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CREATING LIVABLE INFRASTRUCTURE:THE CONNECTOAKLAND VISION TO RECONNECT NEIGHBORHOODS AND CONNECT CITIES THROUGH FREEWAY REMOVAL

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Journal of Green Building 2016年第2期11卷 1-21页

作者： Andrew Faulkner Jonathan Fearn Chris Sensenig Brian Stokle LEED Green Associate at Van Meter Williams Pollack Development at SummerHill Housing Group *** Urban Designer-Associate at Van Meter Williams Pollack san francisco recreation and parks

Throughout the second half of the 20th Century,our nation’s cities were marred by the onslaught of unsustainable suburbanization and the expansion of limited access highways that ripped through urban centers and divided communities within *** with systematic disinvestment from redlining and white flight,these forces combined to create lasting physical,social and economic hardships in cities across the *** the last 20 years,cities have rebounded in America and new patterns of thought focused on livability,walkability and urban form have started to sprout:from the Big-Dig in Boston to Octavia Boulevard and the Embarcadero in san francisco,cities are reassessing the value of highways that solely move automobiles through cities,and have started to focus on how these pieces of infrastructure impact the daily lives and economic interests of a their residents and *** Oakland,California,through the efforts of ConnectOAKLAND,the city is taking up the mantle of this new pattern of thought and is beginning the planning process to reconnect West Oakland to Downtown by transforming an underutilized freeway(I-980)into a multi-modal transportation corridor that reestablishes the historic urban *** project’s dual benefit will reconnect two of Oakland’s historic neighborhoods while better connecting Oakland along with the entire East Bay to san francisco,san Jose and Silicon Valley through the incorporation of a second transbay tunnel for Bay Area Rapid Transit(BART),commuter rail(Caltrain),and high speed rail(HSR).This article will explore the ConnectOAKLAND vision for I-980 as a case study for current and future patterns of highway removal,and as a part of the national movement to rethink the role of urban highways and holistically re-envision the US transportation infrastructure.

关键词： livable infrastructure freeway removal transit oriented development

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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type and Morphology in a Middle-Aged Elite Male Powerlifter Using Anabolic Steroids

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Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2021年第4期3卷 404-411页

作者： Steven B.Machek Kent A.Lorenz Marialice Kern Andrew J.Galpin James R.Bagley Muscle Physiology Laboratory Department of KinesiologyCollege of Health and Social SciencesSan Francisco State University1600 Holloway AvenueGym 101San FranciscoCA 94132USA Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory Department of HealthHuman Performanceand RecreationRobbins College of Health and Human SciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory Center for Sport PerformanceCalifornia State UniversityFullertonUSA

Powerlifting regularly exposes athletes to extreme stimuli such as chronic heavy resistance training(HRT),and many powerlifters choose to augment their performance with anabolic-androgenic steroids(AAS).However,little is known about the myocellular adaptations that occur from long-term HRT and AAS use,especially into middle *** were presented with the unique opportunity to study muscle cells from an elite-level powerlifter(EPL;age 40 years)with≥30 years of HRT experience and≥15 years of AAS *** purpose of this case study was to identify myocellular characteristics[myosin heavy chain(MHC)fiber type,fiber size,and myonuclear content]in EPL,as well as compare these data to existing *** participant underwent a resting vastus lateralis muscle biopsy and single fibers were analyzed for MHC content via SDS-PAGE.A subset of fibers underwent MHC-specific imaging analysis via confocal microscopy to identify cell size(cross-sectional area,CSA)and myonuclear domain(MND)*** fiber type distribution was 9% I,12% I/IIa,79% IIa,and 0% other *** pure MHC IIa(fast-twitch)fiber content was amongst the highest reported in the *** analysis of MHC IIa fibers revealed a mean CSA of 4218±933μm^(2) and MND of 12,548±3181μm^(3).While the fast-twitch fiber CSA was comparable to values in previous literature,mean MND was smaller than has been reported in untrained men,implying greater capacity for growth and *** findings showcase the unique muscle cell structure of an elite powerlifter,extending the known physiological limits of human muscle size and strength.

关键词： Resistance training Myonuclear domain Myonuclei Myosin heavy chain Confocal microscopy Muscle biopsy

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Does foraging mode affect metabolic responses to feeding？ A study of pygopodid lizards

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 618-625页

作者： Michael WALL Michael B. THOMPSON Richard SHINE School of Biological Sciences A08 University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Current address: 4940 Anza St. #4 San Francisco CA 94121 USA

Foraging mode （ambush vs. active） profoundly affects many aspects of organismal biology, including metabolic rates and their relationship with food intake. Previous studies on snakes suggest that ambushers tend to have lower standard metabolic rates （SMR） and higher energetic costs of digestion and assimilation of prey （specific dynamic action, or SDA） than do active foragers. However, phylogenetic considerations may be at least partly responsible for such patterns, as foraging mode is strongly conserved evolutionarily and most SDA studies have focused on species from only two lineages of ambush foragers （pythonid and viperid snakes） and one lineage of active foragers （colubrid snakes）. We sought to deconfound the effects of phylogeny and foraging mode, investigating SMR and SDA in two closely related pygopodid lizards, the common scaly-foot Pygopus lepidopo- dus （active forager） and Burton＇s legless lizard Lialis burtonis （ambush forager）. Consistent with the pattern seen in snakes, L. burtonis exhibits a significantly lower SMR and a higher SDA than does P lepidopodus. The magnitude of SDA in L. burtonis is comparable to that of some pythons and vipers, providing yet more evidence for the remarkable convergence between this species and ambush-foraging snakes [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 618-625, 2013].

关键词： Ecology Metabolic rates Reptile Specific dynamic action

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