poverty *** the alliance of big business and policy holds firm no change in the failing nationalistic economic model can be detected leaving the bleak outlook that the economic decline will continue.

关键词： External triggers of accelerated development strategies Promotion of exports Protection of local industries Foreign direct investments Foreign indebting International tourism Concentration of the national economy Failures of the development model

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文化与自然遗产的管理:条件、需求、管理计划和实施(英文)

文化与自然遗产的管理:条件、需求、管理计划和实施(英文)

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北京论坛（2007）文明的和谐与共同繁荣——人类文明的多元发展模式

作者： H.Detlef Kammeier Previously Professor of Urban and Regional PlanningAsian Institute of TechnologyBangkok(1 976-2000)Independent researcher and international consultantBangkok(Thailand) Visiting ProfessorTU Berlin and BTU Cottbus(Germany)

In very general terms,the "heritage of mankind" can be conceived as a precious but fragile gift that comes with heavy conditions for its *** gift is from previous generations to our present society(whose obligations i...

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Acid Resistance, Water Permeability and Chloride Penetrability of Concrete Containing Crushed Basalt as Aggregates

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材料科学与工程（中英文A版） 2015年第7期5卷 285-304页

作者： ArefM. al-Swaidani Mohammad K. Baddoura Samira D. Aliyan Walid Choeb Assistant professor & Vice-Dean Faculty of Architectural Engineering Arab International University (AIU) Damascus Syria Professor Head of Syrian Code Committee the Order of Syrian Engineers Damascus Syria researcher Syrian Arab Organization for standardization and Metrology (SASMO) Damascus Syria researcher & consultant the Order of Syrian Engineers As-Swaida ' a Syria

Basaltic rocks are used extensively as engineering materials including aggregates for Portland cement concrete and asphalt concrete. Syria is very rich in Basaltic rocks. There are reserves estimated to be several billion tonnes according to recent geological investigations. The annual production of concrete in Syria is about 20 million m3, containing about 35 million tonnes of aggregates. Due to some concerns, use of basalt as concrete aggregate is very limited in Syria. Because of additional costs of transportation of dolomite aggregate produced in quarries located about 200 km far from the southern region, studying suitability of basaltic rocks occurring in As-Swaida"a region as local aggregate source would be very important. As-Swaida is basically an agricultural city. However, it has recently witnessed urban and industrial developments. This paper is part of larger research on evaluating the basaltic rocks extracted from As-Swaida"a region, as a potential source of concrete aggregate. Effects of aggressive acidic environments on concrete have been investigated through 3 months of exposure to 5% H2SO4, 10% HCl, 5% HNO3 and 10% CH3COOH solutions. In addition, concrete permeability measured in terms of water penetration depth was evaluated for concrete after two curing time of 28 and 90 days. A RCPT (Rapid chloride penetration test) has also been carried out according to ASTM C 1202. Dolomite aggregate were used for comparison. Petrographical, chemical and physical characteristics of basaltic rocks have been reported as well. The experimental results revealed that As-Swaida"a basaltic rocks were suitable for production of crushed rock aggregates for concrete production. The resistance to all acidic solutions, except H2SO4 solution, was improved substantially with the use of basalt aggregate. In addition, the resistance to water permeation and to chloride penetration of concrete increased with the use of basalt aggregates compared with dolomite aggregate. Moreover,

关键词：氯离子渗透性沥青混凝土玄武岩耐酸性混凝土骨料玄武质岩石水泥混凝土混凝土生产

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