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Analysis for Effects of Temperature Rise of PV Modules upon Driving Distance of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaic Electric Vehicles

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Energy and Power Engineering 2024年第4期16卷 131-150页

作者： Masafumi Yamaguchi Yasuyuki Ota Taizo Masuda Christian Thiel Anastasios Tsakalidis Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau Kenji Araki Kensuke Nishioka Tatsuya Takamoto Takashi Nakado Kazumi Yamada Tsutomu Tanimoto Yosuke Tomita Yusuke Zushi Kenichi Okumura Takashi Mabuchi Akinori Satou Kyotaro Nakamura Ryo Ozaki Nobuaki Kojima Yoshio Ohshita Toyota Technological Institute Nagoya Japan Faculty of Engineering Miyazaki University Miyazaki Japan Toyota motor corporation Susono Japan European Commission— Joint Research Centre Ispra Italy Sharp corporation Nara Japan Toyota motor corporation Toyota Japan Nissan motor corporation Yokosuka Japan

The development of vehicle integrated photovoltaics-powered electric vehicles (VIPV-EV) significantly reduces CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of VIPV-EV without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV-EV is affected by climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules. In this paper, detailed analytical results for effects of climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules upon driving distance of the VIPV-EV were presented by using test data for Toyota Prius and Nissan Van demonstration cars installed with high-efficiency InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3-junction solar cell modules with a module efficiency of more than 30%. The temperature rise of some PV modules studied in this study was shown to be expressed by some coefficients related to solar irradiation, wind speed and radiative cooling. The potential of VIPV-EV to be deployed in 10 major cities was also analyzed. Although sunshine cities such as Phoenix show the high reduction ratio of driving range with 17% due to temperature rise of VIPV modules, populous cities such as Tokyo show low reduction ratio of 9%. It was also shown in this paper that the difference between the driving distance of VIPV-EV driving in the morning and the afternoon is due to PV modules’ radiative cooling. In addition, the importance of heat dissipation of PV modules and the development of high-efficiency PV modules with better temperature coefficients was suggested in order to expand driving range of VIPV-EV. The effects of air-conditioner usage and partial shading in addition to the effects of temperature rise of VIPV modules were suggested as the other power losses of VIPV-EV.

关键词： Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaics (VIPV) VIPV-Powered Electric Vehicles Driving Distance PV Modules Solar Irradiation Temperature Rise Radiative Cooling

Real-Time Co-optimization of Gear Shifting and Engine Torque for Predictive Cruise Control of Heavy-Duty Trucks

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2024年第2期37卷 294-317页

作者： Hongqing Chu Xiaoxiang Na Huan Liu Yuhai Wang Zhuo Yang Lin Zhang Hong Chen School of Automotive Studies Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina Department of Engineering University of CambridgeCambridgeUK State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control Jilin UniversityChangchunChina Qingdao Automotive Research Institute Jilin UniversityQingdaoChina Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Technology Center Dongfeng Motor CorporationWuhanChina

Fuel consumption is one of the main concerns for heavy-duty *** cruise control(PCC)provides an intriguing opportunity to reduce fuel consumption by using the upcoming road *** this study,a real-time implementable PCC,which simultaneously optimizes engine torque and gear shifting,is proposed for heavy-duty *** minimize fuel consumption,the problem of the PCC is formulated as a nonlinear model predictive control(MPC),in which the upcoming road elevation information is *** the solution of the nonlinear MPC is time consuming;thus,a real-time implementable solver is developed based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle and indirect shooting *** programming(DP)algorithm,as a global optimization algorithm,is used as a performance benchmark for the proposed ***,hardware-in-the-loop and real-truck experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed *** results demonstrate that the MPC-based solution performs nearly as well as the DP-based solution,with less than 1%deviation for testing ***,the proposed co-optimization controller is implementable in a real-truck,and the proposed MPC-based PCC algorithm achieves a fuel-saving rate of 7.9%without compromising the truck’s travel time.

关键词： Heavy-duty truck Predictive cruise control Model predictive control Pontryagin’s maximum principle Real-truck implementation

Droplet morphology analysis of drop-on-demand inkjet printing

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China Foundry 2024年第1期21卷 20-28页

作者： Hu-xiang Xia Takechi Kensuke Tajima Shin Kawamura Yoshiumi Qing-yan Xu Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology(MOE) School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc.41-1 Yokomichi NagakuteAichi 480-1192Japan Frontier Research Center Toyota Motor Corporation1 Toyota-ChoToyotaAichi 471-8572Japan

As an accurate 2D/3D fabrication tool,inkjet printing technology has great potential in preparation of micro electronic *** morphology of droplets produced by the inkjet printer has a great impact on the accuracy of *** this study,the drop-on-demand(DoD)inkjet simulation model was established,and the accuracy of the simulation model was verified by corresponding *** simulation result shows that the velocity of the droplet front and tail,as well as the time to disconnect from the nozzle is mainly affected by density(ρ),viscosity(μ)and surface tension(σ)of *** the liquid filament is about to disconnect from the nozzle,the filament length and filament front velocity are found to have a linear correlation withσ/ρμand ln(ρ/(μσ1/2)).

关键词： microdevice fabrication inkjet printing droplet morphology modeling and simulation

A Multiscale Reliability-Based Design Optimization Method for Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Drive Shafts

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第8期140卷 1975-1996页

作者： Huile Zhang Shikang Li Yurui Wu Pengpeng Zhi Wei Wang Zhonglai Wang Yangtze Delta Region Institute(Huzhou) University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaHuzhou313001China Huzhou Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials and Battery Cascade Utilization Huzhou CollegeHuzhou313000China SAIC motor corporation Limited Passenger Vehicle Co. Shanghai201804China School ofMechanical and Electrical Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China

Carbon fiber composites,characterized by their high specific strength and low weight,are becoming increasingly crucial in automotive ***,current research primarily emphasizes layer count and orientation,often neglecting the potential of microstructural design,constraints in the layup process,and performance *** study,therefore,introduces a multiscale reliability-based design optimization method for carbon fiber-reinforced plastic(CFRP)drive ***,parametric modeling of the microscale cell was performed,and its elastic performance parameters were predicted using two homogenization methods,examining the impact of fluctuations in microscale cell parameters on composite material performance.A finite element model of the CFRP drive shaft was then constructed,achieving parameter transfer between microscale and macroscale through Python *** enabled an investigation into the influence of both micro and macro design parameters on the CFRP drive shaft’s *** Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization(MOPSO)algorithm was enhanced for particle generation and updating strategies,facilitating the resolution of multi-objective reliability optimization problems,including composite material layup process *** studies demonstrated that this approach leads to over 30%weight reduction in CFRP drive shafts compared to metallic counterparts while satisfying reliability requirements and offering insights for the lightweight design of other vehicle components.

关键词： Multiscale reliability-based design optimization carbon-fabric-reinforced composite drive shaft

Analytic Formulae for Estimating motor Proportion of Load Model Under Small Disturbance

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第4期10卷 1599-1607页

作者： Ping Ju Shiqiu Xia Yuqing Jin Lu Cao School of Electrical and Power Engineering Hohai UniversityNanjing 211100China the East China Branch of the State Grid corporation of China Shanghai 200120China

In the composite load model(CLM),which is commonly used in China,an equivalent motor and equivalent static load are used to represent all electrical equipment and networks connected to a load *** research has determined typical values of electrical and mechanical parameters for load models of different load types,which improves the basis for load ***,the motor proportion parameter is not the same for different load buses or at different times;therefore,obtaining the actual motor proportion is key to establishing an accurate load *** the existing load modeling method,motor proportion is commonly identified along with other parameters under rare large disturbances;therefore,the value of the motor proportion is fixed by the time when a large disturbance *** this paper,formulae are derived to estimate motor proportion under small disturbances,and these formulae allow direct calculation of motor proportion without using any optimization *** proposed estimation formulae do not rely on any parameters of load model or power system but instead rely only on measurement of the voltage and active power at steady-state points before and after a small *** of universality of small disturbances in power systems,estimating time-varying motor proportion under small disturbances will be helpful for solving the time-varying problem of load ***,the proposed motor proportion estimation formulae are validated by simulations,physical experiments,and field experiments.

关键词： Composite load model load modeling motor proportion parameter estimation

Visualization and Quantitative Evaluation of Eddy Current Loss in Bar-Wound Type Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor for Mild-Hybrid Vehicles

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CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems 2019年第3期3卷 269-278页

作者： Masahiro Aoyama Jianing Deng suzuki motor corporation ShizuokaJAPAN.He is now with the Department of EngineeringShizuoka University3-5-1 Johoku Naka-kuHamamatsuShizuokaJAPAN suzuki motor corporation ShizuokaJAPAN.He is now with DENSO CorporationAichi1-1 Showa-choKariyaAichiJAPAN

This paper describes the conductor eddy current loss that occurs in a permanent magnet type synchronous motor with a distributed winding stator using a rectangular copper wire designed for mild hybrid system applications for small *** with the conventional round wire inserter method,the space factor can be improved and the coil-end length can be shortened by applying a so-called hairpin windings using a pre-formed into hairpin shape of bar conductor,and as a result,DC current resistance of the armature winding can be ***,since the conductor cross-sectional area tends to increases,the conductor eddy current loss generated by the space harmonics linkage becomes too large to *** order to study the reduction of the conductor eddy current loss,it is important to visualize the spatial leakage flux distribution which causes loss and finely analyze how the magnetic path is ***,analysis of the conductor eddy current loss distribution generated in the bar-wound conductor is performed using the CAE model that faithfully reproduces the coil-end shape of the actual ***,it was qualitatively clarified what ratio of conductor eddy current loss at various driving ***,the results of preliminary study on reduction of conductor eddy current loss are reported.

关键词： Conductor eddy current loss hairpin windings type permanent magnet synchronous motor leakage magnetic flux.

General Torsional Stiffness Matching of Off-road Vehicle

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2009年第3期22卷 331-335页

作者： HUANG Song Dongfeng motor corporation Wuhan 430056 China

Increasing frame torsional stiffness of off-road vehicle will lead to the decrease of body torsional deformation, but the increase of torsional loads of frame and suspension system and the decrease of wheel adhesive weight. In severe case, a certain wheel will be out of contact with road surface. Appropriate matching of body, frame and suspension torsional stiffnesses is a difficult problem for off-road vehicle design. In this paper, these theoretically analytic models of the entire vehicle, body, frame and suspension torsional stiffness are constructed based on the geometry and mechanism of a light off-road vehicle＇s body, frame and suspension. The body and frame torsional stiffnesses can be calculated by applying body CAE method, meanwhile the suspension＇s rolling angle stiffness can be obtained by the bench test of the suspension＇s elastic elements. Through fixing the entire vehicle, using sole timber to raise wheels to simulate the road impact on a certain wheel, the entire vehicle torsional stiffness can be calculated on the geometric relation and loads of testing. Finally some appropriate matching principles of the body, frame and suspension torsional stiffness are summarized according to the test and analysis results. The conclusion can reveal the significance of the suspension torsional stiffness on off-road vehicle＇s torsion-absorbing capability. The results could serve as a reference for the design of other off-road vehicles.

关键词： off-road vehicle bodywork frame suspension system torsional stiffness matching

A Loss-model-based Efficiency Optimization Control Method for Induction Traction System of High-speed Train under Emergency Self-propelled Mode

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CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems 2024年第2期8卷 227-239页

作者： Yutong Zhu Yaohua Li Institute of Electrical Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190China China Academy of Railway Sciences corporation Limited(Beijing Zongheng Electromechanical Technology Co.Ltd Beijing 100081 China IEEE

Increasing attention has been paid to the efficiency improvement of the induction traction system of high-speed trains due to the high demand for energy saving. In emergency self-propelled mode, however, the dc-link voltage and the traction power of the motor are significantly reduced, resulting in decreased traction efficiency due to the low load and low speed operations. Aiming to tackle this problem, a novel efficiency improved control method is introduced to the emergency mode of high-speed train traction system in this paper. In the proposed method, a total loss model of induction motor considering the behaviors of both iron and copper loss is established. An improved iterative algorithm with decreased computational burden is then introduced, resulting in a fast solving of the optimal flux reference for loss minimization at each control period. In addition, considering the parameter variation problem due to the low load and low speed operations, a parameter estimation method is integrated to improve the controller's robustness. The effectiveness of the proposed method on efficiency improvement at low voltage and low load conditions is demonstrated by simulated and experimental results.

关键词： Efficiency optimization Induction motor Loss model control motor drives Traction system

JSAE-SICE benchmark problem for vehicle dynamics control

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Control Theory and Technology 2019年第2期17卷 131-137页

作者： Yutaka HIRANO Toyota motor corporation 1200MishukuSusonoShizuoka410-1193Japan

Recently many new types of small vehicles for future urban societies have been proposed and *** small vehicles tends to have reduced stability and handling ability than conventional vehicles because of their lighter weight and reduced tire *** cope with this problem by active collaboration of Japanese academia and industries,a benchmark problem of designing vehicle control logic for an articulated In-Wheel-motor vehicle was settled by Japanese society of automotive industries and *** this purpose,simulation models of the new vehicle using multi-physics acausal modeling language Modelica were provided from the industry *** were requested to design controllers of tire steering angle,tire camber angle and tire driving force to satisfy requested vehicle dynamic *** also were some restrictions about the range of *** test scenarios were given to evaluate the control *** challengers from Japanese Universities have tackled with this benchmark *** results of their researches are also introduced in this paper.

关键词： Automotive control vehicle dynamics future mobility stability and handling performance modeling and simulation Modelica