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Tungsten 2025年第1期7卷 137-151页

作者： Geethukrishnan Onkar Apte Kiran Kumar Tadi Energy Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEE) Lab Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology school of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology

The precise detection and measurement of dopamine（DA）,a crucial neurotransmitter in the human body,plays a significant role in diagnosing,preventing,and treating neurological diseases associated with its levels.A highly sensitive DA electrochemical sensor was constructed by combining molybdenum disulfide quantum dots（MSQDs） with multiwalled carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs）.The MSQDs were synthesized using the shear exfoliation *** sensors consist of MSQDs with Mo-S edge catalytic centers for the DA redox reaction,and MWCNTs amplify the sensor *** linearity of the sensor for the detection of DA was tested in the presence of ascorbic acid(AA,50 μmol·L-1) and uric acid(UA,200 μmol·L-1),and exhibited linearity from 2 to 966 μmol·L-1of DA with 0.097 μA(mol·L-1)-1sensitivity and a low limit of detection of0.6 μmol·L-1（the ratio between signal and noise,S/N=3）.Moreover,the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor were also studied using *** is no increase in amperometric current after adding the most potentially interfering *** sensor was successfully applied to recover DA in human blood sera ***,machine learning algorithms were operated to aid in the near-precise detection of DA in the heterogeneous mixture containing AA and *** algorithms facilitate the identification and quantification of DA amidst coexisting interferents,including AA,that are commonly present in biological matrices.

关键词： Biosensor Complex mixture Dopamine Machine learning MoS2 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Tectonic modes of mantle convection and their implications for Earth's tectonic evolution based on three-dimensional numerical simulations

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Science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 270-296页

作者： Song XIANG Jinshui HUANG Bingcheng WU school of Earth and Space sciences University of Science and Technology of China CAS Center of Excellence in Comparative Planetary Studies

Five tectonic modes of mantle convection are obtained and analyzed with three-dimensional numerical models in a spherical shell domain. The five tectonic convective modes are non-plate mobile-lid, plate-like mobile-lid, episodic plate-like mobile-lid, episodic stagnant-lid, and stagnant-lid convective modes, respectively. The typical characteristics of these five tectonic modes and their numerical classification criteria based on plateness, mobility, and their standard deviations are presented and discussed. The results show that the yield stress of the lithosphere has profound effects on the tectonic convective *** the gradual increase of yield stress, the tectonic mode of mantle convection changes from one to another sequentially through the aforementioned five modes. Additionally, as the Rayleigh number increases, the range of yield stress for the platelike mobile-lid convective mode decreases, and the dimensionless transition stress between different tectonic modes ***, the dimensional transition stress between the non-plate mobile-lid convective mode and plate-like mobile-lid convective mode increases with the increase of Rayleigh number, but decreases between other tectonic modes. Furthermore, we find that the transition stress between different tectonic modes is inversely proportional to the internal heating rate, with the transition stress decreasing as the internal heating rate increases. The fitting analysis of the transition stress between tectonic modes shows that Earth's current plate tectonics correspond to a lithospheric yield stress of 150–250 MPa, which aligns with the strength of serpentinized mantle rock determined by experimental petrography. If the Archean mantle was 300°C warmer than it is today, then the Earth was in an episodic stagnant-lid convective mode. The tectonic evolution of the Earth's surface is closely related to the lithospheric strength and the process of thermal evolution. If the lithospheric strength w

关键词： Tectonic mode of mantle convection Plate-like mobile-lid convection Episodic plate-like mobile-lid convection Episodic stagnant-lid convection Plate tectonics and tectonic evolution of the Earth

Formation and evolution of supercritical geofluid

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Science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 39-51页

作者： Huaiwei NI Yilin XIAO Xiaolin XIONG Xiandong LIU Chunxiao GAO Yi-Xiang CHEN Yunguo LI Wan-Cai LI Xuan GUO Yang-Yang WANG Dong-Bo TAN Li ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution University of Science and Technology of China Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/school of Earth and Space sciences University of Science and Technology of China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences school of Earth sciences and Engineering Nanjing University State Key Lab of Superhard Materials Jilin University

In this work, we provide a comprehensive review on the formation, evolution, properties, and effects of supercritical geofluid. In Earth's interior, enhanced miscibility between H2O and silicate by the addition of special components or by the increase of pressure and temperature gives rise to supercritical geofluid with a significant amount of both H2O and silicate *** formation of supercritical geofluid in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, typified by pegmatite system, is governed by meltfluid critical curve. The formation of supercritical geofluid in metamorphic systems, typified by subducted slab, is governed by the second critical end point. Experimental results suggest that the presence of boron and fluorine in pegmatite system makes it possible to form supercritical geofluid at crustal depths, but the release of supercritical geofluid from subducted slab is withheld until almost 100 km depth. A major presence of both H2O and depolymerized structural units（monomers, dimers, etc.） endows supercritical geofluid with unique physical properties including low density, low elastic moduli, low viscosity, high diffusivity,and high electrical conductivity. Supercritical geofluid can effectively mobilize a variety of elements even including high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. The chemical signatures of supercritical geofluid can be inherited by metasomatized mantle and mantle-derived melts, and this could give an explanation of the oxidation of arc magmas. Phase separation of supercritical geofluid through the mechanism of spinodal decomposition leads to formation of a melt network. Multiphase fluid inclusions recovered from subduction zone rocks and pegmatites are possible relics of supercritical geofluid. Supercritical geofluid can cause electrical anomaly and low seismic velocity near the top of subducted slab, and can be linked with intermediate-focus earthquakes. Supercritical geofluid may have played a crucial role in the formation of pe

关键词： Supercritical geofluid Miscibility Subduction zone Pegmatite

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Regulating crystallization and retarding oxidation in Sn-Pb perovskite via 1D cation engineering for high performance all-perovskite tandem solar cells

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 646-652页

作者： Ranran Liu Xin Zheng Zaiwei Wang Miaomiao Zeng Chunxiang Lan Shaomin Yang Shangzhi Li Awen Wang Min Li Jing Guo Xuefei Weng Yaoguang Rong Xiong Li Michael Gr?tzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Institute of technology for Carbon Neutrality Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences school of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Hainan University Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO) Chinese Academy of Sciences school of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology

All-perovskite tandem solar cells have the potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limit of single junction solar cells by reducing thermalization ***,the challenges encompass the oxidation of Sn2+to Sn4+and uncontrolled crystallization kinetics in Sn-Pb perovskites,leading to nonradiative recombination and compositional heterogeneity to decrease photovoltaic efficiency and operational ***,we introduced an ionic liquid additive,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide （EMIMI） into Sn-Pb perovskite precursor to form low-dimensional Sn-rich/pure-Sn perovskites at grain boundaries,which mitigates oxidation of Sn2+to Sn4+and regulates the film-forming dynamics of Sn/Pb-based perovskite *** optimized single-junction Sn-Pb perovskite devices incorporating EMIMI achieved a high efficiency of 22.87%.Furthermore,combined with wide-bandgap perovskite sub-cells in tandem device,we demonstrate 2-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 28.34%,achieving improved operational stability.

关键词： All-perovskite tandem solar cells Sn-Pb perovskite 1D Regulated crystallization Antioxidation

Dynamic performance enhancement in Ti/Au ohmic contacts on β-Ga2O3-on-Si C substrates: evidence from pulsed measurements

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Science China(Information sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 400-401页

作者： Chenyu LIU Yibo WANG Wenhui XU Shuqi HUANG Chunxiao YU Zeyu YANG Xiaole JIA Xiaoxi LI Bochang LI Zhengdong LUO Cizhe FANG Yan LIU Tiangui YOU Xin OU Genquan HAN school of Microelectronics Xidian University Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou Institute of technology Xidian University

Titanium/Gold （Ti/Au） metals have been widely employed as ohmic metal contacts on n+Ga2O3,exhibiting the specific contact resistance （ρc） of 10-5-10-6Ω·cm2[1].But previous studies have revealed the presence of a defective Ga2O3layer and reactive Ti-Ga2O3layer at the annealed Ti/*** an interfacial layer can afect the performance of ohmic contact,which may become more pronounced in power devices subjected to electrical stress and high-frequency ***,there have been no reports on the impact of bias stress effects and dynamic degradation of Ti/Au ohmic contacts on n+Ga2O3.

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Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic volcanic-sedimentary history of the southeastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Timing of uplift of the Inner Mongolia paleo-uplift

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Science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 297-309页

作者： Wenxing HAO Jin-Hui YANG Guang ZHU State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences school of Resource and Environmental Engineering Hefei University of Technology

The Kulun region is located in the eastern Bainaimiao arc belt on the southeastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB), adjacent to the North China Craton(NCC) to the south. This region records the closure of the PaleoAsian Ocean during the Paleozoic to early Mesozoic and is key to study the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the *** conducted zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope analysis of volcanic-sedimentary and intrusive rocks in the Kulun region. The volcanic-sedimentary rocks were previously assigned an early Carboniferous age, but include volcanic rocks with ages of 267–266 Ma and sedimentary rocks with youngest detrital zircon age peaks of 265–244 Ma, which were intruded by a granite with an age of 242 Ma. This indicates that these rocks are actually middle Permian to Middle Triassic in age(267–242Ma) and correspond to the Qingfengshan and Liujiagou formations. Moreover, two volcanic rock samples have high εHf(t) values(+1.6 to +16.1) and relatively young two-stage Hf model ages(1095–327 Ma), indicating their sources associated with the CAOB. The age spectra and Hf isotopic characteristics of detrital zircons from the sedimentary rocks suggest that, during the middle Permian to Middle Triassic, the sedimentary provenance in the Kulun region was mainly the CAOB. However, by the Early Jurassic, the provenance changed to the NCC(i.e., the Inner Mongolia Paleo-uplift, IMPU). This result, combined with the development of a series of conglomerates on the northern margin of the NCC in the Late Triassic(i.e., Xingshikou, Xiaoyingzi,and Xiaohekou formations), indicates the Kulun region experienced an abrupt change in paleogeography during the Late Triassic, with the IMPU undergoing significant uplift and thus becoming the main sediment source in the Kulun region. Based on the Late Triassic alkaline igneous belt(235–215 Ma) in the IMPU, we speculate that this uplift was caused by detachment of the southward-subducting Paleo-Asian oceanic

关键词： Central Asian Orogenic Belt the North China Craton Zircon geochronology Hf isotopes Inner Mongolia Paleo-uplift

High-temperature oxidation behavior and degradation mechanism of chromium-coated zirconium alloy cladding: a review

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Tungsten 2025年第1期7卷 50-70页

作者： Yi Li Bei-Qi Wang Xin-Yin Zhang Shi-Jie Wang Cong-Yi Li Hui-Long Yang Ran-Ran Su Tong Liu school of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University College and Graduate school of Arts and sciences University of Virginia Global Institute of Future technology Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Accident-tolerant fuels(ATF) have been extensively studied to reduce the production rate and total amount of heat and hydrogen generated from high-temperature steam oxidation during severe ***-coated zirconium alloy cladding has become one of the most promising candidates for ATF because of its excellent corrosion and oxidation *** paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research progress on oxidation behaviors and degradation mechanisms in chromium-coated zirconium alloy cladding under high-temperature *** techniques to strengthen the oxidation resistance are highlighted and ***,challenges and opportunities for various future directions are addressed.

关键词： Accident-tolerant fuel Chromium coating Degradation mechanism High-temperature oxidation behavior Zirconium alloy cladding

Privacy-preserving explainable AI: a survey

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Science China(Information sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 23-56页

作者： Thanh Tam NGUYEN Thanh Trung HUYNH Zhao REN Thanh Toan NGUYEN Phi Le NGUYEN Hongzhi YIN Quoc Viet Hung NGUYEN school of Information and Communication technology Griffith University school of Computer and Communication sciences Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Bremen Faculty of Information technology HUTECH University Department of Computer Science Hanoi University of Science and Technology school of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Queensland

As the adoption of explainable AI(XAI) continues to expand, the urgency to address its privacy implications intensifies. Despite a growing corpus of research in AI privacy and explainability, there is little attention on privacy-preserving model explanations. This article presents the first thorough survey about privacy attacks on model explanations and their countermeasures. Our contribution to this field comprises a thorough analysis of research papers with a connected taxonomy that facilitates the categorization of privacy attacks and countermeasures based on the targeted explanations. This work also includes an initial investigation into the causes of privacy leaks. Finally, we discuss unresolved issues and prospective research directions uncovered in our analysis. This survey aims to be a valuable resource for the research community and offers clear insights for those new to this domain. To support ongoing research, we have established an online resource repository, which will be continuously updated with new and relevant findings.

关键词： privacy-preserving explainable AI privacy attacks privacy defences PrivEx PPXAI

Small modifications of endo-functionalized cavities lead to large changes in molecular interaction in water

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Science China Chemistry 2025年第1期68卷 369-376页

作者： Song-Meng Wang Hao Nian Yan-Fang Wang Li-Shuo Zheng Yu-Tao Zheng Yi-Wei Dong Liping Huang Xiaoping Wang Wei Jiang Liu-Pan Yang Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology school of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical sciences State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal ResourcesGuangxi Normal University school of Pharmaceutical Science Hengyang Medical School University of South China

Studying molecular recognition in aqueous environments is crucial for understanding biological processes. Herein, we present a series of N-doped endo-functionalized anthracene-based cavities by introducing inward-directed pyridine units. The subtle modifications can significantly affect the binding properties of these receptors, which is similar to the mutations in biological systems. Combining theoretical calculations and molecular recognition experiments demonstrated that these “mutations” have an impact on the hydrophobicity and charge distribution of the hosts, consequently significantly influencing molecular *** is crucial for understanding the intricate mechanisms of molecular-level interactions in biological receptors.

关键词： host-guest interaction hydrophobic effect endo-functionalized cavity mutation pyridine

First observation results of Macao Science Satellite-1 on lightning-induced electron precipitation

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Science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 1-10页

作者： Yongping WANG Yixin SUN Qiugang ZONG Gaopeng LU Xudong GU Ze-Jun HU Bin LI Key Laboratory for Polar Science Ministry of Natural Resources Polar Research Institute of China Institute of Space Physics and Applied technology Peking University State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Science Macau University of Science and Technology school of Earth and Space sciences University of Science and Technology of China school of Electronic Information Wuhan University

The Medium-energy Electron Spectrometers(MES) is a space-borne instrument onboard Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1) dedicated to monitoring the typical charged particle radiation characteristics in the satellite orbit and the process of their occurrence and development, including short bursts of lightning-induced electron precipitation(LEP).This paper presents the first results of the LEP measurements by the MSS-1.47 LEP events are identified with the routine operation for 3 months since satellite launch, all within the range of 1.5

关键词： Lightning-induced electron precipitation Inner radiation belts Energetic electrons Macao Science Satellite-1