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rock engineering problems related to underground hydrocarbon storage

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Journal of rock Mechanics and Geotechnical engineering 2010年第4期2卷 289-297页

作者： Ming Lu sintef rock engineering TrondheimNorway

Oil and gas can be stored underground by a variety of means,such as in depleted oil and gas fields,in aquifers,in rock salt caverns,in unlined mined rock caverns,in lined shallow caverns and abandoned *** types of underground storages require different geological and hydrogeological conditions and are associated with different rock engineering ***,the common issue is to ensure the gas-and oil-tightness of storage *** other words,the stored oil and gas must not escape from the storage *** may be realized by different means according to the types of storages and the sites geological *** are basically two approaches of gas leakage control,*** control and hydrodynamic *** latter involves the use of a water curtain system in many cases,which creates an artificial hydraulic boundary condition and helps to establish the required groundwater condition when *** addition to the common problems,the underground storage of liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) requires special attentions to the opening of rock joints,which result from the tensile thermal stress induced by the low storage *** care must be taken in choosing abandoned mines for oil and gas-storage since it is quite rare that the natural site conditions can meet the usual requirements,in particular for the gas *** paper provides a general description of the gas leakage control for underground oil and gas storage projects,and addresses various rock engineering problems associated with selected types of storages in detail.

关键词： oil storage gas storage rock cavern rock mechanics gas leakage

Depolarised gas anodes for aluminium electrowinning

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2010年第11期20卷 2152-2154页

作者： G.M.HAARBERG E.KVALHEIM A.P.RATVIK S.J.XIAO T.MOKKELBOST Department of Materials Science and engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU) sintef Materials and Chemistry

Consumable carbon anodes are used in the electrowinning of aluminium by the Hall-Heroult process. Emissions of CO2 may be eliminated by introducing an inert oxygen evolving anode, which however will require a higher anode potential. An alternative approach is to use a natural gas or hydrogen gas anode to reduce the CO2 emissions and lower the anode potential. Preliminary laboratory experiments were carried out in an alternative molten salt electrolyte consisting of CaCl2-CaO-NaCl at 680℃ Porous anodes of platinum and tin oxide were tested during electrolysis at constant current. The behaviour of inert anode candidate materials such as tin oxide and nickel ferrite were also studied.

关键词： anodes natural gas aluminium electrowinning

rock fracture mechanism of buffer blasting with cushion layer at the borehole bottom

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2025年第2期32卷 325-334页

作者： Xinguang Zhu Chenxi Ding Zhe Sui Hong Su Xu Guo School of Civil and Resources engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory for Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems Institute of MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Mechanics and Civil engineering China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing)Beijing 100083China School of Chemical and Blasting engineering Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan 232001China

This study primarily investigates the rock fracture mechanism of bottom cushion layer blasting and explores the effects of the bottom cushion layer on rock *** involves analyses of the evolution patterns of blasting stress,characteristics of crack distribution,and rock fracture features in the ***,blasting model experiments were carried out using the dynamic caustics principle to investigate the influence of bottom cushion layers and initiation methods on the integrity of the bottom rock *** experimental results indicate that the combined use of bottom cushion layers and inverse initiation effectively protects the integrity of the bottom rock ***,the process of stress wave propagation and dynamic crack propagation in rocks was simulated using the continuum-discontinuum element method(CDEM)and the Landau explosion source model,with varying thicknesses of bottom cushion *** numerical simulation results indicate that with increasing cushion thickness,the absorption of energy generated by the explosion becomes more pronounced,resulting in fewer cracks in the bottom rock *** illustrates the positive role of the cushion layer in protecting the integrity of the bottom rock mass.

关键词： bottom cushion layer blasting crack propagation continuum-discontinuum element method dynamic stress intensity factor

Gas electrodes with nickel based current collectors for molten carbonate electrolyte thermo-electrochemical cells

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020年第2期29卷 34-42页

作者： Sathiyaraj Kandhasamy Geir Martin Haarberg Signe Kjelstrup Asbjorn Solheim Department of Materials Science and engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU)TrondheimNorway PoreLab Department of ChemistryNTNUTrondheimNorway Metal Production and Processing SINTEF IndustrySINTEFTrondheimNorway

Thermo-electrochemical cells with inexpensive molten carbonate electrolyte and(CO2|O2) gas electrodes allow the possible conversion of high temperature waste heat from industrial processes into *** cell containing eutectic(Li,Na)2CO3 electrolyte with solid Mg O dispersion delivers a large Seebeck coefficient of-1.7 m V/K. At present, the(CO2|O2) gas electrodes use metallic gold as current collectors in order to avoid the formation of interfering oxide layers during operation. For further reduction in energy generation cost, the gold current collectors should be replaced with an inexpensive and stable *** this study, the suitability of the(molten carbonate fuel cell) MCFC’s nickel-based cathodes to operate the molten-carbonate thermo-electrochemical cell, was investigated. Ni current collectors were examined in two different states, as Ni O and as lithiated Ni O(LixNi1-xO). The Ni O phase shows higher stability than the LixNi1-xO while the Seebeck coefficient remains above-1.2 m V/K.

关键词： High-temperature thermo-electrochemical cell Molten carbonate NiO Lithiated NiO

Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic volcanic-sedimentary history of the southeastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Timing of uplift of the Inner Mongolia paleo-uplift

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 297-309页

作者： Wenxing HAO Jin-Hui YANG Guang ZHU State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Resource and Environmental engineering Hefei University of Technology

The Kulun region is located in the eastern Bainaimiao arc belt on the southeastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB), adjacent to the North China Craton(NCC) to the south. This region records the closure of the PaleoAsian Ocean during the Paleozoic to early Mesozoic and is key to study the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the *** conducted zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope analysis of volcanic-sedimentary and intrusive rocks in the Kulun region. The volcanic-sedimentary rocks were previously assigned an early Carboniferous age, but include volcanic rocks with ages of 267–266 Ma and sedimentary rocks with youngest detrital zircon age peaks of 265–244 Ma, which were intruded by a granite with an age of 242 Ma. This indicates that these rocks are actually middle Permian to Middle Triassic in age(267–242Ma) and correspond to the Qingfengshan and Liujiagou formations. Moreover, two volcanic rock samples have high εHf(t) values(+1.6 to +16.1) and relatively young two-stage Hf model ages(1095–327 Ma), indicating their sources associated with the CAOB. The age spectra and Hf isotopic characteristics of detrital zircons from the sedimentary rocks suggest that, during the middle Permian to Middle Triassic, the sedimentary provenance in the Kulun region was mainly the CAOB. However, by the Early Jurassic, the provenance changed to the NCC(i.e., the Inner Mongolia Paleo-uplift, IMPU). This result, combined with the development of a series of conglomerates on the northern margin of the NCC in the Late Triassic(i.e., Xingshikou, Xiaoyingzi,and Xiaohekou formations), indicates the Kulun region experienced an abrupt change in paleogeography during the Late Triassic, with the IMPU undergoing significant uplift and thus becoming the main sediment source in the Kulun region. Based on the Late Triassic alkaline igneous belt(235–215 Ma) in the IMPU, we speculate that this uplift was caused by detachment of the southward-subducting Paleo-Asian oceanic

关键词： Central Asian Orogenic Belt the North China Craton Zircon geochronology Hf isotopes Inner Mongolia Paleo-uplift

3-D discontinuum numerical modeling of subsidence incorporating ore extraction and backfilling operations in an underground iron mine in China

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2017年第2期27卷 191-201页

作者： Huang Gang Kulatilake Pinnaduwa H.S.W. Shreedharan Srisharan Cai Sijing Song Hongqing School of Resources and Environmental engineering Wuhan University of Technology School of Civil and Environmental engineering University of Science and TechnologyBeijing rock Mass Modeling and Computational rock Mechanics Laboratories University of Arizona

An underground iron mine in China has been used as a case-study to research the subsidence due to ore extraction and backfilling during open stoping operations. A 3-D discontinuum numerical model was built incorporating geologic complexities including faults and interfaces between different lithologies,and the stoping and backfilling sequence adopted from the mine plans. The stoping was carried out in two vertically stacked horizontal layers, with a total of 16 stopes. Large displacements of up to 50 cm were observed along the roof of the stopes, and a maximum surface subsidence of 22.5 cm was *** was found to eliminate subsequent displacements and subsidence. The extraction of the upper orebody was found to influence displacements in the lower orebody. Finally, a subsidence profile was constructed to show the subsidence at all locations along the length of the surface and region of influence on the surface.

关键词： Underground iron mine Discontinuum numerical modeling Open stoping Backfill Subsidence

Crack initiation stress and strain of jointed rock containing multi-cracks under uniaxial compressive loading: A particle flow code approach

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Journal of Central South University 2015年第2期22卷 638-645页

作者：范祥 KULATILAKE P H S W 陈新曹平 School of Resources and Safety engineering Central South University rock Mass Modeling and Computational rock Mechanics Laboratories University of Arizona School of Mechanics and Civil engineering China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)

The ratio of crack initiation stress to the uniaxial compressive strength(SCI,B/SUC,B) and the ratio of axial strain at the crack initiation stress to the axial strain at the uniaxial compressive strength(B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS) were studied by performing numerical stress analysis on blocks having multi flaws at close spacing's under uniaxial loading using PFC3 D. The following findings are obtained: SCI,B/SUC,B has an average value of about 0.5 with a variability of ± 0.1. This range agrees quite well with the values obtained by former research. For joint inclination angle, β=90°,B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is found to be around 0.48 irrespective of the value of joint continuity factor, k. No particular relation is found betweenB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS and β; however, the average B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS seems to slightly decrease with increasing k. The variability ofB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is found to increase with *** on the cases studied in this work,B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS ranges between 0.3 and 0.5. This range is quite close to the range of 0.4to 0.6 obtained for SCI,B/SUC,B. The highest variability of ± 0.12 forB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is obtained for k=0.8. For the remaining k values the variability ofB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS can be expressed within ± 0.05. This finding is very similar to the finding obtained for the variability of SCI,B/SUC,B.

关键词： jointed rock multi flaws uniaxial loading PFC3D model crack initiation stress(SCI B) axial strain at crack initiation

Dynamic analysis of slab track on multi-layered transversely isotropic saturated soils subjected to train loads

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Earthquake engineering and engineering Vibration 2014年第4期13卷 731-740页

作者： Zhan Yongxiang Yao Hailin Lu Zheng Yu Dongming Institute of rock and Soil Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical engineering Institute of Rock and soil Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences

The dynamic responses of a slab track on transversely isotropic saturated soils subjected to moving train loads are investigated by a semi-analytical approach. The track model is described as an upper Euler beam to simulate the rails and a lower Euler beam to model the slab. Rail pads between the rails and slab are represented by a continuous layer of springs and dashpots. A series of point loads are formulated to describe the moving train loads. The governing equations of track-ground systems are solved using the double Fourier transform, and the dynamic responses in the time domain are obtained by the inverse Fourier transform. The results show that a train load with high velocity will generate a larger response in transversely isotropic saturated soil than the lower velocity load, and special attention should be paid on the pore pressure in the vicinity of the ground surface. The anisotropic parameters of a surface soil layer will have greater influence on the displacement and excess pore water pressure than those of the subsoil layer. The traditional design method taking ground soil as homogeneous isotropic soil is unsafe for the case of RE 〈 1 and RG 〈 1, so a transversely isotropic foundation model is of great significance to the design for high train velocities.

关键词： slab track transversely isotropic saturated soil Biot's theory train load dynamic response

Multi-layer spectral clustering approach to intentional islanding in bulk power systems

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2019年第5期7卷 1044-1055页

作者： Faycal ZNIDI Hamzeh DAVARIKIA Kamran IQBAL Masoud BARATI Department of Systems engineering University of Arkansas at Little RockLittle RockARUSA Department of Electrical and Computer engineering Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer engineering University of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA

Intentional controlled islanding(ICI)is a final resort for preventing a cascading failure and catastrophic power system *** paper proposes a controlled islanding algorithm that uses spectral clustering over multilayer graphs to find a suitable islanding *** multi-criteria objective function used in this controlled islanding algorithm involves the correlation coefficients between bus frequency components and minimum active and reactive power flow *** to the previous studies,the algorithm is applied in two *** the first stage,groups of coherent buses are identified with the help of modularity clustering using correlation coefficients between bus frequency *** the second stage,the ICI solution satisfying bus coherency with minimum active and reactive power flow disruptions is determined by grouping all nodes using spectral clustering on the multi-layer *** studies on the IEEE 39-bus test system demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in determining an islanding solution in real time while addressing the generator coherency problem.

关键词： Constrained spectral clustering Controlled islanding Bus coherency Multi-layer graph Normalized spectral clustering