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Impact of nitrogen input from biosolids application on carbon sequestration in a Pinus radiata forest

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第2期9卷 213-221页

作者： Jianming Xue Mark O.Kimberley Russell B.McKinley scion PO Box 29237Christchurch8440New Zealand Retired(previously scion) Rotorua3010New Zealand scion Private Bag 3020Rotorua3046New Zealand

Background:Forest management practices(*** of stand density,fertilisation)are just as important in carbon(C)forestry as in other types of forestry and will affect the level of C sequestration and *** C stored in wood is approximately proportional to the product of its volume and density,it is necessary to account for both volume growth and wood density when assessing the effects of fertilisation on C sequestration in pine ***:The effects of nitrogen(N)input from biosolids application on forest C sequestration were quantified from an intensively monitored biosolids field trial in a Pinus radiata plantation on a sandy soil in New *** field trial tested the application of three biosolids rates:Control(no application),Standard(300 kg N⋅ha^(-1) applied every three years),and High(600 kg N⋅ha^(-1) applied every three years),across three levels of stand density:300,450,and 600 stems⋅ha^(-1).Carbon sequestration was estimated using the C-Change model from annual plot measurements of stand density,stem height and diameter,and annual breast height wood densities obtained from increment ***:By age 24 years,N-fertilised trees had sequestered 40 t C⋅ha^(-1) more than unfertilised trees,an increase of 18%.Fertilisation increased stem volume by 23%but reduced stem wood density by 2.5%.Most of the increased C sequestration occurred between age 6 and age 17 years and the Standard rate gave the same increase in C sequestration as the High *** average,there was no significant difference in growth rate between fertilised and unfertilised trees after the 17th growth year,but the increased growth ceased earlier at higher stand densities,and later at lower stand ***:This study indicates that 2–3 applications of the Standard rate would have been sufficient to achieve the increased C sequestration,with an applied N to C conversion ratio of 43–65 kg C⋅kg^(-1) *** results highlight that N fertilisation will become

关键词： Biosolids application Stand density and growth Wood density C sequestration

Natural forests in New Zealand–a large terrestrial carbon pool in a national state of equilibrium

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Forest Ecosystems 2021年第3期8卷 458-478页

作者： Thomas Paul Mark O.Kimberley Peter N.Beets scion Private Bag 3020Rotorua 3046New Zealand Environmental Statistics Ltd Whangapararoa 0930New Zealand retired(previously scion) Rotorua 3010New Zealand

Background:Natural forests cover approximately 29%of New Zealand’s landmass and represent a large terrestrial carbon *** 2002 New Zealand implemented its first representative plot-based natural forest inventory to assess carbon stocks and stock changes in these mostly undisturbed old-growth *** previous studies have provided estimates of biomass or carbon stocks,these were either not fully representative or lacked data from important pools such as dead wood(coarse woody debris).The current analysis provides the most complete estimates of carbon stocks and stock changes in natural forests in New ***:We present estimates of per hectare carbon stocks and stock changes in live and dead organic matter pools excluding soil carbon based on the first two measurement cycles of the New Zealand Natural Forest Inventory carried out from 2002 to *** show that New Zealand’s natural forests are in balance and are neither a carbon source nor a carbon *** average total carbon stock was 227.0±14.4 tC·ha^(−1)(95%C.I.)and did not change significantly in the 7.7 years between measurements with the net annual change estimated to be 0.03±0.18 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1).There was a wide variation in carbon stocks between forest *** forest had an averaged carbon stock of only 53.6±9.4 tC·ha^(−1) but had a significant sequestration rate of 0.63±0.25 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1),while tall forest had an average carbon stock of 252.4±15.5 tC·ha^(−1),but its sequestration rate did not differ significantly from zero(−0.06±0.20 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1)).The forest alliance with the largest average carbon stock in above and below ground live and dead organic matter pools was silver beech-red beech-kamahi forest carrying 360.5±34.6 tC·ha^(−1).Dead wood and litter comprised 27%of the total carbon ***:New Zealand’s Natural Forest Inventory provides estimates of carbon stocks including estimates for difficult to measure pools such as dead wood and roots.I

关键词： Forest inventory Natural forests Carbon stocks and change Terrestrial carbon pool

Scoping Antifungal Activities of Various Forms of Chitosan Oligomers and Their Potential Fixation in Wood

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Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 2013年第12期7卷 1175-1180页

作者： Ibrar Hussain Colleen Chittenden Tripti Singh scion Rotorua 3072 New Zealand

Chitosan oligomers （average Dp-4） are known for their antifungal activity and wood decay resistance. These oligomers are susceptible to moisture, and promote yeast growth upon air exposure after a sufficient length of time. Chitosan oligomers of three different states viz. completely dried, freshly prepared and highly viscous form, were prepared to compare their in-vitro antifungal activities against three brown-rot fungi, two sapstain and one mould fungus using agar nutrient medium. Additionally, a mixture of chitosan oligomers and boric acid was used for wood treatment. The nutrient medium bioassay results show that all states of chitosan oligomers inhibited the growth of tested basidiomycetes fungi, but not sapstain and mould fungi. Subsequently, wood decay results confirm antifungal activity of chitosan oligomers plus boron against basidiomycetes, but highlighted their leachability upon water exposure.

关键词： Chitosan oligomers nitrous acid deaminative depolymerisation antifungal activity boric acid wood decay resistance.

Light-driven micro-tool equipped with a syringe function

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Light(Science & Applications) 2016年第1期5卷 499-505页

作者： Mark Jayson Villangca Darwin Palima Andrew Rafael Bañas Jesper Glückstad DTU Fotonik Department of Photonics EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkDK-2800Kgs.LyngbyDenmark OptoRobotix ApS Scion DTUDiplomvej 381DK-2800Kgs.LyngbyDenmark

Leveraging developments in microfabrication open new possibilities for optical *** the structural design freedom from three-dimensional printing capabilities of two-photon polymerization,we are starting to see the emergence of cleverly shaped‘light robots’or optically actuated micro-tools that closely resemble their macroscopic counterparts in function and sometimes even in *** this work,we have fabricated a new type of light robot that is capable of loading and unloading cargo using photothermally induced convection currents within the body of the *** have demonstrated this using silica and polystyrene beads as *** flow speeds of the cargo during loading and unloading are significantly larger than when using optical forces *** new type of light robot presents a mode of material transport that may have a significant impact on targeted drug delivery and nanofluidics injection.

关键词： material transport optical manipulation thermal convection two-photon fabrication

Nanotechnology approaches towards biodeterioration-resistant wood:A review

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Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 2024年第1期9卷 3-26页

作者： Ayyoob Arpanaei Qiliang Fu Tripti Singh scion Private Bag 3020Rotorua 3046New Zealand Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources College of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China

Wood can be a suitable alternative to energy-intensive materials in various ***-ertheless,its susceptibility to weathering and decay has significantly hindered the broad adop-tion of the most commercially significant wood *** current solutions do tackle certain challenges,they often come with disadvantages like high costs,environmental risks,and/or ***-based methods can be employed to mitigate these weaknesses and create durable,sustainable wood *** this review,we delve into cutting-edge advance-ments in the development of biodeterioration-resistant wood through innovative nanotechnol-ogy *** methods usually involve the application of nanomaterials,either pos-sessing biocidal properties or serving as carriers for *** systematically describe these approaches and compare them to conventional wood modification ***,this re-view provides a brief overview of the prevalent biodeteriorating organisms and their mechanisms of action,which notably impact the development and choice of a suitable strategy for wood mod-ification/*** the requirements of biodeteriorating organisms for growth and wood degradation,it is expected that the new nanotechnology-based approaches to enhance wood dura-bility may provide innovative broad-spectrum biocidal *** systems can simulta-neously induce alterations in the physicochemical properties of wood,thereby constraining the availability of the growth *** alterations can efficiently inhibit the biodeterio-ration process by decreasing water absorption,restricting access to the wood components,and reducing void spaces within the wood ***,this review highlights the new oppor-tunities,challenges,and perspectives of nanotechnology methods for biodeterioration-resistant wood,through which some techno-economic,environmental and safety aspects associated with these methods are addressed.

关键词： Wood durability Decay Wood modification Biodeterioration mechanisms Biocides Wood nanotechnology

Prediction model for mercury transfer from soil to corn grain and its cross-species extrapolation

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第10期15卷 2393-2402页

作者： HU Hai-yan LI Zhao-jun FENG Yao LIU Yuan-wang XUE Jian-ming Murray Davis LIANG Yong-chao Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Ministry of Agriculture/China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory for Soil Molecular Ecology scion College of Environmental and Resources Zhejiang University

In this study the transfer characteristics of mercury（Hg） from a wide range of Chinese soils to corn grain（cultivar Zhengdan 958） were investigated. Prediction models were developed for determining the Hg bioconcentration factor（BCF） of Zhengdan 958 from soil, including the soil properties, such as p H, organic matter（OM） concentration, cation exchange capacity（CEC）, total nitrogen concentration（TN）, total phosphorus concentration（TP）, total potassium concentration（TK）, and total Hg concentration（THg）, using multiple stepwise regression analysis. These prediction models were applied to other non-model corn cultivars using a cross-species extrapolation approach. The results indicated that the soil p H was the most important factor associated with the transfer of Hg from soil to corn grain. Hg bioaccumulation in corn grain increased with the decreasing p H. No significant differences were found between two prediction models derived from different rates of Hg applied to the soil as HgCl2. The prediction models established in this study can be applied to other non-model corn cultivars and are useful for predicting Hg bioconcentration in corn grain and assessing the ecological risk of Hg in different soils.

关键词： soils corn grain bioconcentration factor(BCF) prediction model Hg

Thermo-controlled,self-released smart wood tailored by nanotechnology for fast clean-up of highly viscous liquids

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SmartMat 2023年第1期4卷 153-167页

作者： Yahui Cai Jianfei Wu Kaili Wang Youming Dong Jundie Hu Jiafu Qu Dan Tian Jianzhang Li Qiliang Fu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources College of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and TechnologySuzhouChina scion RororuaNew Zealand

Designing highly porous materials is of great importance for liquid separation,water purification,and disinfection,such as spill oil cleaning and recycling,seawater desalting,and oil/water ***,a remaining challenge is to produce porous materials with the characteristics of fast absorption,continuous directional transport,and self-release of viscous ***,a functional cellulosic composite is reported by the chemical treatment and functionalization of wood resulting in a smart wood that can thermally selfrelease and separate high viscosity *** smart wood has a high absorption speed of 1398 mL/(m_(2)·s)(ethylene glycol)and a maximum absorption capacity of 47.2 g/g(chloroform)due to its intrinsic vertical micro/nanoscale channel structure,low tortuosity,and high ***,the switchable wettability is achieved by the surface coating of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)on the porous wood,which enables the collection and removal of oil from the oil/water *** high viscosity oil can be automatically released due to the passive oil release at room *** release capacity of the smart wood remains above 91%after 15 cyclic *** envision that this functional smart wood could be extended to a wide range of applications in smart hydrogels,microfluidics,artificial drug release,and environmental restoration.

关键词： fast clean-up nanomaterial self-release smart wood thermal responsive

Maintaining an Optimal Flow of Forest Products under a Carbon Market: Approximating a Pareto Set of Optimal Silvicultural Regimes for Eucalyptus fastigata

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Open Journal of Forestry 2012年第3期2卷 138-149页

作者： Oliver Chikumbo Thomas J. Straka Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Clemson University Clemson USA scion Rotorua New Zealand

A competitive co-evolutionary Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (cc-MOGA) was used to approximate a Pareto front of efficient silvicultural regimes for Eucalyptus fastigata. The three objectives to be maximised included, sawlog, pulpwood and carbon sequestration payment. Three carbon price scenarios (3CPS), i.e. NZ $25, NZ $50 and NZ $100 for a tonne of CO2 sequestered, were used to assess the impact on silvicultural regimes, against a fourth non-carbon Pareto set of efficient regimes (nonCPS), determined from a cc-MOGA with two objectives, i.e. competing sawlog and pulpwood productions. Carbon prices included in stand valuation were found to influence the silvicultural regimes by increasing the rotation length and lowering the final crop number before clearfell. However, there were no significant changes in the frequency, timing, and intensity of thinning operations amongst all the four Pareto sets of solutions. However, the 3CPS were not significantly different from each other, which meant that these silvicultural regimes were insensitive to the price of carbon. This was because maximising carbon sequestration was directly related to the biological growth rate. As such an optimal mix of frequency, intensity, and timing of thinning maintained maximum growth rate for as long as possible for any one rotation.

关键词： Optimal Control Competitive Co-Evolutionary Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (cc-MOGA) Pareto Front Forest Holding Value Kruskal-Wallis Test Multiple Comparison Procedure

Inhibition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria promotes the growth of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in ammonium-rich alkaline soils

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Pedosphere 2022年第4期32卷 532-542页

作者： Chang YIN Xiaoping FAN Hao CHEN Mujun YE Guochao YAN Tingqiang LI Hongyun PENG Shengzhe E Zongxian CHE Steven AWAKELIN Yongchao LIANG Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health Ministry of EducationCollege of Environmental&Resource SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Water-Saving Agriculture Gansu Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou 730070China scion Research P.O.Box 29237Christchurch 8011New Zealand

Disparities in the substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia have been believed to play a key role in driving niche differentiation between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB);however, recent surveys argue that direct competition between AOA and AOB is also important in this phenomenon. Accordingly, it is reasonable to predict that diverse AOA lineages would grow in ammonium (NH_(4)^(+))-rich alkaline arable soils if AOB growth is suppressed. To test this hypothesis, a microcosm study was established using three different types of alkaline arable soils, in which a high NH_(4)^(+) concentration (200 μg N g^(-1) dry soil) was maintained by routinely replenishing urea and the activities of AOB were selectively inhibited by 1-octyne or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Compared with amendment with urea alone, 1-octyne partially retarded AOB growth, while DMPP completely inhibited AOB. Both inhibitors accelerated the growth of AOA, with significantly higher ratios of abundance of AOA to AOB observed with DMPP amendment across soils. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) indicated that different treatments significantly altered the community structures of both AOA and AOB and AOA OTUs enriched by high-NH_(4)^(+) amendment were taxonomically constrained across the soils tested and closely related to Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76 and N. garnensis. Given that these representative strains have been demonstrated to be sensitive to high ammonia concentrations, our results suggest that it is the competitiveness for ammonia, rather than disparities in substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia, that drives niche differentiation between these phylotypes and AOB in NH_(4)^(+)-rich alkaline soils.

关键词： community structure 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate niche differentiation 1-octyne substrate affinity tolerance threshold