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The existence of saturated vapors in the deep source region of 2017Pohang earthquake evidenced from seismic tomography

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earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第5期8卷 811-821页

作者： JiaWei Qian HaiJiang Zhang Lei Guo Uzonna Okenna Anyiam Changsoo Cho Kang Hyeun Ji HaoRan Ma school of Carbon Neutrality Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology College of oceanography Hohai University Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of earth's Interior School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hebei earthquake Agency Geological and environmental Science Hope College earthquake research Center Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources

Geothermal resources are a promising approach to clean renewable energy; 90% of them are deep reservoirs of hot dry rock that require hydraulic fracturing to create a network of connections among wells to enable efficient heat exchange, known as an Enhanced Geothermal System（EGS）. The Pohang EGS project in south Korea led to a devasting Mw5.5 earthquake, triggered by the reservoir's EGS stimulation, the largest earthquake known to have been induced by EGS development. Detailed investigations have been conducted to understand the cause of the Pohang earthquake; the conclusion has been that overpressurized injected fluids migrated into an unknown fault triggering this large earthquake. Detailed velocity images for the source zone of the 2017 Pohang earthquake,which could be helpful for further understanding its inducing mechanism, are unavailable. However, we have assembled detailed aftershock data recorded by 41 local stations installed within about three months after the Mw5.5 Pohang earthquake, and have then applied the Vp/Vsmodel's consistency-constrained double-difference seismic tomography method to determine the high-resolution three-dimensional Vp（compressional wave velocity）, Vs（shear wave velocity）, and Vp/Vsmodels of the source region that we report here,as well as earthquake locations within the source region. The velocity images reveal that the deep source area of the 2017 Pohang earthquake is dominated by low Vp, high Vs, and low Vp/Vsanomalies, a pattern that can be caused by overpressurized vapors due to high temperatures at these depths. Based on aftershock locations and velocity features, our studies support the conclusion that the 2017Pohang earthquake was triggered by injected EGS fluids that migrated into a blind fault.

关键词： Pohang earthquake tomoDDMC low Vp/Vs saturated vapors EGS

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Permeability Estimation of Shale Oil Reservoir with Laboratory-derived Data: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member in Ordos Basin

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Applied Geophysics 2024年第3期21卷 440-455,616页

作者： Zhang Lin Gao Li Ba Jing Zhang Meng-Bo JoséM.Carcione Liu Wei-Hua school of earth sciences and Engineering Hohai UniversityNanjingJiangsu211000 Exploration and Development research institute of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi'an Shanxi710018 National institute of oceanography and Applied Geophysics(OGS) SgonicoTrieste 34010 Sinopec Geophysical research institute NanjingJiangsu211103

The shale oil reservoir within the Yanchang Formations of Ordos Basin harbors substantial oil and gas resources and has recently emerged as the primary focus of unconventional oil and gas exploration and *** to its complex pore and throat structure,pronounced heterogeneity,and tight reservoir characteristics,the techniques for conventional oil and gas exploration and production face challenges in comprehensive implementation,also indicating that as a vital parameter for evaluating the physical properties of a reservoir,permeability cannot be effectively *** study selects 21 tight sandstone samples from the Q area within the shale oil formations of Ordos *** systematically conduct the experiments to measure porosity,permeability,ultrasonic wave velocities,and resistivity at varying confining *** reveal that these measurements exhibit nonlinear changes in response to effective *** using these experimental data and effective medium model,empirical relationships between P-and S-wave velocities,permeability and resistivity and effective pressure are established at logging and seismic ***,relationships between P-wave impedance and permeability,and resistivity and permeability are determined.A comparison between the predicted permeability and logging data demonstrates that the impedance–permeability relationship yields better results in contrast to those of resistivity–permeability *** relationships are further applied to the seismic interpretation of shale oil reservoir in the target layer,enabling the permeability profile predictions based on inverse P-wave *** predicted results are evaluated with actual production data,revealing a better agreement between predicted results and logging data and productivity.

关键词： shale oil reservoir P-wave impedance resistivity permeability rock physics experiment

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Four decades of full-scale nitrous oxide emission inventory in China

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National Science Review 2024年第03期11卷 137-149页

作者： Minqi Liang Zheyan Zhou Peiyang Ren Han Xiao Xu-Ri Zhongmin Hu Shilong Piao Hanqin Tian Qing Tong Feng Zhou Jing Wei Wenping Yuan school of Atmospheric sciences Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle Sun Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau earth System Resources and Environment Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province Hainan University Sino-French institute for earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking University Schiller institute for Integrated Science and Society Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Boston College institute of Energy Environment and Economy Tsinghua University Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)

China is among the top nitrous oxide（N2O）-emitting countries, but existing national inventories do not provide full-scale emissions including both natural and anthropogenic sources. We conducted a four-decade（1980–2020） of comprehensive quantification of Chinese N2O inventory using empirical emission factor method for anthropogenic sources and two up-to-date process-based models for natural sources. Total N2O emissions peaked at 2287.4（1774.8–2799.9） Gg N2O yr-1in 2018, and agriculture-developed regions, like the East, Northeast, and Central, were the top N2O-emitting regions. Agricultural N2O emissions have started to decrease after 2016 due to the decline of nitrogen fertilization applications, while, industrial and energetic sources have been dramatically increasing after 2005. N2O emissions from agriculture, industry,energy, and waste represented 49.3%, 26.4%, 17.5%, and 6.7% of the anthropogenic emissions in 2020,respectively, which revealed that it is imperative to prioritize N2O emission mitigation in agriculture,industry, and energy. Natural N2O sources, dominated by forests, have been steadily growing from 317.3（290.3–344.1） Gg N2O yr-1in 1980 to 376.2（335.5–407.2） Gg N2O yr-1in 2020. Our study produces a Full-scale Annual N2O dataset in China（FAN2020）, providing emergent counting to refine the current national N2O inventories.

关键词： nitrous oxide four decades anthropogenic sources natural sources

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Does the continuous wetting of the Tibetan Plateau contribute to the accelerated degradation of permafrost?

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Science China earth sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1714-1718页

作者： Yuyang WANG Jinzhi DING Shilong PIAO Sino-French institute for earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau earth System Environment and ResourcesInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Global warming is causing the Tibetan permafrost to degrade, as evidenced by rising ground temperatures, thicker active layer thickness, thinner permafrost layer, and melting underground ice, etc.(Ran et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2020).The degradation of permafrost not only profoundly alters the carbon cycling processes in high-altitude ecosystems,thereby influencing the regional climate system, but also affects landscape hydrological connectivity。

关键词： Tibetan landscape altitude

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Impacts of land surface darkening on frozen ground and ecosystems over the Tibetan Plateau

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Science China earth sciences 2024年第10期67卷 3213-3225页

作者： Shuchang TANG Tao WANG Dan LIU Tandong YAO Shilong PIAO Sino-French institute for earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau earth System Resources and Environment Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

Tibetan Plateau（TP） is known as the “Third Pole” of the earth. Any changes in land surface processes on the TP can have an unneglectable impact on regional and global climate. With the warming and wetting climate, the land surface of the TP saw a darkening trend featured by decreasing surface albedo over the past decades, primarily due to the melting of glaciers, snow,and greening vegetation. Recent studies have investigated the effects of the TP land surface darkening on the field of climate, but these assessments only address one aspect of the feedback loop. How do these darkening-induced climate changes affect the frozen ground and ecosystems on the TP? In this study, we investigated the impact of TP land surface darkening on regional frozen ground and ecosystems using the state-of-the-art land surface model ORCHIDEE-MICT. Our model results show that darkening-induced climate changes on the TP will lead to a reduction in the area of regional frozen ground by 1.1×10～4±0.019×10～4km2, a deepening of the regional permafrost active layer by 0.06±0.0004 m, and a decrease in the maximum freezing depth of regional seasonal frozen ground by 0.06±0.0016 m compared to the scenario without TP land surface ***, the darkening-induced climate change on the TP will result in an increase in the regional leaf area index and an enhancement in the regional gross primary productivity, ultimately leading to an increase in regional terrestrial carbon stock by0.81±0.001 PgC. This study addresses the remaining piece of the puzzle in the feedback loop of TP land surface darkening, and improves our understanding of interactions across multiple spheres on the TP. The exacerbated regional permafrost degradation and increasing regional terrestrial carbon stock induced by TP land surface darkening should be considered in the development of national ecological security barrier.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Albedo Land surface darkening Frozen ground Ecosystem

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Mobility of rhenium and selenium during chemical weathering and their implication for petrogenic organic carbon oxidation

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Science China earth sciences 2024年第3期67卷 740-750页

作者： Yuhong ZHANG Jin WANG Yuanxin QU Chao ZHU Zhangdong JIN State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi'an 710061China University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China Xi'an institute for Innovative earth Environment research Xi'an 710061China institute of Global environmental Change Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China

The oxidative weathering of petrogenic organic carbon(OC_(petro)) is an important source of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) into the atmosphere on geological timescales and significantly influences the carbon cycle and global climate change. However, at present, a robust proxy to assess OC_(petro)oxidation is lacking. Riverine rhenium(Re) has emerged as a potential proxy to trace OC_(petro)oxidation, but little is known about Re sources and its relationship with OC_(petro)oxidation. To better understand the robustness of this proxy, we analyzed a shale weathering profile from the early Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation in Chengkou County, Chongqing City, to address the mobility of Re and selenium(Se) and their relationship with the oxidation of OC_(petro)by analyses of the elemental variation and sequential extraction. The results showed that the chemical index of alteration(CIA)increases from the fresh bedrock to the weathered sections, indicating enhanced weathering intensity. Based on the sequential extraction and mass transfer coefficients(τ), Re and Se mainly exist in the organic phase of shale and are paired lost with OC_(petro) during weathering, with no obvious correlation with sulfide minerals. Furthermore, the different proportions of Re and Se loss with OC_(petro) loss can be attributed to their different geochemical behaviors during weathering. Our study supports Re as a robust proxy to trace OC_(petro) oxidation, whereas Se is the potential one. In the future, combined studies on various sedimentary rock profiles with catchment basins are needed to determine the sources of riverine Re and Se and their relationships with OC_(petro) oxidation.

关键词： Rhenium and selenium Shale Mobility OC_(petro) Chemical weathering

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First-principles study on the heterogeneous formation of environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs)overα-Fe2O3(0001)surface:Effect of oxygen vacancy

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Journal of environmental sciences 2024年第8期142卷 279-289页

作者： Wenxiao Pan Shuming He Qiao Xue Xian Liu Jianjie Fu Kang Xiao Aiqian Zhang State Key Laboratory of environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China school of Environment Hangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhou 310012China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Beijing Yanshan earth Critical Zone National research Station University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101408China

Metal oxides with oxygen vacancies have a significant impact on catalytic activity for the transformation of organic pollutants in waste-to-energy(WtE)incineration *** study aims to investigate the influence of hematite surface oxygen point defects on the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs)from phenolic compounds based on the first-principles *** oxygen-deficient conditions were considered:oxygen vacancies at the top surface and on the *** simulations indicate that the adsorption strength of phenol on theα-Fe_(2)O_(3)(0001)surface is enhanced by the presence of oxygen ***,the presence of oxygen vacancies has a negative impact on the dissociation of the phenol molecule,particularly for the surface with a defective point at the top ***-kinetic parameters were established over a temperature range of300-1000 K,and lower reaction rate constants were observed for the scission of phenolic O-H bonds over the oxygen-deficient surfaces compared to the pristine *** negative effects caused by the oxygen-deficient conditions could be attributed to the local reduction of FeⅢto FeⅡ,which lower the oxidizing ability of surface reaction *** findings of this study provide us a promising approach to regulate the formation of EPFRs.

关键词： EPFR formation Phenol dissociation Oxygen-vacancy impact Hematite surface First-principles calculation

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Autotomy and Regeneration of Appendages in Crustaceans:A Review

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第3期23卷 731-742页

作者： LIU Lei TAO Dandan WANG Chunlin FU Yuanyuan WANG Sixiang HUANG Xinlian ZHAI Wei SONG Weiwei school of Marine sciences Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315832China Ningbo institute of oceanography Ningbo 315832China

Autotomy of appendages is a self-protection mechanism in crustaceans,which is defined as the reflexive loss of a limb in response to predation,competition,or other environmental ***-limb injuries were the most common among the species surveyed in the present study,and the chelicerae were the most frequently lost *** autotomy,hormones and signaling pathways are *** of limbs can affect foraging efficiency,although cheliped loss may be compensated by shifting to alternative prey or using both motor and oral *** heterogeneous species,the loss of the major chelae may affect the selectivity of *** can affect crustacean growth by reducing size increases at molting and altering the timing of *** commercial production,removing chelicerae is an effective strategy to reduce cannibalism,and production of soft-shell crabs can be increased via *** autotomy,a new limb will regrow through regeneration and *** process involves the regulation of hormones,regrowth of nerves,and a number of signaling pathways that include the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and transforming growth factorβsignaling *** are somewhat different from vertebrates in terms of *** review provides theoretical guidance about autotomy and regeneration applied in artificial aquaculture,and we offer several suggestions for future research on autotomy and regeneration in crustaceans.

关键词： autotomy regeneration appendages crustaceans

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Two-dimensional MOF-based materials:Preparations and applications as electrodes in Li-ion batteries

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第10期97卷 388-418页

作者： Narges Nobakht Seyyed Ahmad Etghani Mohammad Hosseini Seyed Hamed Aboutalebi Condensed Matter National Laboratory Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences Batt Scout Company school of Biological sciences Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences

Two-dimensional(2D) metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) are rapidly emerging as a unique class of mushrooming family of 2D materials offering distinctive features,such as hierarchical porosity,extensive surface area,easily available active sites,and versatile,adaptable *** promising characteristics have positioned them as highly appealing alternatives for a wide range of applications in energy storage technologies,including lithium ***,the poor conductivity and limited stability of 2D MOFs have limited their real applications in electrochemical energy *** limitations have therefore warranted ongoing research to enhance the performance of 2D *** the significance of 2D MOF-based materials as an emerging class of advanced materials,a multitude of strategy has been devised to address these challenges such as synthesizing 2D conductive MOFs and derivatives along with 2D MOF *** promising approach involves the use of 2D MOF derivatives,including transition metal oxides,which due to their abundant unsatu rated active metal sites and shorter diffusion paths,offer superior electrochemical ***,by combining pristine 2D MOFs with other materials,hybrid 2D MOF materials can be *** hybrids,with their enhanced stability and conductivity,can be directly utilized as active materials in lithium *** the present review,we categorize 2D MOF-based materials into three distinct groups:pristine 2D MOFs,2D MOFderived materials,and 2D MOF hybrid *** synthesis methods for each group,along with their specific applications as electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries,are discussed in *** comprehensive review provides insights into the potential of 2D MOFs while highlighting the opportunities and challenges that are present in this evolving field.

关键词： 2D materials 2D metal-organic frameworks Energy storage Li-ion batteries Synthesis

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The response of Martian photoelectron boundary to the 2018 global dust storm

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Science China earth sciences 2024年第9期67卷 2772-2782页

作者： Yuqi WANG Jun CUI Yong WEI Zhaopeng WU Kai FAN Zhaojin RONG Fei HE Yutian CAO Jiawei GAO Key Laboratory of earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of earth and Planetary sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Planetary environmental and Astrobiological research Laboratory(PEARL) School of Atmospheric SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230026China

Extensive research efforts have revealed that the Martian dust storms can perturb the upper atmospheric condition and as a consequence,enhance plasma density and photoelectron flux in the ***,previous observational studies of the Martian dust storm impacts have been restricted to regions below 400 km,which limits our understanding of the Martian dust storm effects in the upper ionosphere and ***,based on the suprathermal electron measurements made by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution,we identify with an automatic procedure the occurrences of all photoelectron boundary(PEB)crossings at solar zenith angle below 120°(with a dust-free median altitude of about 600 km).Using the dayside PEB as a proxy of the upper ionospheric and magnetospheric condition,we analyze the variations of the PEB altitude during the 2018 global dust storm(GDS)of Mars Year 34(MY34)and compare them with the period in MY33 when there was no global dust *** conclude that the column dust optical depth(CDOD)emerges as one of the main driving factors for PEB altitude variations during the *** analysis implies that the GDS can affect the Martian upper atmosphere and ionosphere over considerable distances and extended time scales.

关键词： Martian global dust storm Martian photoelectron boundary Upper ionosphere

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