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Gradient maturation experiment on hairs implies taphonomic changes in fossil hairs

Science China earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 62-73页

作者： Xin LI Yibo ZHOU Tao ZHAO Xingjian HE Yanhong PAN State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research Center for Critical Earth Material CyclingCentre for Research and Education on Biological Evolution and Environment and Frontiers ScienceSchool of Earth Sciences and EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China institute of Palaeontology Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System ScienceYunnan Key Laboratory for PalaeobiologyYunnan UniversityKunming650500China

Mammalian hair,as a key feature related to endothermy,physical protection,and camouflage,has a long geohistorical record that dates back even to the ***,the limited information on the taphonomy of hair hinders the understanding of its evolutionary significance in deep *** address this,we conducted taphonomic experiments to simulate the transformation process of black *** changes in the morphological structure,microscopic characteristics,and chemical composition of hair during the simulated fossilization process were documented by scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,and Raman *** results revealed that damage to the morphology of hair began at a mild temperature(150–175℃),and hair transformed into a fluid-like mass at a relatively high temperature(200℃).In addition,the morphological structure of melanosomes had relatively greater preservation potential than keratins did,and the microscopic features of melanosomes were persistently *** Raman and FTIR spectra indicated that the characteristic melanin and keratin peaks changed as the temperature *** the chemical signals were not lost completely,the variations in the characteristic amide bands in the FTIR spectra indicate that the keratins severely degraded at high temperatures(>200℃),whereas the characteristic melanin bands in the Raman spectra suggested that melanin signals were still recognizable,even at high temperatures(>200℃).These results were confirmed by principal component analysis(PCA)and principal component analysis linear discriminant analysis(PCA–LDA).In addition,the Raman signals of all the samples in the simulated experiments were distinguished from the signals of common geological carbonaceous materials(humic acid),which suggested that Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect melanin in fossils.

关键词： Mammalian hair Melanin Keratin Fossilization Experimental taphonomy

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Quantitative analysis of influencing factors to aerosol pH and its responses to PM_(2.5)and O_(3)pollution in a coastal city

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2025年第5期151卷 284-297页

作者： Ke Xu Liqian Yin Qiaoling Chen Dan Liao Xiaoting Ji Keran Zhang Yu Wu Lingling Xu Mengren Li Xiaolong Fan Fuwang Zhang Zhi Huang Jinsheng Chen Youwei Hong Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric environment Key Lab of Urban Environment and HealthInstitute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen 361021China school of Life Sciences Hebei UniversityBaoding 071000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Resources and environment Fujian Agriculture and Forest UniversityFuzhou 350002China College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao UniversityXiamen 361021China College of environment and Public Health Xiamen Huaxia UniversityXiamen 361024China Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen 361021China environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian Fuzhou 350003China Xiamen institute of environmental Science Xiamen 361021China

Aerosol acidity(pH)plays an important role in the multiphase chemical processes of atmospheric *** this study,we demonstrated the seasonal trends of aerosol pH calculated with the ISORROPIA-II model in a coastal city of southeast *** performed quantitative analysis on the various influencing factors on aerosol pH,and explored the responses of aerosol pH to different PM_(2.5)and O_(3)pollution *** results showed that the average aerosol pH was 2.92±0.61,following the order of winter>spring>summer>*** tests revealed that SO_(4)^(2−),NH_(x),T and RH triggered the variations of aerosol *** analysis results showed that T(37.9%-51.2%)was the main factors affecting pH variations in four seasons,followed by SO_(4)^(2−)(6.1%-23.7%),NH_(x)(7.2%-22.2%)and RH(0–14.2%).Totally,annual mean meteorological factors(52.9%)and chemical compositions(41.3%)commonly contributed the aerosolpH in the coastal *** concentrations of PM_(2.5)was positively correlated with aerosol liquid water content(R^(2)=0.53)and aerosol pH(R^(2)=0.26),indicating that the increase in pH was related with the elevated NH_(4)NO_(3)and decreased SO_(4)^(2−),and also the changes of T and *** O_(x)(O_(3)+NO_(2))was moderately correlated with aerosol pH(R^(2)=-0.48),attributable to the fact that the proportion of SO_(4)^(2−)increased under high T and low RH *** study strengthened our understanding of the contributions of influencing factors to aerosol pH,and also provided scientific evidences for chemical processes of atmospheric particles in coastal areas.

关键词： Aerosol acidity Aerosol liquid water Fine particular matter(PM_(2.5)) Ozone(O_(3)) Coastal city

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Priority sources identification and risks assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils of a typical antimony mining watershed

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2025年第1期147卷 153-164页

作者： Lianhua Liu You Li Xiang Gu Roberto Xavier Supe Tulcan Lingling Yan Chunye Lin Junting Pan institute of environment and Sustainable Development in agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China school of environment Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Yiyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yiyang 413099China institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China

Heavy metal(loid)(HM)pollution in agricultural soils has become an environmental concern in antimony(Sb)mining ***,priority pollution sources identification and deep understanding of environmental risks of HMs face great challenges due to multiple and complex pollution sources ***,an integrated approach was conducted to distinguish pollution sources and assess human health risk(HHR)and ecological risk(ER)in a typical Sb mining watershed in Southern *** approach combines absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression(APCS-MLR)and positivematrix factorization(PMF)models with ER and HHR *** pollution sources were distinguished for both models,and APCS-MLR model was more accurate and *** HM concentration source was natural source(39.1%),followed by industrial and agricultural activities(23.0%),unknown sources(21.5%)and Sb mining and smelting activities(16.4%).Although natural source contributed the most to HM concentrations,it did not pose a significant *** and agricultural activities predominantly contributed to ER,and attention should be paid to Cd and *** mining and smelting activities were primary anthropogenic sources of HHR,particularly Sb and As *** ER and HHR assessments,Sb mining and smelting,and industrial and agricultural activities are critical sources,causing serious ecological and health *** study showed the advantages of multiple receptor model application in obtaining reliable source identification and providing better source-oriented risk *** pollution management,such as regulating mining and smelting and implementing soil remediation in polluted agricultural soils,is strongly recommended for protecting ecosystems and humans.

关键词： Antimony Heavy metal(loid) Risk assessment Pollution sources Mining and smelting

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Vegetation mapping of Yunnan Province by integrating remote sensing, field observations, and models

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Science China earth Sciences 2025年第3期68卷 836-849页

作者： Mingjian XIAHOU Mingchun PENG Zehao SHEN Qingzhong WEN Chongyun WANG Yannan LIU Qiuyuan ZHANG Lei PENG Changyuan YU Xiaokun OU Jingyun FANG Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for earth Surface Processes College of Urban & Environmental SciencesPeking University school of Ecology and environment Yunnan University Yunnan institute of Forest Inventory and Planning

Vegetation maps are crucial for ecologists and decision-makers, providing essential information on the spatial distribution of various vegetation types to support ecosystem exploration and management. Despite advancements in earth observation and machine learning enabling large-scale vegetation mapping, creating detailed and accurate maps in biodiversity hotspots remains challenging due to significant environmental heterogeneity and frequent human disturbances. The lack of sufficient ground-based data and complex climate-vegetation interactions further limits mapping accuracy. In this study, we developed an integrated framework for multi-source data fusion to enhance vegetation mapping and validation in Yunnan Province, a global biodiversity hotspot region in Southwest China. The mapping process involved four key steps:(1) vegetation classification using random forest and Landsat imagery,(2) boundary calibration based on a locally calibrated static climatevegetation model,(3) patch correction with independent forest inventory data, and(4) validation using adequate field observations. This approach enabled the mapping of 17 vegetation types and 44 subtypes in Yunnan Province(1:50000), categorized based on the growth-form composition of dominant species of the community. The overall accuracies were 0.747 and0.710 for natural vegetation types and subtypes, and 0.905 and 0.891 for artificial types and subtypes. This high-resolution map enhances our understanding of vegetation distribution and ecological complexity in this region, offering valuable insights for policymakers to support conservation efforts and sustainable management strategies.

关键词： Vegetation mapping Biodiversity hotspot region Multi-source data Data-fusion framework Ecological diversity

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Combining slow-release fertilizer and plastic film mulching reduced the carbon footprint and enhanced maize yield on the Loess Plateau

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2025年第1期147卷 359-369页

作者： Xiaoqing Han Pengfei Dang Lechen Liao Fangqi Song Miaomiao Zhang Maoxue Zhang Guoqing Li Shuyue Wen Ning Yang Xiping Pan Xiaofan Wang WenWang Xiaoliang Qin Charles O.Joseph Kadambot H.M.Siddique College of Agronomy Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess PlateauNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China Department of Crop Sciences and Beekeeping Technology College of Agricultural Sciences and Food Technology University of Dar es SalaamMwalimu Julius Nyerere Mlimani CampusP.O.Box 35091Dar es SalaamTanzania College of Life Science Yulin UniversityChongwen Road No.4YulinShaanxi719000China The uwa institute of agriculture and school of agriculture&environment The University of Western AustraliaPerth WA 6001Australia

Agricultural practices significantly contribute to greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,necessitating cleaner production technologies to reduce environmental pressure and achieve sustainable maize *** film mulching is commonly used in the Loess Plateau *** slow-release fertilizers as a replacement for urea within this practice can reduce nitrogen losses and enhance crop *** these techniques represents a novel agricultural approach in semi-arid ***,the impact of this integration on soil carbon storage(SOCS),carbon footprint(CF),and economic benefits has received limited research ***,we conducted an eight-year study(2015-2022)in the semi-arid northwestern region to quantify the effects of four treatments[urea supplied without plastic film mulching(CK-U),slow-release fertilizer supplied without plastic film mulching(CK-S),urea supplied with plastic film mulching(PM-U),and slow-release fertilizer supplied with plastic film mulching(PM-S)]on soil fertility,economic and environmental *** results revealed that nitrogen fertilizer was the primary contributor to total GHG emissions(≥71.97%).Compared to other treatments,PM-S increased average grain yield by 12.01%-37.89%,water use efficiency by 9.19%-23.33%,nitrogen accumulation by 27.07%-66.19%,and net return by 6.21%-29.57%.Furthermore,PM-S decreased CF by 12.87%-44.31%and CF per net return by 14.25%-41.16%.After eight years,PM-S increased SOCS(0-40 cm)by 2.46%,while PM-U decreased it by 7.09%.These findings highlight the positive effects of PM-S on surface soil fertility,economic gains,and environmental benefits in spring maize production on the Loess Plateau,underscoring its potential for widespread adoption and application.

关键词： Plastic film mulching Slow-release fertilizer Maize grain yield Carbon footprint Economic benefits

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Seasonal variation of boron isotopic compositions in river water within the Qinghai Lake watershed and its controlling factors

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Science China earth Sciences 2025年第3期68卷 811-823页

作者： Yitong QIN Zhangdong JIN Maoyong HE Longfei GOU Jun XIAO institute of Global environmental Change School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Geography Chang'an University

Riverine boron（B） and its isotopic compositions(δ11B) are commonly used to trace silicate weathering within watersheds, but its sources and isotopic fractionation mechanisms remain contentious. In this study, we collected the seasonal river waters of the Buha River, the largest inlet river of Qinghai Lake, which is sensitive to climate change, and analyzed its seasonal variations of the major ions, B concentrations, and δ11B, to explore its sources and controlling factors. The results indicate that B in the Buha River predominantly originates from weathering of silicate rocks, with significantly seasonal variations in the geochemical behaviour of B isotopes. In the rainy seasons, the riverine B isotopic fractionation is primarily controlled by weathering of silicate rocks under the influence of hydrological conditions, where clay minerals preferentially absorb10B, leading to the enrichment of heavier B isotopes in river waters. In contrast, in the dry seasons, the B of river waters may mainly come from the recharge of groundwater(whose δ11B with a notable p H dependence); owing to prolonged retention of fluids, the steady state of δ11B is reached by the isotopic equilibrium through adsorption of clay minerals. This study highlights that the seasonal variations in riverine δ11B in semi-arid regions are jointly governed by silicate weathering, hydrological conditions, and water-rock interactions, with water p H and rainfall as key regulators. Consequently, riverine δ11B in the rainy seasons under semi-arid climatic conditions can effectively trace hydrologically-controlled silicate weathering processes within the watershed.

关键词： Boron isotopes Silicate weathering Seasonal variation Water-rock interactions Qinghai Lake watershed

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Efficient magnetic capture of PE microplastic from water by PEG modified Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles:Performance,kinetics,isotherms and influence factors

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2025年第1期147卷 677-687页

作者： Yifan Zhang Jingjing Duan Ruiqian Liu Evangelos Petropoulos Yanfang Feng Lihong Xue Linzhang Yang Shiying He College of Resources and environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China Key Laboratory of Agro-environment in Downstream of Yangze Plain Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsInstitute of Agricultural Resources and EnvironmentJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing 210014China school of Engineering Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne NE17RUUK Stantec UK Newcastle upon Tyne NE13DYUK

Due to their resistance to degradation,wide distribution,easy diffusion and potential uptake by organisms,microplastics(MPs)pollution has become a major environmental *** this study,PEG-modified Fe_(3)O_(4)magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated superior adsorption efficiency against polyethylene(PE)microspheres compared to other adsorbents(bare Fe_(3)O_(4),PEI/Fe_(3)O_(4)and CA/Fe_(3)O_(4)).Themaximumadsorption capacity of PEwas found to be 2203 mg/g by adsorption isotherm ***/Fe_(3)O_(4)maintained a high adsorption capacity even at low temperature(5℃,2163 mg/g),while neutral pH was favorable for MP *** presence of anions(Cl^(-),SO_(4)^(2-),HCO_(3)^(-),NO_(3)^(-))and of humic acids inhibited the adsorption of *** is proposed that the adsorption process was mainly driven by intermolecular hydrogen ***,the study demonstrated that PEG/Fe_(3)O_(4)can potentially be used as an efficient control against MPs,thus improving the quality of the aquatic environment and of our water resources.

关键词： Microplastic removal Adsorption Magnetic nanoparticles Wastewater Surface modification

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Lightning-induced neutrons as a possible source of charged particles in the earth's inner radiation belt

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earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第02期9卷 444-451页

作者： QuanQi Shi ChenYao Han Qiu-Gang Zong Alexander Degeling Shuo Wang SuiYan Fu PengZhi He Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial environment School of Space Science and Technology Institute of Space Sciences Shandong University school of earth and Space Sciences Peking University WeiHai Research institute of Industrial Technology of Shandong University

The Van Allen radiation belts are doughnut-shaped zones surrounding earth, filled with highly energetic charged particles whose sources or loss mechanisms have been investigated for decades. As for the inner belt, cosmic ray albedo neutron decay(CRAND),radial diffusion, and local acceleration have been considered principal sources of electrons, whereas protons are predominantly from CRAND and solar protons. In this article, lightning-induced neutrons from earth's upper atmosphere are suggested as a possible source of protons and electrons in the inner radiation belt. These terrestrial neutrons can contribute to the inner belt population by undergoing nuclear decay. Several approaches are proposed and discussed to evaluate the potential contribution of lightning-induced neutrons to the inner belt, including magnitude estimation, Monte Carlo simulations, and in situ observations. This article discusses some avenues of further study to determine the contribution of lightning-induced neutrons to the inner radiation belt.

关键词： Van Allen radiation belts cosmic ray albedo neutron decay(CRAND) lightning neutrons

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A Newly Established Air Pollution Data Center in China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2025年第4期42卷 597-604页

作者： Mei ZHENG Tianle ZHANG Yaxin XIANG Xiao TANG Yinan WANG Guannan GENG Yuying WANG Yingjun LIU Chunxiang YE Caiqing YAN Yingjun CHEN Jiang ZHU Qiang ZHANG Tong ZHU SKL-ESPC College of Environmental Sciences and Engineeringand Center for Environment and HealthPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China school of environment Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China school of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China environment Research institute Shandong UniversityQingdao 266237China Department of environmental Science and Engineering Fudan UniversityShanghai 200092China Department of earth System Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Air pollution in China covers a large area with complex sources and formation mechanisms,making it a unique place to conduct air pollution and atmospheric chemistry *** National Natural Science Foundation of China’s Major Research Plan entitled“Fundamental Researches on the Formation and Response Mechanism of the Air Pollution Complex in China”(or the Plan)has funded 76 research projects to explore the causes of air pollution in China,and the key processes of air pollution in atmospheric physics and atmospheric *** order to summarize the abundant data from the Plan and exhibit the long-term impacts domestically and internationally,an integration project is responsible for collecting the various types of data generated by the 76 projects of the *** project has classified and integrated these data,forming eight categories containing 258 datasets and 15 technical reports in *** integration project has led to the successful establishment of the China Air Pollution Data Center(CAPDC)platform,providing storage,retrieval,and download services for the eight *** platform has distinct features including data visualization,related project information querying,and bilingual services in both English and Chinese,which allows for rapid searching and downloading of data and provides a solid foundation of data and support for future related *** pollution control in China,especially in the past decade,is undeniably a global exemplar,and this data center is the first in China to focus on research into the country’s air pollution complex.

关键词： air pollution data center platform multi-source data China

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Phase equilibria of slag systems“FeO”−SiO_(2)−CaO−Al_(2)O_(3)and“FeO”−SiO_(2)−CaO−MgO at 1200℃and p(O_(2))of 10^(−7)kPa

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2025年第1期35卷 338-348页

作者： Sui XIE Qin-meng WANG Xue-yi GUO Chun-fa LIAO Bao-jun ZHAO Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and ChemistryJiangxi University of Science and TechnologyGanzhou 341000China National Rare earth Functional Material Innovation Center Ganzhou 341000China school of Metallurgy and environment Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China Sustainable Minerals institute The University of QueenslandBrisbane 4072Australia

High-temperature experiments were carried out for the slag systems of“FeO”−SiO_(2)−CaO−Al_(2)O_(3)and“FeO”−SiO_(2)−CaO−MgO at 1200℃and p(O_(2))of 10^(−7)*** equilibrated samples were quenched,and the phase compositions were measured by electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).A series of pseudo-ternary and pseudo-binary phase diagrams are constructed to demonstrate their applications in copper smelting process and evaluation of the thermodynamic *** and tridymite are identified to be the major primary phases in the composition range related to the copper smelting *** is found that the operating window of the smelting slag is primarily determined by w_(Fe)/w_(SiO_(2))ratio in the *** MgO and Al_(2)O_(3)in the slag reduce the operating window which requires extra fluxing agent to keep the slag to be fully *** spinel solid solutions cause inaccurate predictions of the current thermodynamic database.

关键词： phase equilibrium “FeO”−SiO_(2)−CaO−Al_(2)O_(3)slag system “FeO”−SiO_(2)−CaO−MgO slag system oxygen partial pressure copper smelting slag FactSage

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