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Pesticide-Handling Practices in Agriculture in El salvador: An Example from 42 Patient Farmers with Chronic Kidney Disease in the Bajo Lempa Region

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Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine 2014年第3期2卷 56-70页

作者： Roberto Mejía Edgar Quinteros Alejandro López Alexandre Ribó Humberto Cedillos Carlos M. Orantes Eliette Valladares Dina L. López Department of Geological Sciences Ohio University Athens OH USA National Institute of Health Ministry of Health of El Salvador San Salvador El Salvador University of El salvador San Salvador El Salvador

Introduction: The occupational toxic risks from agricultural activities in El salvador affect human and environmental health. The objective of this paper is to describe the management of pesticide by farmers confirmed with a chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) not associated to diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Methods: The study involved 42 male patients older than 18 years old with confirmed CKDu that have participated in different stages of pesticides management. This is a cross-sectional study;it was conducted from January to June 2011, in three communities of Bajo Lempa region, El salvador. An interview was especially designed to investigate which pesticides were used and the farmer practices at different stages of pesticide use. Statistical descriptive analysis was carried out for the several studied variables. Results: All interviewed people had a direct relationship with agricultural activities. The majority of patients had poor education, 19% were illiterate and 55% only have primary education. Most farmers with CKDu had been exposed more than 10 years to hazardous pesticides. The most used pesticide was Hedonal/2, 4 D (100%). 95% interviewed patients mixed different pesticides and 63% dumped empty pesticide containers in the fields. Interviewees did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (100%). Conclusions: There is high use of hazardous pesticides by patients and some of these are banned and some are legal in El salvador, but prohibited by other countries. Interviewed CKDu patients had high exposure to toxic pesticides due to the misuse in almost all stages. There is inadequate legislation and a poor law enforcement to prevent the misuse of pesticides in El salvador.

关键词： Bajo Lempa Pesticides El salvador CKDu Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology

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Meso-American Nephropathy in El salvador: Increasing Farmer Participation in MeN Prevention Efforts

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Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine 2019年第2期7卷 50-63页

作者： Keven Bermudez Carlos Orantes Montserrat León Marta Jiménez Nicole Vidal Pol De Vos Institute for Global Health and Development Queen Margaret University Edinburgh UK National Health Institute Ministry of Health (MINSAL) of San Salvador San Salvador El Salvador

Objectives: This paper highlights and discusses major factors affecting salvadoran farmers’ involvement in National Health System-led efforts to prevent MeN in El salvador and includes some recommendations to enhance their involvement. Methods: The study, conducted in El salvador in June 2018, involved 10 life-long farmers residing in five MeN-affected communities in Chalatenango and Usulutan Departments who were either MeN-free or MeN-controlled, to understand through semi-structured, qualitative interviews their experience of participation in broader epidemic control efforts. Complementary interviews held with two nephrology teams and a senior representative of the grassroots-level National Health Forum operating in the same area, provided necessary contrast. Interview questions were informed by reference to the Adaptation and Development after Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model [1] as applicable in post-conflict environments like El salvador to analyze contextual factors influencing community participation. Findings: Farmers are scarcely involved in wider MeN prevention efforts in El salvador despite greater National Health System emphasis on encouraging community participation since the approval of the 2009 Health Reform [2]. This study found that widespread insecurity due to gang warfare, declining family and social networks due to high murder rates and international migration, and unresolved sense of injustice over unremitting poverty are among major factors with potential destructive effect on farmer participation. Conclusions: Health system-led MeN prevention responses need to encompass attention to persisting social vulnerabilities in economically and socially marginalized communities in order to enhance farmer participation in this effort. This paper concludes with some recommendations on how this can be done.

关键词： El salvador Meso-American Nephropathy CKDu Pesticides Dehydration Heat Stress Farmer Resilience

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An Earthquake Catalogue for El salvador and Neighboring Central American Countries （1528-2009） and Its Implication in the Seismic Hazard Assessment

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2013年第8期7卷 1018-1045页

作者： Walter Salazar Lyndon Brown Walter Hemandez Jose Guerra Seismic Research Centre The University of the West Indies (UWI) St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Earthquake Unit The University of the West Indies (UWI) Mona Kingston Jamaica Geological Survey~General Directorate of Environmental Observatory (DGOA) San Salvador El Salvador Oficina de Planificacien del Area Metropolitana de San salvador (OPAMSS) San Salvador El Salvador

Merging all available databases, a comprehensive and updated earthquake catalogue for El salvador and surrounding areas has been compiled, containing a total of 2,584 events for the period 1528-2009, covering the geographic window delimited by the coordinates 11.0°-16.5° N and 85.5°-92.0° W, focal depths of 0.0 to 304 km, and the moment magnitudes in the interval 5.0 〈 Mw 〈 8.1. Events in the catalogue are distributed into six seismogenic sources taking into consideration the tectonic regime affecting E1 salvador, the interplay and complexities between shallow crustal, intraplate and interface subduction seismicity has been thoroughly investigated, primarily with the aim of developing detail criteria to delimit the seismogenic sources in order to perform a consistent seismic hazard assessment. A uniform hazard spectrum for San salvador and seismic hazard maps and their uncertainty have been calculated for the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions using zone and zone free methods. The references cited in the article constitute a comprehensive list of sources of information on the tectonics and seismicity of El salvador and neighboring Central American countries.

关键词： Earthquake catalogue tectonics seismogenic sources Gutenberg-Richter relationships seismic hazard.

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The Knowledge and Participation of the Father in Breast Feeding, salvador, Brazil

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016年第10期6卷 559-571页

作者： Fernanda Tourinho Lima Andréa Canário Santana Gilton Marques dos Santos Tatiane Falcão dos S. Albergaria Luciana Rodrigues Silva Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador Brazil

The most fundamental influence in the breastfeeding process is the father’s support. The mother feels safer in breastfeeding when she has her partner’s support and a more active and effective participation. This study aimed at evaluating the father’s knowledge about breastfeeding in a quantitative approach through a transversal cohort study, interviewing 78 fathers in a public maternity in salvador. The average age of the interviewees was 29.9 years and 53.8% had an incomplete fundamental schooling. Regarding knowledge of the subject, 10.3% believed that breastfeeding can be substituted. All fathers interviewed answered that they support breastfeeding for their children and believe in its benefits;39.7% reported that their opinion could interfere their partner’s decision to prolong the process. Moreover, 69.2% of the males attended their partner’s antenatal meetings, and of these, over a third had no intervention on the subject. Of all the participants, 80.8% confirmed that they had participated in the breastfeeding process and emphasized their gratification during this phase. About the paternal opinion, 39.7% believed that there is a degree of influence over the partner’s decision to breastfeed, and for that reason 50% told the mother their opinion. The study widened the knowledge about the role of the father in breastfeeding, ratifying the importance of their support towards the mother in this process, ultimately contributing to improving the practice and benefiting the mother-child relationship. Therefore, we conclude that those interviewed have some knowledge about breastfeeding, recognize its importance during the process and would like to know more.

关键词： Father Breastfeeding Knowledge

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Prevalence and Incidence of HIV and Sexual Risk Behaviors in Crack Users in the San salvador Metropolitan Area, El salvador

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World Journal of AIDS 2013年第4期3卷 357-363页

作者： Julia Dickson-Gomez Julia Lechuga Laura Glasman Steven Pinkerton Gloria Bodnar Pamela Klein Center for AIDS Intervention Research Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee USA Departamento de Investigación Fundación Antidrogas de El Salvador (FUNDASALVA) San Salvador El Salvador University of Texas El Paso USA

Objective: It is in order to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV, the frequency of sexual risk behaviors, and perceptions of available resources to prevent and treat HIV among crack users in the San salvador Metropolitan Area. Methods: We conducted a survey of 420 crack users by using respondent-driven sampling to measure demographic characteristics, the quantity and frequency of drug use, history of STIs, including HIV, and experiences with organizations which provide prevention and treatment of HIV. Each participant offered a free and voluntary HIV test and was asked permission to share the results of the test with the study. Bernoullian modeling was used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV among heterosexual males in this population. Results: The estimated prevalence was 7% (95% CI: 2.3% -9.8%) among participants who agreed to take the test and share the results, and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.8% -7.8%) assuming that those who did not take the test or share results were seronegative. Participants reported a high frequency of sexual risk behaviors. In addition, participants were reported to have little knowledge of organizations to prevent or treat HIV/AIDS;58% had never taken an HIV test prior to survey administration. Conclusions: Crack users in San salvador are at high risk for HIV acquisition. HIV prevention interventions are urgently needed, especially interventions increasing access to HIV testing and prevention.

关键词： Incidence and Prevalence of HIV Sexual Risk Behavior Crack El salvador

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Physico-chemical characterization of acid base disorders in patients with COVID-19:A cohort study

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World Journal of Nephrology 2024年第2期13卷 16-23页

作者： Sergio Pinto de Souza Juliana R Caldas Marcelo Barreto Lopes Marcelo Augusto Duarte Silveira Fernanda Oliveira Coelho Igor Oliveira Queiroz Pedro Domingues Cury Rogério da Hora Passos Department of Nephrology Hospital São RafaelSalvadorBA 41253190Brazil Department of Nephrology D’Or Institute for Research and Education(IDOR)SalvadorBA 41253190Brazil Faculty of Medicine Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública-EBMSPSalvadorBA 40290000Brazil Department of Intensive Care D’Or Institute for Research and Education(IDOR)SalvadorBA 41253190Brazil Hospital São Rafael D’Or Institute for Research and Education(IDOR)SalvadorBA 41253190Brazil Department of Intensive Care Unit Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSao PauloSP 05652900Brazil

BACKGROUND Acid-base imbalance has been poorly described in patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Study by the quantitative acid-base approach may be able to account for minor changes in ion distribution that may have been over-looked using traditional acid-base analysis *** a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients,we looked for an association between metabolic acidosis surrogates and worse clinical outcomes,such as mortality,renal dialysis,and length of hospital *** To describe the acid-base disorders of critically ill COVID-19 patients using Stewart’s approach,associating its variables with poor *** This study pertained to a retrospective cohort comprised of adult patients who experienced an intensive care unit stay exceeding 4 days and who were diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection through a positive polymerase chain reaction analysis of a nasal swab and typical pulmonary involvement observed in chest computed tomography *** and clinical data were obtained from electronic *** variables were compared using Fisher’s exact *** data were presented as median and interquartile *** Mann-Whitney U test was used for *** In total,211 patients were *** mortality rate was 13.7%.Overall,149 patients(70.6%)presented with alkalosis,28 patients(13.3%)had acidosis,and the remaining 34 patients(16.2%)had a normal arterial pondus *** those presenting with acidosis,most had a low apparent strong ion difference(SID)(20 patients,9.5%).Within the group with alkalosis,128 patients(61.0%)had respiratory *** non-survivors were older,had more comorbidities,and had higher Charlson’s and simplified acute physiology score *** did not find severe acid-base imbalance in this *** analyzed Stewart’s variables(effective SID,apparent SID,and strong ion gap and the effect of albumin,lactate,phosphorus,and chloride)were not d

关键词： COVID-19 Physicochemical approach Acid-base status Critically ill patients Acute respiratory syndrome

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A novel heterozygous SF1/NR5A1 gene variant causes 46,XY DSD-gonadal dysgenesis with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism without adrenal insufficiency

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Genes & Diseases 2024年第4期11卷 128-130页

作者： Luis Ramos Department of Reproductive Biology Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador ZubirdnTlalpanMexico City 14080Mexico

Steroidogenic factor 1(SF1/NR5A1;nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1)is an essential orphan protein involved in gonadal embryogenesis,sex determination,and reproductive endocrinology.

关键词： insufficiency determination gonadal

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Navigating the controversy regarding antibiotic prophylaxis in acute variceal bleeding

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第18期30卷 2485-2487页

作者： David Aguirre-Villarreal Ignacio García-Juárez Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant Unit Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico City 14080Mexico

Antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding is part of the standard of care according to most clinical ***,with recent evidence arguing against antibiotic prophylaxis,the role of this... 详细信息

关键词： Cirrhosis Acute variceal bleeding Antibiotic prophylaxis Endoscopic band ligation Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

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Histopathological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver:Cellular damage and long-term complications

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第22期30卷 2866-2880页

作者： Alfonso Rodriguez-Espada Moises Salgado-de la Mora Briana Mariette Rodriguez-Paniagua Nathaly Limonde la Rosa Monica Itzel Martinez-Gutierrez Santiago Pastrana-Brandes Nalu Navarro-Alvarez Department of Molecular Biology Universidad Panamericana School of MedicineCampus MéxicoMexico 03920Mexico Department of Internal Medicine Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico 14080Mexico Department of Surgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusDenverCO 80045United States PECEM Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico 04360Mexico Department of Gastroenterology Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico 14080Mexico

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),primarily impacts the respiratory tract and can lead to severe outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome,multiple organ failure,and *** extensive studies on the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2,its impact on the hepatobiliary system remains *** liver injury is commonly indicated by reduced albumin and elevated bilirubin and transaminase levels,the exact source of this damage is not fully *** mechanisms for injury include direct cytotoxicity,collateral damage from inflammation,drug-induced liver injury,and ischemia/***,evidence often relies on blood tests with liver enzyme *** this comprehensive review,we focused solely on the different histopathological manifestations of liver injury in COVID-19 patients,drawing from liver biopsies,complete autopsies,and in vitro liver *** present evidence of the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver,substantiated by in vitro observations of viral entry mechanisms and the actual presence of viral particles in liver samples resulting in a variety of cellular changes,including mitochondrial swelling,endoplasmic reticulum dilatation,and hepatocyte *** ly,we describe the diverse liver pathology observed during COVID-19 infection,encompassing necrosis,steatosis,cholestasis,and lobular *** also discuss the emergence of long-term complications,notably COVID-19-related secondary sclerosing *** the histopathological liver changes occurring during COVID-19 infection is pivotal for improving patient recovery and guiding decision-making.

关键词： Liver SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Histopathology Liver biopsies Liver autopsy In vitro

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Mental health in the virtual world:Are we ready for the metaverse era?

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World Journal of Methodology 2024年第4期14卷 1-5页

作者： Tuffy Mamede Patrícia Lordêlo Post Graduation in Medicine and Human Health Bahiana School of Medicine and Public HealthSalvador 40290-000Brazil Pelvic Floor Care Center and Postgraduate Patricia Lordelo InstituteBahiana School of Medicine and Public HealthSalvador 40290-000Brazil

The advent of the metaverse,including virtual reality,augmented reality,andartificial intelligence,is an undeniable issue that health care scientists need *** influences all fields of knowledge,interpersonal relationships,*** mental health since the post-coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,it is necessary to consider and understand the potential,possibilities,weaknesses,and consequences arising from and provided by this new *** tothe increasing need for mental health monitoring and care,mental health treatmentsrequire in-depth training and preparation to achieve the maximum use of themetaverse advantages and ***,very little is known about theeffectiveness of remote mental health treatment,but it is certainly suggested thataccessibility and the characteristics associated with the use of metaverse technologiesmay represent new horizons for accessibility and approach tools,as long asmore studies are carried out and more evidence is collected to develop accurateguidelines,safe training,solve ethical concerns,and overcome limitations.

关键词： Mental health Metaverse Artificial intelligence Augmented reality Virtualreality

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