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Biotechnological Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass in to Industrial Products: An Overview

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2016年第3期7卷 149-168页

作者： Amit Kumar Archana Gautam Dharm Dutt Department of Paper Technology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India

Lignocellulose—a major component of biomass available on earth is a renewable and abundantly available with great potential for bioconversion to value-added bio-products. The review aims at physio-chemical features of lignocellulosic biomass and composition of different lignocellulosic materials. This work is an overview about the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-energy products such as bio-ethanol, 1-butanol, bio-methane, bio-hydrogen, organic acids including citric acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, microbial polysaccharides, single cell protein and xylitol. The biotechnological aspect of bio-transformation of lignocelluloses research and its future prospects are also discussed.

关键词： Lignocellulosic Biomass Bio-Transformation Bio-Energy Organic Acids Microbial Polysaccharides Single Cell Proteins

PULPING STUDIES OF WHEAT STRAW USING SODA AND SODA -ANTHRAQUINONE PROCESSES

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PULPING STUDIES OF WHEAT STRAW USING SODA AND SODA -ANTHRAQU...

Bacteria in indian Food Packaging Papers and Paperboards with Various Contents of Pulp Fiber

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作者： RAVI MOHAN R.PRASAD R.YADAV A.K.RAY Institute of Paper Technology saharanpur-247001 INDIA Institute of Paper Technology saharanpur-247001 INDIA Institute of Paper Technology saharanpur-247001 INDIA Institute of Paper Technology saharanpur-247001 INDIA

＜正＞Soda-Anthraquinone process,a non-sulphur pulping process of fibrous materials,involves soda cooking in presence of small amount of Anthraquinone or its derivatives. This results in improved yield with less rejects without affecting any quality of *** though the effect of Anthraquinone on pulping of hard and softwood are extensively reported in literature, the information on non-woody fibres,specially for Wheat straw are extremely limited. As Wheat straw is now increasingly used in. indian mills,it will be of immense potential to elucidate the optimal parameters in pulping of Wheat straw from operational point of these *** no correlations are available between input and output variables or kinetics of soda/soda-Anthraquinone pulping of Wheat straw. An attempt has been made in this present investigation to identify the effect of different pulping parameters on the degree of cooking of Wheat straw experimentally in the laboratory. The range of all possible input and output variables are examined in the light of normal industrial operation in terms of delignification. Based on the data Important kinetic parameters such as H-factor,specific reaction rate,and activation energy are evaluated for both soda and soda-Anthraquinone pulping *** pulp properties like screened yield, rejects,residual lignin,fibre fractionation,unbleached pulp-strength properties are also evaluated From detailed experimental studies,the main conclusions can be drawn as follows: The addition of Anthraquinone brings about 4-5 percent increase in yield,a significant decrease of Kappa number and lignin . content of pulp but no appreciable change in pentosan content. 10-13 percent active alkali might be taken as optimum for wheat straw *** optimum time and temperature at the bulk delignification stage for straw pulping are found to be 2 hours and 393K respectively with approximately 88 percent delignification. 423K with 1 hour cooking time can also be proper operationa

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2019年第4期10卷 349-357页

作者： Swati Sood Chhaya Sharma Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Paper Technology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India

The food packaging industry generally uses papers and paperboards (PPBs) especially for disposable products. According to the Framework Regulation (EC) No. 1935/2004 of the European Union, no transfer of contamination should occur from food packaging material to the food items. The aim of this study was to determine the presence, numbers, source and different kinds of bacteria present in food packaging PPBs with various contents of pulp fiber. The samples were randomly collected from popular confectioners and fast food restaurants in saharanpur, india. The results indicated the presence of bacteria in all the samples, ranging from 1.3 × 102 to 6.1 × 103 cfu/g. Most of the samples contained bacteria in more than the permitted concentration of 2.5 × 102 cfu/g as set by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The detected bacteria were from genera Bacillacea, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. According to the FDA declaration, pathogenic bacteria such as B. cereus and S. aureus have been associated with food borne diseases (FBD). Some contaminants in food packaging PPBs were found to be B. subtilis and P. aeroginosa, which produce enzymes like peroxidases and lipoxygenases that are odor generating enzymes.

关键词： Bacteria Odor Health Safety Food Packaging Papers and Paperboards (PPBs) Pulp Fiber

Ecofriendly Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Its Application in Agriculture

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第12期9卷 2462-2479页

作者： Dushyant Kumar Vivek Kumar Gaurav Chhaya Sharma Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Paper Technology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India

In the present study pulp and paper industry effluent was treated with the help of aluminum electrode using electrocoagulation (EC) process with feasible sludge management. The influences of pH, time, current density and electrolytes dose were investigated and optimum conditions were established to reduce the maximum amount of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and color. At optimum conditions 70% of COD and 98% of color were removed. Additionally, the behavior of electrolytes (NaCl and Na2SO4) was determined;it has shown that Na2SO4 results in the generation of less secondary pollutants than that NaCl and thereby could be used as better replacement in paper industries for electrocoagulation mediated treatment of wastewater. The residual amount of operational parameters in EC treated water was compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of india. It was found to be safe for utilization in irrigation. Furthermore, sludge produced during the EC process has been analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. To understand the physical and elemental phases of sludge, the analytical technique such as field emission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy has been used to find out the possible management alternative.

关键词： Pulp and Paper Wastewater Electrocoagulation Reuse Irrigation Sustainable Sludge Management

Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Food Packaging Papers and Paperboards Used in india

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2019年第3期10卷 360-368页

作者： Swati Sood Chhaya Sharma Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Paper Technology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India

In the present study, the varieties of papers and paperboards (PPBs) used in india for food packaging were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the heavy metal contamination with the help of ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry). Total 10 different types of food packaging PPBs were procured from local market and analyzed for 14 heavy metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Te, Ti and V). Quantities of heavy metals in the samples were compared with permitted values published by the European Council. Heavy metals like Al, As, Ba, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb and V were observed in more than the permitted concentration in some of the samples. Heavy metals toxicity in food packaging material is a serious concern as the edible items get exposed to these metals and also generate volatile odorous compounds which considerably impact the quality of food and affect consumer's health.

关键词： Heavy Metals Odorous Compounds Food Packages Papers and Paperboards (PPBs) Health

Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluent Using Electrocoagulation Process

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第3期11卷 296-310页

作者： Dushyant Kumar Chhaya Sharma Environmental Research Laboratory Department of Paper Technology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India

Electrocoagulation of pulp and paper industry effluent with SS-304 electrode has been carried out under varying process variable such as pH, current density, time and dose of electrolyte to find out the optimum conditions. Maximum reduction efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 82% and color more than 99% from pulp and paper industry wastewater at the following conditions pH = 7, current density = 24.80 mA/cm2 time = 40 min and dose of electrolytes = 1.0 g/L. Moreover, effects of electrolytes dosage on electricity consumption were observed and found to be that NaCl is better in comparison of Na2SO4 in respect of lower down the electricity consumption. But application of NaCl causes the formation of hazardous compounds as secondary pollutants within treated water. Therefore, Na2SO4 could be a potent replacement of NaCl to enhance the conductivity of paper industry effluent treated by EC process. The treated water has been compared with standard of Central Pollution control board (CPCB) and World Health organization, and found to be suitable for the reuse in irrigation.

关键词： Pulp Paper Industry Electrocoagulation Treatment Wastewater Reuse Chemical Oxygen Demand Color

Minimization of Phenols and Phenolic Compounds in Pulp and Paper Industries： Biological Approaches

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Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 2011年第7期5卷 595-607页

作者： Manoj Kumar Ghosh Uttam Kumar Ghosh Samit Kumar Department of Paper Technology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur 247001 U.P. India

The liquid effluents released from several industries including the pulp and paper industries contain phenol and phenolic compounds. The hazardous phenols and their chlorinated phenolic derivatives from pulp and paper industries bear the potential to exert deleterious effects on the human health and aquatic ecosystems, if they are released untreated in the environment. Biodegradation of phenolic compounds in the effluent streams from pulp and paper industries is an important eco-friendly method for the removal of toxicity in industrial waste water, while the minimization of formation of these toxic compounds require several in-plant biotechnological techniques such as biopulping and biobleaching. Present paper reviews, the biochemical pathways involved in degradation of phenols and chlorophenols through microorganisms. Various biotechnological strategies involved in minimization and biodegradation of phenol and phenolic compounds and their related environmental engineering aspects such as utility of different bioreactor configurations have been discussed for the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents.

关键词： Biodegradation biobleaching biopulping chlorophenol.

In vitro antilithiatic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on calcium oxalate crystallization

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2019年第4期17卷 273-281页

作者： Sana Zaki Nasreen Jahan Mohd Kalim Ghausia Islam Department of Ilmus Saidla (Pharmacy) Glocal College of Unani Medicine Glocal University Saharanpur 247001 UP India Department of llmul Advia (Pharmacology) National Institute of Unani Medicine Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Bengaluru 560091 Karnataka India Department of Preventive and Social Medicine Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 UP India

Objective: The study examines the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on crystallization of calcium oxalate. Methods: The antilithiatic effect of various concentrations of the hydro-alcoholic extract of C. zeylanicum was investigated at various stages of stone formation, using Cystone as a stan da rd refere nee drug. The effect on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by measuring the change in turbidity over time, during crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation, in the metastable solution of calcium chloride and sodium oxalate. The slope from the change in turbidity over time was measured using a spectrophotometer at 620 and 214 nm in respective tests. The inhibition rate was estimated by comparing turbidity in the presence and absence of extract. Crystals formed under experimental conditions were observed under a light microscope, and number and shape of the crystals were assessed in a randomly selected field. Phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography of the extract was also carried out. Results: C. zeylanicum significantly reduced crystal nucleation at concentrations of 4, 8 and 10 mg/mL (P001). The inhibition percentage of crystal growth was between 28.30% and 92.46% in the presence of C. zeylanicum extract and from 20.76% to 64.15% with various concentrations of Cystone. The maximum inhibition of crystal growth was obtained from C. zeylanicum at 2 mg/mL (92.46%). Microscopic examination revealed a reduction in the number and size of crystals. In the aggregation assay, the inhibition percentage of C. zeylanicum was between 16.27% and 100%, while Cystone was from -214.68% to 100% at different concentrations. The highest (100%) inhibition of aggregation was found at 4 mg/mL of both the test and standard drugs. Conclusion: We found that C. zeylanicum hydro-alcoholic extract has notable inhibitory effects on various stages of crystallization, in terms of turbidity of solution, as well as

关键词： Antilithiatic activity Calcium oxalate Inorganic inhibitors In vitro Unani medicine

Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Effect on Viability of Human Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells

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Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 2021年第9期11卷 145-153页

作者： Rakesh Sharma Yuvraj Singh Negi Innovations and Solutions Amity University and Florida State University Research Foundation Tallahassee USA indian Institute of Technology Roorkee saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India

Gold nanoparticles recently showed great interest for many uses including food, drug and medical applications. The algae Undaria sp. well known as wakame in South Asia are considered to be large edible brown algae. It provides nutritious source of dietary fiber, vitamin Bs and mineral. The present study aimed to investigate the use of Undaria sp. for green synthesis of metallic gold nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for physicochemical properties including size measurement and tested in vitro for their effect on viability of human non-small lung cancer H-460 cell line using the MTT assay. From the results, brown algae were able to chemically form nanoparticles with chloroauric acid solution possibly due to the sulphated polysaccharides found in algae. The particle sizes were found to be approximately 10 nm. The gold nanoparticles stabilized by the algae could decrease the cancer cell viability. However, the properties and biological activity of nanoparticles seemed to depend upon reaction time and temperature. Conclusively, gold nanoparticles synthesized and stabilized by the algae could decrease the cancer cell viability, thus indicating the potential of such nanoparticles for further study for anticancer activity.

关键词： Brown Algae Undaria sp. Gold Nanoparticles MTT Assay Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells