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A More Efficient Approach for Remote Sensing Image Classification

Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第3期74卷 5741-5756页

作者： Huaxiang Song school of geography science and tourism Hunan University of Arts and ScienceChangde415000China

Over the past decade,the significant growth of the convolutional neural network(CNN)based on deep learning(DL)approaches has greatly improved the machine learning(ML)algorithm’s performance on the semantic scene classification(SSC)of remote sensing images(RSI).However,the unbalanced attention to classification accuracy and efficiency has made the superiority of DL-based algorithms,e.g.,automation and simplicity,partially *** ML strategies(e.g.,the handcrafted features or indicators)and accuracy-aimed strategies with a high trade-off(e.g.,the multi-stage CNNs and ensemble of multi-CNNs)are widely used without any training efficiency optimization involved,which may result in suboptimal *** address this problem,we propose a fast and simple training CNN framework(named FST-EfficientNet)for RSI-SSC based on an EfficientNetversion2 small(EfficientNetV2-S)CNN *** whole algorithm flow is completely one-stage and end-to-end without any handcrafted features or discriminators *** the implementation of training efficiency optimization,only several routine data augmentation tricks coupled with a fixed ratio of resolution or a gradually increasing resolution strategy are employed,so that the algorithm’s trade-off is very *** performance evaluation shows that our FST-EfficientNet achieves new state-of-the-art(SOTA)records in the overall accuracy(OA)with about 0.8%to 2.7%ahead of all earlier methods on the Aerial Image Dataset(AID)and Northwestern Poly-technical University Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification 45 Dataset(NWPU-RESISC45D).Meanwhile,the results also demonstrate the importance and indispensability of training efficiency optimization strategies for RSI-SSC by *** fact,it is not necessary to gain better classification accuracy by completely relying on an excessive trade-off without ***,these findings are expected to contribute to the development of more efficient CNN-based approaches in RSI-SSC.

关键词： FST-EfficientNet efficient approach scene classification remote sensing deep learning

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Quantifying spatial scale of positive and negative terrains pattern at watershed-scale:Case in soil and water conservation region on Loess Plateau

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Journal of Mountain science 2017年第8期14卷 1642-1654页

作者： YANG Feng ZHOU Yi school of geography and tourism Shaanxi Normal University

The positive and negative terrains(P-N terrains) widely distributed across China's Loess Plateau constitute the dual structure characteristic of loess landforms. Analysis of loess P-N terrains at the watershed scale can serve to elucidate the structural characteristics and spatial patterns of P-N terrains, which benefits a better understanding of watershed evolution and suitable scales for loess landform research. The Two-Term Local Quadrat Variance Analysis(TTLQV) is calculated as the average of the square of the difference between the block totals of all possible adjacent pairs of block size, which can be used to detect both the scale and the intensity of landscape patches(e.g., plant/animal communities and gully networks). In this study, we determined the latitudinal and longitudinal spatial scale of P-N terrain patterns within 104 uniformly distributed watersheds in our target soil and water conservation region. The results showed that TTLQV is very effective for examining the scale of P-N terrain patterns. There were apparently three types of P-N terrain pattern in latitudinal direction(i.e., Loess Tableland type, Loess Hill type, and Transitional Form between Sand and Loess type), whereas there were both lower and higher values for P-N terrain pattern scales in all loess landforms in the longitudinal direction. The P-N terrain pattern alsoclearly presented anisotropy, suggesting that gully networks in the main direction were well-developed while others were relatively undeveloped. In addition, the relationships between the first scales and controlling factors(i.e., gully density, nibble degree, watershed area, mean watershed slope, NDVI, precipitation, loess thickness, and loess landforms) revealed that the first scales are primarily controlled by watershed area and loess landforms. This may indicate that the current spatial pattern of P-N terrains is characterized by internal force. In selecting suitable study areas in China' Loess Plateau, it is crucial to u

关键词： Positive and negative terrains TTLQV Spatial pattern scale Loess landforms Loess Plateau

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Changes in the depths of seasonal freezing and thawing and their effects on vegetation in the Three-River Headwater Region of the Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Mountain science 2019年第12期16卷 2810-2827页

作者： WANG Rui DONG Zhi-bao ZHOU Zheng-chao school of geography and tourism Shaanxi Normal University

Frozen ground degradation plays an important role in vegetation growth and activity in high-altitude cold *** study estimated the spatiotemporal variations in the active layer thickness(ALT)of the permafrost region and the soil freeze depth(SFD)in the seasonally frozen ground region across the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR)from 1980 to 2014 using the Stefan equation,and differentiated the effects of these variations on alpine vegetation in these two *** results showed that the average ALT from 1980 to 2014 increased by23.01 cm/10 a,while the average SFD decreased by 3.41 cm/10 a,and both changed intensively in the transitional zone between the seasonally frozen ground and *** 1982-2014,the increase in the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and the advancement of the start of the vegetation growing season(SOS)in the seasonally frozen ground region(0.0078/10 a,1.83 d/10 a)were greater than those in the permafrost region(0.0057/10 a,0.39 d/10 a).The results of the correlation analysis indicated that increases in the ALT and decreases in the SFD in the TRSR could lead to increases in the NDVI and advancement of the *** soil moisture played a critical role in vegetation growth in association with the increasing ALT and decreasing *** NDVI for all vegetation types in the TRSR except for alpine vegetation showed an increasing trend that was significantly related to the SFD and *** the study period,the general frozen ground conditions were favorable to vegetation growth,while the average contributions of ALT and SFD to the interannual variation in the NDVI were greater than that of precipitation but less than that of temperature.

关键词： Frozen soil depth Active layer thickness Alpine vegetation Climate warming Three Rivers Source Region

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A Consistent Mistake in Remote Sensing Images’Classification Literature

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第8期37卷 1381-1398页

作者： Huaxiang Song school of geography science and tourism Hunan University of Arts and ScienceChangde415000China

Recently,the convolutional neural network(CNN)has been dom-inant in studies on interpreting remote sensing images(RSI).However,it appears that training optimization strategies have received less attention in relevant *** evaluate this problem,the author proposes a novel algo-rithm named the Fast Training CNN(FST-CNN).To verify the algorithm’s effectiveness,twenty methods,including six classic models and thirty archi-tectures from previous studies,are included in a performance *** overall accuracy(OA)trained by the FST-CNN algorithm on the same model architecture and dataset is treated as an evaluation *** show that there is a maximal OA gap of 8.35%between the FST-CNN and those methods in the literature,which means a 10%margin in ***,all those complex roadmaps,e.g.,deep feature fusion,model combination,model ensembles,and human feature engineering,are not as effective as *** reveals that there was systemic suboptimal perfor-mance in the previous *** of the CNN-based methods proposed in the previous studies show a consistent mistake,which has made the model’s accuracy lower than its potential *** most important reasons seem to be the inappropriate training strategy and the shift in data distribution introduced by data augmentation(DA).As a result,most of the performance evaluation was conducted based on an inaccurate,suboptimal,and unfair *** has made most of the previous research findings questionable to some ***,all these confusing results also exactly demonstrate the effectiveness of *** novel algorithm is model-agnostic and can be employed on any image classification model to potentially boost *** addition,the results also show that a standardized training strategy is indeed very meaningful for the research tasks of the RSI-SC.

关键词： Consistent mistake remote sensing image classification convolutional neural network deep learning

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Efficient knowledge distillation for hybrid models:A vision transformer‐convolutional neural network to convolutional neural network approach for classifying remote sensing images

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IET Cyber-Systems and Robotics 2024年第3期6卷 1-22页

作者： Huaxiang Song Yuxuan Yuan Zhiwei Ouyang Yu Yang Hui Xiang school of geography science and tourism Hunan University of Arts and ScienceChangdeHunanChina

In various fields,knowledge distillation(KD)techniques that combine vision transformers(ViTs)and convolutional neural networks(CNNs)as a hybrid teacher have shown remarkable results in ***,in the realm of remote sensing images(RSIs),existing KD research studies are not only scarce but also lack *** issue significantly impedes the deployment of the notable advantages of ViTs and *** tackle this,the authors introduce a novel hybrid‐model KD approach named HMKD‐Net,which comprises a CNN‐ViT ensemble teacher and a CNN *** to popular opinion,the authors posit that the sparsity in RSI data distribution limits the effectiveness and efficiency of hybrid‐model knowledge *** a solution,a simple yet innovative method to handle variances during the KD phase is suggested,leading to substantial enhancements in the effectiveness and efficiency of hybrid knowledge *** authors assessed the performance of HMKD‐Net on three RSI *** findings indicate that HMKD‐Net significantly outperforms other cuttingedge methods while maintaining a significantly smaller ***,HMKD‐Net exceeds other KD‐based methods with a maximum accuracy improvement of 22.8%across various *** ablation experiments indicated,HMKD‐Net has cut down on time expenses by about 80%in the KD *** research study validates that the hybrid‐model KD technique can be more effective and efficient if the data distribution sparsity in RSIs is well handled.

关键词： hybrid‐model knowledge distillation remote sensing image classification vision transformer

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Contribution of underlying terrain to sand dunes: evidence from the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2021年第12期13卷 1215-1229页

作者： LI Jiyan QU Xin DONG Zhibao CAI Yingying LIU Min REN Xiaozong CUI Xujia school of geography science Taiyuan Normal UniversityJinzhong 030619China school of geography and tourism Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China

Underlying terrain strongly influences dune ***,the impacts of underlying terrain on the dune formation are poorly *** the present research,we focused on dunes that formed in the alluvial fans and dry salt flats in the Qaidam Basin,Northwest *** quantified the dunes'sediment characteristics on different types of underlying terrain and the terrain's effects on the surface quartz grains by analyzing grain-size distribution,soluble salt contents and grain surface *** showed that barchan dunes were dominated by medium sands with a unimodal frequency distribution,whose peak corresponded to the saltation *** dunes were mainly composed of fine sands with a bimodal frequency distribution,whose main peak represented the saltation load,and whose secondary peak represented the modified saltation or suspension *** was transported from source area by running water(inland rivers)over short distances and by wind over relatively longer ***,quartz grains had poor roundness and were dominated by sub-angular and angular *** micro-textures indicated that dune sands were successively transported by exogenic agents(glaciation,fluviation and wind).Soluble salt contents were low in dunes that developed in the alluvial fans,which represented a low-energy chemical environment,so the grain surface micro-textures mainly resulted from mechanical erosion,with weak micro-textures formed by SiO2 solution and ***,soluble salt contents were much higher in dunes that developed in the dry salt flats,which indicated a high-energy chemical ***,in addition to micro-structures caused by mechanical erosion,micro-textures formed by SiO2 solution and precipitation also well *** results improve understanding of the sediment characteristics of dune sands and the effects of underlying terrain on dune development in the Qaidam Basin,China.

关键词： dune grain-size distribution soluble salts surface micro-texture Qaidam Basin

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Land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units on the Chinese Loess Plateau

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Journal of Arid Land 2020年第1期12卷 29-43页

作者： SONG Yongyong XUE Dongqian DAI Lanhai WANG Pengtao HUANG Xiaogang XIA Siyou school of geography and tourism Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China school of tourism&Research Institute of Human geography Xi'an International Studies UniversityXi'an 710128China school of geography science Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China

Land cover in the Chinese Loess Plateau has undergone dramatic changes since the late *** the trend in land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units in this stage is a realistic requirement for promoting sustainable development of the Chinese Loess *** on the data of geomorphic units and land cover in 1990,2000,2010 and 2018 of the Chinese Loess Plateau,we studied the trend of land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units by using a significance index of land cover change,a proportion index of land cover change and an eco-environmental response *** results indicated that from 1990 to 2018,the areas of forestland and construction land substantially increased,whereas those of cropland,grassland,wetland and unused land considerably *** cover change exhibited large geomorphic differences,and the main conversion of land cover was from cropland into other land *** trend of land cover change in the loess tablelands and sandy loess hills declined,whereas the unstable trends in the other geomorphic units ***-environmental quality varied among different geomorphic *** expansion of construction land and degradation of forestland,grassland and wetland resulted in the deterioration of eco-environmental *** conversion of cropland and unused land into forestland and grassland,and the conversion of grassland into forestland were the main factors that drove the improvement of eco-environmental *** findings of this study may provide theoretical reference and support decision making for the optimization of land use structure and the improvement of eco-environmental quality on the Chinese Loess Plateau.

关键词： cropland degradation eco-environmental quality index grassland human activity unused land relative ecological value

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Evolution of Jobs-housing Spatial Relationship in Beijing Metropolitan Area:A Job Accessibility Perspective

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Chinese Geographical science 2015年第3期25卷 375-388页

作者： HAN Huiran YANG Chengfeng WANG Enru SONG Jinping ZHANG Meng school of geography Beijing Normal University Department of geography University of North Dakota Faculty of Hospitality and tourism Management Macao University of Science and Technology

With the urban expansion and economic restructuring, the jobs-housing relationship has become an important issue in studies on urban spatial structure. This paper employed a job accessibility model, which is an evaluation instrument to measure the jobs-housing relationship in Beijing Metropolitan Area from a job accessibility perspective. The results indicate that the population in the central city is declining, whereas the population in the suburbs is consistently growing and forming new population centers. However, the distribution pattern of employment is still highly centralized. Job accessibility varies in different locations, but the inner-city areas(within the Third Ring road) have seen improved job accessibility over time while job accessibility in the suburbs(especially outside the Fourth Ring road) has decreased, and this has led it to become a primary area of residential and employment mismatch. At the same time, the new towns in the outer suburbs have not yet demonstrated great potential to attract more jobs. In addition we find that, to some extent, urban planning changes the jobs-housing relationship, but a polycentric urban spatial structure is not yet evident. The floating population and related housing policy also affect the jobs-housing relationship. We propose some measures to resolve the spatial mismatch as well as some future research directions.

关键词： jobs-housing relationship job accessibility spatial mismatch population density employment density Beijing Metropoli-tan Area

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The shape character and development stage of nebkha

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High Technology Letters 2009年第4期15卷 440-445页

作者：武胜利 College of geography science and tourism Xinjiang Normal University

Based on statistical analysis on morphological data of nebkhas surveyed in the Hotan River Basin,Xinjiang, the changing regularity and characters of nebkhas’ morphology in different development stageshave been discussed. Results indicate that there exist better correlation among length, width and altitudeof all kinds of nebkhas, but there are certain various shape characters in different nebkhas and the sametype of nebkhas in differential development stages. On account of analysis on mathematical imitation ofnebkhas’ shape characters, regional ecological environmental and aeolian characters, the development ofthe nebkha can be divided into a growing stage, a stabilizing stage and a declining stage.

关键词： nebkha shape character growth stage Hotan River Basin

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Evaluation on tourism Ecological Security in Nature Heritage Sites——Case of Kanas Nature Reserve of Xinjiang,China

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Chinese Geographical science 2009年第3期19卷 265-273页

作者： LIU Xuling YANG Zhaoping DI Feng CHEN Xuegang tourism school Xinjiang University of Finance ＆ Economics Urumqi 830012 China Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China school of geography science and tourism Xinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China

The nature heritages are the precious legacy of nature with outstanding scientific and aesthetic value. They are quite different from other common ecotourism areas, because of its original and unique system, sensitive and vulnerable landscape, and peripheral cultural features. Therefore, the tourism development in the nature heritage sites should be on the premise of ecological security. The evaluation index system of tourism ecological security in nature heritage sites was constructed in this article by AHP and Delphi methods, including nature ecological security, landscape visual security and local culture ecological security, and the security thresholds of indices were also established. In the indices' weights of the evaluation model, the nature ecological security ranked the highest, followed by tourist landscape visual security and culture ecological security, which reflected the influence degree of the limited factor to tourism ecological security. Then, this paper carried out an empirical study of Kanas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, which has the potential to be the World Nature Heritage. On the basis of the data attained from survey and observation on the spot, as well as questionnaire answered by tourists and local communities, the ecological security status in Kanas was evaluated. The result showed that the status of Kanas tourism ecological security was better, but there had some limiting factors. Lastly, effective measures were put forward to ensure its ecological security.

关键词： nature heritage tourism ecological security nature ecological security landscape visual security local culture ecological security Kanas

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