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Pressureless sintering behavior and properties of Ag-SnO_2

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Rare Metals 2019年第1期38卷 35-41页

作者： Henri Desplats Elodie Brisson Philippe Rogeon Patrick Carré Alexandre Bonhomme Department of Materials Engineering IRDL FRE CNRS 3744University of South Brittany schneider electric-Electropole 31 rue Pierre Mendes France

In this study, the results of measurements on pressureless sintering behavior of Ag-SnO_2(88%wt Ag,12%wt SnO_2) pellets were reported. Dilatometric measurements, relative densities, hardness values, rupture transverse strength and electrical conductivities function of sintering temperatures were presented. A constant thermal expansion coefficient was determined, and a threshold temperature of densification(T_d) was exhibited. Sintering kinetics were reported for different temperatures. Hardness values were measured, and no increase in hardness is found under Td. Three-points bending tests were used to determine the transverse rupture strength whose evolution appears importantly well under Td. In the same manner, the increase in initial electrical conductivities begins well under Td. Under the threshold temperature, the relative increase in electrical conductivity is found to be independent of initial density of green compact pellets. This work highlights different evolutions in function of sintering temperature for the electrical conductivity and transverse rupture strength on the one hand, and for the densification and hardness on the other hand.

关键词： Ag-SnO2 Pressureless sintering Dilatometry Mechanical properties electrical conductivity

Simulation of Arc Motion in Air Switching Devices Taking Ferromagnetic Material into Accout

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Plasma Science and Technology 2009年第2期11卷 245-249页

作者：李兴文吐松江卡日陈德桂孙海涛谢恩胜 State Key Laboratory of electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Shanghai Branch Schneider Electric China Investment Co.Ltd.

FLUENT and ANSYS codes are used to solve the magnethydrodynamics （MHD） equations and electromagnetic field equations, respectively. An interface code is developed to implement the bi-direction transfer of calculation data between FLUENT and ANSYS. Then a 2-D MHD arc model is built up with the consideration of the nonlinear ferromagnetic material. The arc shape, gas flow velocity and magnetic field distribution are presented at a current of 200 A. The influence of the number of splitter plates on arc motion is also analyzed.

关键词： MHD arc ferromagnetic material circuit breaker

The Nature of Inertia Explained Using the Field Theory

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2024年第2期10卷 726-748页

作者： Branko Kovac Retired Schneider Electric Sydney Australia

Analysis of free fall and acceleration of the mass on the Earth shows that using abstract entities such as absolute space or inertial space to explain mass dynamics leads to the violation of the principle of action and reaction. Many scientists including Newton, Mach, and Einstein recognized that inertial force has no reaction that originates on mass. Einstein calls the lack of reaction to the inertial force a serious criticism of the space-time continuum concept. Presented is the hypothesis that the inertial force develops in an interaction of two masses via the force field. The inertial force created by such a field has reaction force. The dynamic gravitational field predicted is strong enough to be detected in the laboratory. This article describes the laboratory experiment which can prove or disprove the hypothesis of the dynamic gravitational field. The inertial force, calculated using the equation for the dynamic gravitational field, agrees with the behavior of inertial force observed in the experiments on the Earth. The movement of the planets in our solar system calculated using that equation is the same as that calculated using Newton’s method. The space properties calculated by the candidate equation explain the aberration of light and the results of light propagation experiments. The dynamic gravitational field can explain the discrepancy between the observed velocity of stars in the galaxy and those predicted by Newton’s theory of gravitation without the need for the dark matter hypothesis.

关键词： Gravitation Gravitational Fields Non-Standard Theories of Gravity Inertia

Influence of Direct Current electric Field on the Formation,Composition and Microstructure of Corrosion Products Formed on the Steel in Simulated Marine Atmospheric Environment

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2016年第4期29卷 373-381页

作者： Nian-Wei Dai Jun-Xi Zhang Qi-Meng Chen Xin Zhang Fa-He Cao Jian-Qing Zhang Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in electric Power Shanghai University of Electric Power Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University

X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to investigate the effects of the DC electric field on the composition, formation and structure of corrosion products formed on the surface of the steel immersed in NaCl solution. The results show that goethite （α-FeOOH）, akaganeite （β-FeOOH）, lepidocrocite （γ- FeOOH） and magnetite （Fe3O4） are the major constituents among the corrosion products. The arrangement of different levels of the DC electric field intensity gives rise to the following results. The little higher DC electric field intensity （around 100-200 kV/m） promotes the crystallinity and growth of y-FeOOH; obviously, much higher DC electric field intensity （greater than 400 kV/m） prevents the growth of α-FeOOH and facilitates the generation of Fe3O4. Both the promotional growth of γ-FeOOH and suppression of α-FeOOH growth indicated the weakness of the protectiveness of the rust layer. Consequently, the suppression of the transformation of α-FeOOH from y-FeOOH favors the yield of the Fe3O4, which works as a large cathode area and would be about to quicken the subsequent steel corrosion.

关键词： Steel Atmospheric corrosion Rust electric field Raman spectroscopy

Operation-area-constrained Adaptive Primary Frequency Support Strategy for electric Vehicle Clusters

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2023年第6期11卷 1982-1994页

作者： Tianqi Liu Pengyu Wang Qiao Peng Min Zhang Tengxin Wang Jinhao Meng College of electrical Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China electric Power Research Institute State Grid Shanxi Electric Power CompanyTaiyuan 030001China

Due to their fast response and strong short-term power throughput capacity, electric vehicles(EVs) are promising for providing primary frequency support to power grids. However, due to the complicated charging demands of drivers, it is challenging to efficiently utilize the regulation capacity of EV clusters for providing stable primary frequency support to the power grid. Accordingly, this paper proposes an adaptive primary frequency support strategy for EV clusters constrained by the charging-behavior-defined operation area. First, the forced charging boundary of the EV is determined according to the driver's charging behavior, and based on this, the operation area is defined. This ensures full utilization of the available frequency support capacity of the EV. An adaptive primary frequency support strategy of EV clusters is then proposed. The output power of EV is adaptively regulated according to the real-time distance from the EV operating point to the forced charging boundary. With the proposed strategy, when the EV approaches the forced charging boundary, its output power is gradually reduced to zero. Then, the rapid state-of-charge declines of EVs and sudden output power reductions in EV clusters caused by forced charging to meet the driver's charging demands can be effectively avoided. EV clusters can then provide sustainable frequency support to the power grid without violating the driver's charging demands. Simulation results validate the proposed operation-area-constrained adaptive primary frequency support strategy, which outperforms the average strategy in terms of stable output maintenance and the optimal utilization of regulation capacities of EV clusters.

关键词： Primary frequency control frequency support electric vehicle vehicle-to-grid(V2G) operation area charging behavior

Accommodation of Curtailed Wind Power by electric Boilers Equipped in Different Locations of Heat-supply Network for Power System with CHPs

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2021年第4期9卷 930-939页

作者： Yunfeng Ma Yang Yu Zengqiang Mi School of electrical and Electronic Engineering North China Electric Power UniversityBeijingChina Department of electrical Engineering North China Electric Power UniversityBaodingChina

electric boilers (EBs) provide an alternative method to deal with the accommodation of curtailed wind power. To pursue the minimum coal consumption in the system, a dispatching model integrating combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants and EBs in different locations is developed, and the penalty of wind power curtailment and cost of EB employment are also incorporated in the model. The transmission loss and transportation lag of heat-supply network as well as the elasticity of heat load are considered in this paper. A kind of constrained programming with stochastic and fuzzy parameters is applied to deal with the uncertainties. A case in East Inner Mongolia in China demonstrates that the EBs are able to absorb curtailed wind power and supply the heat. The results indicate that the utility of EBs in the primary or secondary heat-supply network to accommodate curtailed wind power is mainly related to the efficiency of heat transmission and the elasticity of heat load.

关键词： Wind power combined-heat-and-power(CHP)unit electric boiler(EB) heat-supply network

Fleet Scheduling for Multiple Plants with Limited Storage Capacity

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Journal of Donghua University(English Edition) 2016年第3期33卷 345-351页

作者：吴兵海宋元斌郭卫东 School of Naval Architecture Ocean and Civil EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University schneider electric(China) Co . Ltd.Shanghai Branch

Some manufacturers replace traditional warehouses with shipping areas at the scattered plants for holding the finished products in order to reduce land usage and inventory *** limited storage capacity of such shipping area leads to challenges of scheduling vehicles for pickup since the overflow of storage space is prohibited.A heuristic rule is developed for splitting the continuous arrival of inventory at a plant into a sequence of discrete tasks for *** this way,the original problem can be converted into a multiple trip vehicle routing problem with time window(MTVRPTW).Subsequently,a modified tabu search(TS)algorithm is applied for deriving the ***,an industry case of an electric apparatus manufacturer is studied to demonstrate and validate the developed optimization approach,and the results imply good performance of the developed tool.

关键词： inventory routing problem(IRP) inventory splitting multiple-trip vehicle routing problem with time window(MTVRPTW) tabu search(TS)

Design scheme for fast charging station for electric vehicles with distributed photovoltaic power generation

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Global Energy Interconnection 2019年第2期2卷 150-159页

作者： Jing Zhang Chang Liu Ruiming Yuan Taoyong Li Kang Li Bin Li Jianxiang Li Zhenyu Jiang China electric Power Research Institute Beijing Electric Vehicle Charging and Replacing Engineering Technology Research Center electric Power Research Institute State Grid Jibei Electric Power Company Limited electric Power Research Institute State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company

The demand for fast charging is increasing owing to the rapid expansion of the market for electric vehicles. In addition, the power generation technology for distributed photovoltaic has matured. This paper presents a design scheme for a fast charging station for electric vehicles equipped with distributed photovoltaic power generation system taking the area with certain conditions in Beijing as an example construction site. The technical indexes and equipment lectotype covering the general framework and subsystems of the charging station are determined by analyzing the charging service demand of fast charging stations. In this study, the layout of the station is developed and the operation benefits of the station is analyzed. The design scheme realizes the design objective of "rationalization, modularization and intelligentization" of the fast charging station and can be used as reference for the construction of a fast charging network in urban area.

关键词： electric vehicle Fast charging station Charging demand Design scheme Distributed photovoltaic

Integration of Utility Distributed Energy Resource Management System and Aggregators for Evolving Distribution System Operators

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2022年第2期10卷 277-285页

作者： Luka Strezoski Harsha Padullaparti Fei Ding Murali Baggu the Department for Power Electronicsand TelecommunicationsFaculty of Technical SciencesUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbiaand he is also with Schneider Electric DMS CompanyNovi SadSerbia Energy System Integration National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenUSA

With the rapid integration of distributed energy resources(DERs),distribution utilities are faced with new and unprecedented *** challenges introduced by high penetra-tion of DERs range from poor observability to overload and reverse power flow problems,under-/over-voltages,maloperation of legacy protection systems,and requirements for new planning *** utility personnel are not adequately trained,and legacy control centers are not properly equipped to cope with these ***,distribution energy resource management systems(DERMSs)are emerging software technologies aimed to provide distribution system operators(DSOs)with a specialized set of tools to enable them to overcome the issues caused by DERs and to maximize the benefits of the presence of high penetration of these novel ***,as DERMS technology is still emerging,its definition is vague and can refer to very different levels of software hierarchies,spanning from decentralized virtual power plants to DER aggregators and fully centralized enterprise systems(called utility DERMS).Although they are all frequently simply called DERIMS,these software technologies have different sets of tools and aim to provide different services to different *** paper explores how these different software technologies can complement each other,and how they can provide significant benefits to DSOs in enabling them to successfully manage evolving distribution networks with high penetration of DERs when they are integrated together into the control centers of distribution utilities.

关键词： Distributed generation distributed energy resource(DER) aggregator distributed energy resource management system(DERMS) non-wire alternatives.