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The Role of a Modern botanic Garden:the Evolution of kew

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植物分类与资源学报 2011年第1期33卷 31-38页

作者： David J.MABBERLEY royal botanic gardens Kew and University of Oxford

The history of botanic gardens in the United Kingdom is sketched out with particular reference to the royal botanic gardens kew and its changing role to meet societal requirements over 250 ***'s position as a modern scientific institution confronting today's environmental issues through its Breathing Planet Programme yet retaining its heritage buildings and collections is pinpointed.

关键词： botanic gardens Breathing Planet Programme Joseph Banks Robert Brown Joseph Hooker William Hooker royal botanic gardens kew

Adapting the botanical landscape of Melbourne gardens(royal botanic gardens Victoria)in response to climate change

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Plant Diversity 2017年第6期39卷 338-347页

作者： Timothy J.Entwisle Chris Cole Peter Symes royal botanic gardens Victoria

botanic gardens around the world maintain collections of living plants for science, conservation, education, beauty and more. These collections change over time-in scope and content-but the predicted impacts of climate change will require a more strategic approach to the succession of plant species and their landscapes. royal botanic gardens Victoria has recently published a 'Landscape Succession Strategy'for its Melbourne gardens, a spectacular botanical landscape established in 1846. The strategy recognizes that with 1.6 million visitors each year, responsibility for a heritage-listed landscape and the need to care for a collection of 8500 plant species of conservation and scientific importance, planting and planning must take into account anticipated changes to rainfall and temperature. The trees we plant today must be suitable for the climate of the twenty-second century. Specifically, the Strategy sets out the steps needed over the next twenty years to transition the botanic garden to one resilient to the climate modelled for2090. The document includes a range of practical measures and achievable(and at times somewhat aspirational) targets. Climate analogues will be used to identify places in Australia and elsewhere with conditions today similar to those predicted for Melbourne in 2090, to help select new species for the collection. Modelling of the natural and cultivated distribution of species will be used to help select suitable growth forms to replace existing species of high value or interest. Improved understanding of temperature gradients within the botanic garden, water holding capacity of soils and plant water use behaviour is already resulting in better targeted planting and irrigation. The goal is to retain a similar diversity of species but transition the collection so that by 2036 at least 75% of the species are suitable for the climate in 2090. Over the next few years we hope to provide 100% of irrigation water from sustainable water sources, and

关键词： Climate change Landscape succession botanic garden Uving collection

The tropical-subtropical evergreen forest transition in East Asia:An exploration

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Plant Diversity 2020年第4期42卷 255-280页

作者： Peter Ashton Hua Zhu Arnold Arboretum Harvard UniversityRoyal Botanic GardensKewUK Center for Integrative Biology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesYunnanPR China

The transition from tropical to subtropical(warm temperate)evergreen forests is more clearly apparent in East Asia,fromNepal to the western Pacific coast,than elsewhere in the *** review the nature of this transition and hypothesize the physical,ultimately climatic,factors thatmay maintain it,with a special focus on how the increasing instability and warming of climates will affect these forests.A primary climatic mediator of the transition is proposed,thereby offering a testable hypothesis for the climateeforest transition *** is known of this transition is summarized in context of the primary climatic mediators of elevational zonation of forest formations in equatorial Asia to the tree line,in the Himalaya at the India-Indo-Burma northern tropical margin,and as both elevational and latitudinal zonation in southern *** secondary edaphic and other physical changes are described for the Himalaya,and hypothesized for southern *** forest ecotones are seen to be primarily defined by tree floristic change,on which account changes in structure and physiognomy are *** montane tropical-subtropical transition in the Himalaya is narrowand observed to correlate with an as yet ill-defined frost line.A distinct tropical-subtropical transition forest is recognized in the southwest *** is a total change in canopy species at the Himalayan ecotone,but subcanopy tropical species persist along an elevational decline of c.400 *** latitudinal transition in South China is analogous,but here the tropical subcanopy component extends north over ten degrees latitude,albeit in *** tropical-subtropical transition is uniquely clear in East Asia because here alone a tropical wet summer-dry winter monsoon extends to 35north latitude,encompassing the subtropical evergreen forest,whereas subtropical evergreen forests elsewhere exist under drier temperate summer climate regimes.

关键词： Tropical Subtropical Forest transition Ecotone East Asia

Tropical deciduous forest in Yunnan,southwestern China:Implications for geological and climatic histories from a little-known forest formation

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Plant Diversity 2021年第6期43卷 444-451页

作者： Hua Zhu Peter Ashton Bojian Gu Shisun Zhou Yunhong Tan Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaYunnan 666303PR China Arnold Arboretum Harvard University and Royal Botanic GardensKewUK

In the southern mountain ranges of Yunnan province,China,deep valleys of several large rivers create rain shadows with hot dry summers,and are locally designated tropical;towards the north,notably in the Lancang(Upper Mekong)valley,these regions may experience frost during *** woody forest canopy of these valleys is predominantly deciduous,with evergreen elements in the north,where the canopy is open and the forest ***,we here present tall forest with a closed deciduous canopy and semi-evergreen subcanopy observed in hot dry valleys of these rivers and their tributaries in the tropical *** structure and physiognomy of these forests resemble the tall(moist)deciduous forest formation widespread in South Asia and ***,these forests are largely composed of tropical elements at both the generic(80%)and the species level(>70%),indicating that these forests are indeed *** originally hypothesized that these isolated forests represent refugia of a pre-Holocene extension of tall(moist)deciduous forest formation of South Asia and *** sample plot we established to test this hypothesis confirmed that these forests share the structure and physiognomy of the tall(moist)deciduous forest formation;however,the plots also showed that these forests lack the characteristic and dominant species of the formation's Indo-Burmese *** tree flora,in particular,indicates that both deciduous and evergreen elements are instead mostly derived from the adjacent tropical semi-evergreen forests of tropical southern China;yet they also include an important endemic element,which implies that these forests have survived as refuges possibly since the *** exceptional representation of evergreen elements in these forests indicates that they have rarely been subject to hot fires or domestic cattle browsing,adding to the unique nature of the forests and further justifying their strict conservation.

关键词： Floristic composition Physiognomy Biogeography Independent species assembly Tall deciduous forest Southwestern China

Conserving and restoring the Caicos pine forests: The first decade

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Plant Diversity 2019年第2期41卷 75-83页

作者： Michele Dani Sanchez Bryan Naqqi Manco Junel Blaise Marcella Corcoran Martin Allen Hamilton The Herbarium Royal Botanic Gardens Department of Environment and Coastal Resources National Environmental Centre

The severe and rapid attack on the Caicos pine Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis(Pinaceae) by the nonnative invasive pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis, has resulted in the death of most of the trees in the Turks and Caicos Islands(TCI) in just over a decade. Local and international conservation efforts have enabled the necessary multi-disciplinary research, data gathering, and monitoring to develop and implement a restoration strategy for this endemic tree from the Bahaman archipelago. The native plant nursery established on North Caicos and horticultural expertise acquired throughout the years were crucial to the successful rescue of Caicos pine saplings from the wild populations and cultivation of new saplings grown from locally sourced seeds. These saplings have been used to establish six Restoration Trial Plots on Pine Cay and a seed orchard on North Caicos in TCI. Core Conservation Areas(CCAs) for the Caicos pine forests have been identified and mapped. To date, forest within the Pine Cay CCA has been supplemented by planting more than 450 pine trees, which have survived at a high(>80%)rate.

关键词： Pine forest restoration Plant nursery Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis Caribbean Conservation Turks and Caicos Islands

The limitations of DNA-based approaches to species delimitation cannot be overcome by expanded sampling

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Zoological Systematics 2022年第2期47卷 165-167页

作者： Tom Wells Tom Carruthers Robert W.Scotland Department of Plant Sciences University of OxfordOxfordUK royal botanic gardens KewRichmondUK

Luo and Zhu(2022)write that“DNA-based integrative taxonomy”requires researchers to ensure they have sufficient sampling to justify the delimitation of a *** we agree that sample size is an undeniably important aspect of species delimitation,this is neither unique to DNA-based approaches,nor sufficient on its own to address their *** the authors also note,increasing sample size is not always *** would add that nor is it always necessary–many species are rare or narrow endemics(Willis&Undy Yule,1922)and the majority of new species are adequately described from only a few specimens(Goodwin et al.,2020).

关键词： limitations expanded overcome

botanic Garden Collections—An Under-Utilised Resource

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2021年第9期12卷 1436-1444页

作者： Alex Hudson Paul Smith Benedetta Gori Suzanne Sharrock botanic gardens Conservation International Richmond UK royal botanic gardens Kew Richmond UK

botanic gardens and arboreta around the world are repositories of diverse collections of useful plants in their gardens and seed banks. However, the crop and forestry communities often overlook these collections, and so they are an underutilised resource. For example, in analysis of the ex situ conservation status of 6,941 socio-economically important plant taxa using data from forestry and crop collections, but omitted collections in botanic gardens and arboreta. In this paper, we compared the socio-economically important taxa identified by Khoury et al. from GRIN-Global World Economic Plants (WEP) with data on living and seed collections held in botanic garden and arboreta, as recorded in BGCI’s global PlantSearch and ThreatSearch datasets. This analysis produced an assessment of the proportion of these taxa that are found in botanic gardens and arboreta, the number of gardens or arboreta they are found in and what potential they have to contribute to research, conservation and sustainable use. We also compared the species conservation comprehensiveness assessments carried out by Khoury et al. with the threatened status of those species, according to the IUCN Red List and other threat assessment methodologies in order to ascertain whether threatened, useful species are well-conserved in botanic gardens. At least 6017 of the 6941 socio-economically important WEP taxa (86.7%) were currently found in the living and seed collections of botanic gardens and arboreta with 1456 taxa (21%) held in >40 collections. Khoury et al. suggested that 6748 of the WEP taxa are of either medium or high conservation priority. However, our analysis suggested that just 1153 taxa have been assessed as threatened at a national or international level. We concluded that the botanic garden/arboretum community can contribute significantly to plant conserv

关键词： botanic gardens Arboreta Socio-Economic Plants Sustainable Use Conservation

Plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP) in China:A seed and spore biology perspective

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Plant Diversity 2016年第5期38卷 209-220页

作者： Ellie Merrett Wade Jayanthi Nadarajan Xiangyun Yang Daniel Ballesteros Weibang Sun Hugh W.Pritchard royal botanic gardens KewWellcome Trust Millennium Building The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences Kunming botanical Garden Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences

Approximately one fifth of the world's plants are at risk of *** these,a significant number exist as populations of few individuals,with limited distribution ranges and under enormous pressure due to habitat *** China,these most-at-risk species are described as 'plant species with extremely small populations'(PSESP).Implementing conservation action for such listed species is *** seeds is one of the main means of ex situ conservation for flowering *** storage could provide a simple and economical method for fern ex situ *** and spore germination in nature is a critical step in species regeneration and thus in situ *** what is known about the seed and spore biology(storage and germination) of at-risk species? We have used China's PSESP(the first group listing) as a case study to understand the gaps in knowledge on propagule biology of threatened plant *** found that whilst germination information is available for 28 species(23%of PSESP),storage characteristics are only known for 8%of PSESP(10 species).Moreover,we estimate that 60%of the listed species may require cryopreservation for long-term *** conclude that comparative biology studies are urgently needed on the world's most threatened taxa so that conservation action can progress beyond species listing.

关键词： Threatened species Orchids Storage characteristics Cryopreservation ex situ conservation

A Framework for a Medicinal Plant Conservation and Sustainable Utilization Strategy in China

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A Framework for a Medicinal Plant Conservation and Sustainab...