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Flat-footed Females and Missing Males:A New Genus and Species of Pleciofungivoridae(Diptera:Bibionomorpha)Represents the First Record of the Family from Mid-Cretaceous Kachin Amber

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第3期98卷 541-547页

作者： ZHANG Qingqing Wiesław KRZEMINSKI Jan SEVCIK Vladimir BLAGODEROV Agnieszka SOSZYNSKA Kornelia SKIBINSKA Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology Institute of PalaeontologyYunnan UniversityKunming 650500China MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment Yunnan UniversityKunming 650500China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and PaleoenvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences52551 KrakówPoland University of Ostrava Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Biology and EcologyChittussiho 10CZ-71000 OstravaCzech Republic National Museums Scotland EdinburghUK Natural History Museum LondonUK University of Lodz Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionDepartment of Invertebrate Zoology and HydrobiologyBanacha 12/1690-237ŁódźPoland

A new genus and species,Cretopleciofungivora simpsoni *** ***.,from the extinct family Pleciofungivoridae(Diptera:Bibionomorpha),is discovered in mid-Cretaceous Kachin ***,this family was known only from imprints in sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic and the Lower *** of a representative of Pleciofungivoridae in Kachin amber confirms the presence of the family in the Upper *** new species has a unique structure of fore tarsus,with lobed and extended tarsal segments Ⅱ to Ⅳ,a feature hitherto known only in a few species of extant *** not particularly rare,the new species is currently known only from female *** reasons for this phenomenon,very unusual in Sciaroidea,are briefly discussed,including parthenogenesis as a potentially plausible hypothesis.

关键词： fungus gnats Sciaroidea Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber swollen tarsomeres

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Thermal survival limits of young and mature larvae of a cold stenothermal chironomid from the Alps （Diamesinae： Pseudodiamesa branickii [Nowicki, 1873]）

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Insect Science 2017年第2期24卷 314-324页

作者： Valeria Lencioni Paola Bernabo section of invertebrate zoology and hydrobiology MUSE-Museo delle Scienze Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3 38123 Trento Italy

The threats posed by climate change make it important to expand knowl- edge concerning cold and heat tolerance in stenothermal species from habitats potentially threatened by temperature changes. Thermal limits and basal metabolism variations were investigated in Pseudodiamesa branickii （Diptera： Chironomidae） under thermal stress between -20 and 37 ℃. Supercooling point （SCP）, lower （LLTs） and upper lethal temper- atures （ULTs）, and oxygen consumption rate were measured in overwintering young （lst and 2nd instar） and mature （3rd and 4th instar） larvae from an Alpine glacier-fed stream. Both young and mature larvae were freezing tolerant （SCPs = -7.1 ℃ and -6.4 ℃, re- spectively; LLT100 〈SCP and 〉 -20 ℃） and thermotolerant （ULTso = 31.7 ± 0.4, 32.5± 0.3, respectively）. However, ontogenetic differences in acute tolerance were observed. The LLT50 calculated for the young larvae （=-7.4 ℃） was almost equal to their SCP （= -7.1 ℃） and the overlapping of the proportion of mortality curve with the CPIF curve highlighted that the young larvae are borderline between freezing tolerance and freezing avoidance. Furthermore, a lower ULT100 in the young larvae （of ca. 1 ℃）, suggests that they are less thermotolerant than mature larvae. Finally, young larvae exhibit a higher oxygen consumption rate （mgO2/gAFDM/h） at any temperature tested and are overall less resistant to oxygen depletion compared to mature larvae at ≥ 10 ℃. These findings sug- gest that mature larvae enter into a dormant state by lowering their basal metabolism until environmental conditions improve in order to save energy for life cycle completion during stressful conditions.

关键词： basal metabolism glacier-fed streams larval development supercooling point thermotolerance

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Why on the snow？ Winter emergence strategies of snow-active Chironomidae （Diptera） in Poland

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Insect Science 2016年第5期23卷 754-770页

作者： Agnieszka Soszynska-Maj Lauri Paasivirta Wojciech Gilka Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology University of Lodz Banacha 12116 90-237 Lodz Poland Ruuhikoskenkatu 17 B 5 FIN-24240 Salo Finland Department of invertebrate zoology and Parasito- logy University of Gdansk Wita Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdansk Poland

A long-term study of adult non-biting midges （Chironomidae） active in winter on the snow in mountain areas and lowlands in Poland yielded 35 species. The lowland and mountain communities differed significantly in their specific composition. The mountain assemblage was found to be more diverse and abundant, with a substantial contribution from the subfamily Diamesinae, whereas Orthocladiinae predominated in the lowlands. Orthocladius wetterensis Brundin was the most characteristic and superdominant species in the winter-active chironomid communities in both areas. Only a few specimens and species of snow-active chironomids were recorded in late autumn and early winter. The abundance ofchironomids peaked in late February in the mountain and lowland areas with an additional peak in the mountain areas in early April. However, this second peak of activity consisted mainly of Orthocladiinae, as Diamesinae emerged earliest in the season. Most snow-active species emerged in mid- and late winter, but their seasonal patterns differed between the 2 regions as a result of the different species composition and the duration of snow cover in these regions. Spearman＇s rank correlation coefficient tests yielded positive results between each season and the number of chironomid individuals recorded in the mountain area. A positive correlation between air temperature, rising to ＋3.5 ~C, and the number of specimens recorded on the snow in the mountain community was statistically significant. The winter emergence and mate-searching strategies of chironomids are discussed in the light of global warming, and a brief compilation of most important published data on the phenomena studied is provided.

关键词： Chironomidae Diamesinae Diptera Orthocladiinae snow activity weather influence winter emergence

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Diversity of Insect Flower Visitors on Macadamia within a Monoculture Orchard in Murang’a County, Central Kenya

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Advances in Entomology 2023年第4期11卷 239-255页

作者： Nicholas I. Njue James W. Muthomi George N. Chemining’wa John H. Nderitu Josiah Achieng James J. Odanga Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya invertebrate zoology section National Museums of Kenya Nairobi Kenya

Macadamia is cultivated for its nutritious edible kernel. In Kenya, the crop is predominantly grown by smallholder farmers mainly for export markets. Macadamia trees also enhance agro-forestry conservation, in the East African farmlands, by providing habitat and floral resources to beneficial arthropods such as insect pollinators. Allogamy of macadamia flowers is largely dependent on insects that pollinate and consequently influence the nut set, retention and yield. However, there is limited information on macadamia insect flower visitors in Kenya. This article assessed the diversity of insects that forage flowers of macadamia crop, and further evaluated their temporal distribution, in Murang’a county, central Kenya. Insect flower visitors were sampled weekly using a butterfly net for twelve consecutive months, from January 2021 to December 2021. Sixty-one insect species were recorded foraging macadamia flowers in Murang’a county, central Kenya. There was a statistical difference in the Simpson diversity index among weather seasons, dry, long rain, cold and short rain (p Apis mellifera), a key pollinator species, being the most abundant flower visitor. This study provides strong baseline information, to scientists and farmers, on probable macadamia pollinator species, in central Kenya. .

关键词： Macadamia Flowers Insect Diversity Kenya

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Insect Pollinator Diversity and Their Influence on Yield and Quality of <i>Capsicum annuum</i>Linné(Solanaceae), Machakos, Kenya

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2020年第3期10卷 545-559页

作者： Eva Wanza Soli K. Onyambu Gladys N. Kioko Esther zoology Department School of Biological Sciences College of Pure and Applied Sciences Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) Juja Kenya invertebrate zoology section Zoology Department National Museums of Kenya (NMK) Nairobi Kenya

Capsicum annuum (L.) yields have remained low due to poor quality fruits in developing countries such as Kenya, which could be attributed to inadequate insect pollination among other factors. The present study was conducted after the short and long rain seasons in 2018 to assess the diversity and abundance of insect pollinators of C. annuum and to determine their influence on yield. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with bagged and un-bagged pollination treatments. Insect pollinator assessment was conducted between 07:00 hours to 21:00 hours for one month during each season. Yield and quality were compared between the pollination treatments. During the entire study 13 insect pollinator species (3 orders, 7 families) were recorded onC. annuum flowers. Apis mellifera was the most abundant insect pollinator during the two seasons. The highest species diversity was recorded after the long rain season (H' = 1.85). With respect to time, species richness was the highest in the afternoon after the short rains and the highest in the morning after the long rains. The average yield parameters from both seasons showed that open pollination treatments had increased fruit weight (66.5%), seed weight (54.5%) fruit length (28%) and fruit diameter (30%) when compared to treatments bagged throughout. Findings from this study have shown that insect pollinator diversity varies seasonally and significantly influences the yield and quality of C. annuum. This calls for the need to practice sustainable agriculture so as to conserve insect pollinators of C. annuum

关键词： Insect Pollinators Diversity Capsicum annuum Yields Machakos Kenya

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Elevational patterns of bird species richness on the eastern slope of ***,Sichuan Province,China

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Avian Research 2019年第1期10卷 1-12页

作者： Xingcheng He Xiaoyi Wang Shane DuBay Andrew Hart Reeve Per Alstrom Jianghong Ran Qiao Liu Yongjie Wu Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education College of Life SciencesSichuan University Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Life Sciences section Integrative Research CenterField Museum of Natural History Biosystematics section Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of Copenhagen Department of Ecology and Genetics Animal EcologyEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala University Swedish Species Information Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

Background:In biological systems,biological diversity often displays a rapid turn-over across *** defining feature has made mountains classic systems for studying the spatial variation in *** patterns of elevational diversity can vary among lineages and mountain systems it remains difficult to extrapolate findings from one montane region to another,or among *** this study,we assessed patterns and drivers of avian diversity along an elevational gradient on the eastern slope of ***,the highest peak in the Hengduan Mountain Range in central China,and a mountain where comprehensive studies of avian diversity are still ***:We surveyed bird species in eight 400-m elevational bands from 1200 to 4400 m *** 2012 and *** test the relationship between bird species richness and environmental factors,we examined the relative importance of seven ecological variables on breeding season distribution patterns:land area(LA),mean daily temperature(MDT),seasonal temperature range(STR),the mid-domain effect(MDE),seasonal precipitation(SP),invertebrate biomass(IB) and enhanced vegetation index(EVI).Climate data were obtained from five local meteorological stations and three temperature/relative humidity smart sensors in ***:A total of 219 bird species were recorded in the field,of which 204 were recorded during the breeding season(April–August).Species richness curves(calculated separately for total species,large-ranged species,and smallranged species) were all ***-ranged species contributed more to the total species richness pattern than small-ranged *** and IB were positively correlated with total species richness and small-ranged species *** and MDT were positively correlated with small-ranged species richness,while STR and SP were negatively correlated with small-ranged species *** was positively correlated with large-ranged species *** we considered the combina

关键词： Mt.Gongga Elevational gradient Environmental factors Species richness Stable microclimate

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Arctic spring: the arrival biology of migrant birds

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动物学报 2004年第6期50卷 948-960页

作者： John C.WINGFIELD Noah OWEN-ASHLEY Z.Morgan BENOWITZ-FRED-ERICKS Sharon E.LYNN Thomas P.HAHN Haruka WADA Creagh BRE-UNER Simone L.MEDDLE L.Michael ROMERO Department of zoology Box 351800.University of WashingtonScattleWashington 98195USA Department of zoology Box 351800University of Wsshington.Scattle.Washington 98195USA Department of Biology College of WoosterWoasterOhio 44691USA section of Neurobiology Physiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornis 95616USA Integrative Biology Patterson LabsRm 141University of TexasAustinTexas 78712USA Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology School of Biomedical and Clinical Laborstory SciencesUnivereity of Edinburgh.Hugh Robson BuildingGeorge SquareEdinbungh EH89XD.UK Department of Biology Tuftus UniversityMedfordMassachusetts 02155.USA

On arrival in the Arctic, migrant birds must adjust their physiology and behavior to unpredictable snow cover, weather, food sources and predator pressure. In other words they must be resistant to environmental perturbations (stress) so that they can migrate to their tundra nesting areas and settle on territories as soon as possible. They can then begin breeding as soon as when environmental conditions become favorable. They do this partly by using micro-habitats such as areas where snow depth is low, and patches of tundra that melt out rapidly (especially near willows Salix sp). Ground temperatures increase dramatically within hours after exposure to sun; and invertebrate activity begins simultaneously. Wind speeds are attenuated almost completely within 10 cm of the ground in willows and tussock tundra. The combination of these conditions provides an ideal refuge, especially for passerine migrants in early spring. However, if conditions worsen, the birds can leave. There are adjustments of the adrenocortical responses to stress because arctic conditions in spring are potentially severe, at least compared with wintering grounds to the south. Secretion of corticosterone in response to acute stress is enhanced at arrival in males, accompanied by a decrease in sensitivity to negative feedback and a change in responsiveness of the adrenal cortex cells to adrenocorticotropin. There is also an increase in levels of corticosterone-binding globulin (CBG) so that the actions of corticosterone are buffered according to the severity of environmental conditions. Regulation at the level of genomic receptors, particularly the low affinity glucocorticosteroid-like receptor for corticosterone in brain and liver, may be important; and non-genomic actions of corticosterone may play a major role too. In other words, the hormone-behavior system associated with arrival biology is highly flexible.

关键词： Arctic Migration Stress Adrenal Corticosterone Receptor

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An experimental test of whether pied flycatchers choose the best territory for rearing the young

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Current zoology 2015年第4期61卷 604-613页

作者： Elina MANTYLA Paivi M. SIRKIA Tero KLEMOLA Toni LAAKSONEN section of Ecology Department of Biology University of Turku FI-20014 Turku Finland Institute of Biology Freie Universitat Berlin Haderslebener Str. 9 DE- 12163 Berlin Germany

It is often assumed that birds are able to choose a breeding territory that will later on have the most food for nestlings. Studies on this essential question are, however, few. We studied territory choice of a long-distance migrant, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in southwestern Finland. In one study area, we monitored the territory choice of males via the order of territory settlement. Female territory choice was studied experimentally in another study area where the correlation between male and territory quality was removed by not allowing males a free choice of territory. We defined several habitat characteristics and es- timated the abundances of invertebrate prey from air, ground and trees with appropriate traps from the surroundings of the nest sites in both study areas. Against the expectation that parent birds would choose an arthropod-rich territory, neither males nor females seemed to choose those territories that later had the most food for nestlings. There was, however, some evidence that more eggs were laid in territories with more aphids and that more fledglings were produced in territories with high ant abundance. Our findings thus suggest that while it would be beneficial for birds to be able to choose food-rich territories, they may not be able to detect the right cues for doing so early in the breeding season. The possibility and importance of detecting the territories with the best prospects of rearing young may, however, vary among and within seasons and more studies on this topic are clearly needed [Current zoology 61 （4）： 604-613, 2015].

关键词： Avian breeding Food availability Habitat choice Laying date Life history Nestling condition

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invertebrates Diversity in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and Nearby Farmland at Gede,Kilifi County,Kenya

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Journal of Zoological Research 2022年第2期4卷 21-30页

作者： Simon Musila Ivan Castro-Arellano Robert Syingi Nathan Gichuki Mammalogy section Zoology DepartmentNational Museums of KenyaP.O.Box 40658-00100GPO NairobiKenya Department of Biology Texas State University-San Marcos601 University DriveSan MarcosTX 7866-4684US School of Biological Sciences University of NairobiChiromo-NairobiKenya

Insectivorous bats mainly feed on various types of *** authors studied the abundance and diversity of invertebrates in the farmland in the eastern part of Arabuko-Sokoke Forest,mainly to assess their availability to insectivorous bats occurring in the two study *** powered light traps were used to attract aerial invertebrates to a white suspended cloth sheet used as a landing *** sampling was conducted for four hours in one trapping station each night,and in twelve different stations both in the ASF and farmland.A total of 6,557 invertebrates individuals were trapped,which included 48%in ASF and 52%in the *** two most common invertebrate orders were Hymenoptera(ants,bees,wasps and sawflies)represented by 38.1%,and Coleoptera(beetles,28.1%).The interior of ASF had higher invertebrate species diversity(Shannon-Weiner index 1.72±0.1),than the farmland(1.41±0.1).Although the farmland(260.5±52.9,N=12)had higher mean number of invertebrates trapped per night,than the interior of ASF(200.3±36.4,N=12),there was no significant difference between the medians of invertebrates captured in the two study areas(Mann-Whitney U-Test,U=61:P>0.544).Thus,the farmland and the interior of ASF had the same invertebrate *** study indicates the value of human-modified areas(agricultural and human settlements)landscapes,always ignored in biodiversity surveys,in sustaining diverse invertebrates that are preyed by different species of insectivorous bats that occur in the two study areas.

关键词： Light traps Sampling Hymenoptera Coleoptera Abundance Insectivorous bats Prey

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