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Evaluation of Biostimulants Added to Post Emergence Herbicides in Soybean

American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第13期7卷 1729-1740页

作者： Nader Soltani Christy Shropshire Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus Ridgetown Canada

There is little information on the effect of the addition of biostimulants such as AX13-04-4, Crop Booster or RR Soy Booster to post emergence herbicides in soybean under Ontario environmental conditions. A total of 69 field experiments were conducted in soybean at two locations (ridgetown and Exeter, Ontario, Canada) to evaluate the effect of biostimulants added to various post emergence herbicides on crop injury, weed control and yield of soybean. There was minimal soybean injury (6% or less) from glyphosate, chlorimuron, imazethapyr, fomesafen or quizalofop applied alone or in combination with biostimulants. At 4 weeks after herbicide treatment (WAT), the addition of biostimulants to glyphosate, chlorimuron, imazethapyr, fomesafen or quizalofop did not affect weed control except for control of common ragweed which was increased 2% with the addition of RR Soy Booster to glyphosate + imazethapr, and the control of common lambs quarters which was increased 4% with the addition of Crop Booster to glyphosate + fomesafen. At 8 WAT, biostimulants evaluated had no effect on weed control except for Crop Booster added to glyphosate + fomesafen which increased green foxtail control 2% and Crop Booster added to glyphosate + chlorimuron, glyphosate + fomesafen and glyphosate + quizalofop which increased common lambs quarters control 1%, 3%, and 4%, respectively. The addition of biostimulants to the post emergence herbicides evaluated had no effect on soybean yield. Based on these results, the addition of biostimulants such as AX13-04-4, Crop Booster or RR Soy Booster to commonly used post emergence herbicides in Ontario has no significant effect on crop injury, weed control or yield of soybean.

关键词： Herbicide Injury Soybean Tolerance Weeds Yield

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Effect of Biostimulants Added to Postemergence Herbicides in Corn, Oats and Winter Wheat

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Agricultural Sciences 2015年第5期6卷 527-534页

作者： Nader Soltani Christy Shropshire Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph ridgetown campus Ridgetown Canada

There is limited information available on the effect of biostimulants such as Crop Booster or RR SoyBooster on corn, oats and winter wheat under Ontario environmental conditions. A total of 37 field experiments were conducted in corn, oats and winter wheat at two locations (ridgetown and Exeter, Ontario, Canada) to evaluate the effect of Crop Booster or RR SoyBooster on crop injury, weed control and yield. The addition of Crop Booster to glyphosate did not affect weed control or corn yield except at 4 weeks after herbicide application (WAA) when control of pigweed species was increased by 1% and at 4 and 8 WAA when control of common lambsquarters was reduced by 1%. The addition of RR SoyBooster to glyphosate did not affect crop injury, weed control or corn yield. The addition of Crop Booster to glyphosate + topramezone + atrazine did not affect crop injury, weed control or corn yield except at 4 WAA when control of common ragweed was reduced by 1%. The tank mix of Crop Booster with glyphosate + thiencarbazone-methyl did not affect crop injury, weed control or corn yield except at 4 WAA when control of green foxtail and annual grasses were reduced by 2% and 1%, respectively. The addition of Crop Booster to bromoxynil/ MCPA had no significant effect on crop injury, weed control or yield of oats or winter wheat.

关键词： Cereals Injury Height Herbicide Tolerance Yield

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Tolerance of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and Under Seeded Red Clover (Trifolium pretenseL.) to Fall Applied Post-Emergent Broadleaf Herbicides

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第9期5卷 1265-1271页

作者： Kristen E. McNaughton Lynette R. Brown Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus Ridgetown Canada

The fall application of post-emergent (POST) herbicides on winter wheat provided effective control of emerged winter annual, biennial, and perennial broadleaf weeds. In recent years, wheat producers have seen a shift to these weeds, due in part, to the adoption of reduced-and no-tillage practices and the use of non-residual herbicides such as glyphosate in the preceding soybean and corn crops. The tolerance of winter wheat to ten herbicides, applied POST in the fall, was evaluated between 2008 and 2011 at Exeter and ridgetown, Ontario. Winter wheat yield was not reduced by applications of MCPA ester, dicamba/ MCPA/ mecoprop, clopyralid, bromoxynil/ MCPA, thifensulfuron /tribenuron +MCPA ester, fluroxypyr +MCPA ester, and pyrasulfotole/ bromoxynil. In contrast, 2,4-D ester and dichlorprop/2,4-D, caused visible injury in June and July of the following year and consistently decreased winter wheat yield by at least 10%. Applications of 100 g a.i. ha-1 saflufenacil also decreased winter wheat yield in two of the four harvest years examined. None of the herbicide options examined were safe on red clover when it was under seeded the spring following winter wheat planting. All herbicides significantly decreased red clover dry biomass one month after wheat harvest.

关键词： 2 4-D Clopyralid Pyrasulfotole Saflufenacil Winter Wheat

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Responses of Dry Bean to 2,4-D Ester Applied Preplant and Preemergence

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2019年第12期10卷 2170-2178页

作者： Nader Soltani Christy Shropshire Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph ridgetown campus Ridgetown Canada

Six field studies were completed in Ontario (during 2016 to 2018) to assess the tolerance of adzuki, kidney, small red and navy bean to 2,4-D ester at 528 or 1056 g·ai·ha-1 applied 14, 7 and 1 day before seeding (PP) and 3 days after seeding (PRE). 2,4-D applied PP or PRE caused as much as 4%, 6%, 7% and 8% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red and navy (white) bean, respectively. There was an increase in bean injury as the preplant interval decreased. At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1 14, 7 and 1 day PP and 3 days after seeding caused up to 6%, 10%, 18% and 5% visible bean injury, respectively. The level of injury decreased over time with minimal bean injury (0 to 3%) at 8 WAE. Bean stand counts were similar to the non-treated control with 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP when 2,4-D at the 2X rate decreased bean stand 13%. There was up to 23% and 43% decrease in bean dry weight with 2,4-D applied PP at 528 and 1056 g·ai·ha-1 7 and 1 day PP, respectively. Bean height (6 WAE) was not affected by 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP when 2,4-D (1056 g·ai·ha-1) decreased bean height 10%. Additionally, there was no effect of 2,4-D treatments on bean maturity or yield. Based on these results, the safest times to apply 2,4-D are 14 days before seeding or PRE. Injury was higher when 2,4-D was applied 7 and 1 day PP. Injury was lower in adzuki bean compared to kidney, small red or navy bean.

关键词： Bean Stand Crop Injury Dry Bean Biomass Plant Height Plant Sensitivity Yield

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Sensitivity of Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) to Acifluorfen, Fomesafen, Bentazon, Imazethapyr and Halosulfuron-Methyl Applied Postemergence

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第5期8卷 1092-1099页

作者： Nader Soltani Christy Shropshire Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph ridgetown campus Ridgetown ON Canada

New herbicide options are needed for postemergence (POST) broadleaf weed control in adzuki bean. A field study, of five experiments, was conducted over a three-year period (2014, 2015, 2016) in Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of adzuki bean to the POST application of acifluorfen (600 and 1200 g·ai·ha-1), fomesafen (240 and 480 g·ai·ha-1), bentazon (1080 and 2160 g·ai·ha-1), imazethapyr (100 and 200 g·ai·ha-1) and halosulfuron-methyl (75 and 150 g·ai·ha-1). Acifluorfen and fomesafen applied POST caused as much as 12% visible injury at the 1X rate and 20% visible injury at the 2X rate but had no adverse effect on adzuki bean population, shoot dry weight, height, maturity or yield. Bentazon caused as much as 23% visible injury at 1080 g·ai·ha-1 and 28% visible injury at 2160 g·ai·ha-1 but caused no adverse effect on adzuki bean population, shoot dry weight, height, maturity or yield at either rate, except at 2160 g·ai·ha-1 which reduced shoot dry weight 20% and height 12%. Imazethapyr caused as much as 22% visible injury at 100 g·ai·ha-1 and 34% visible injury at 200 g·ai·ha-1 but caused no adverse effect on adzuki bean population, shoot dry weight, height, maturity or yield at either rate except at 200 g·ai·ha-1 which delayed maturity slightly. Halosulfuron-methyl caused as much as 65% visible injury and reduced shoot dry weight, height and yield 64%, 41%, and 28%, respectively. This research concludes that acfluorfen, fomesafen, bentazon, imazethapyr and halosulfuron at the rates evaluated can cause the significant injury in adzuki bean.

关键词： Acifluorfen Bentazon Biomass Fomesafen Imazethapyr Halosulfuron-Methyl Injury Vigna angularis Yield

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Efficacy of 2,4-D Choline/Glyphosate Dimethylamine on Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane (Conyza canadensis) at Different Sizes

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第18期5卷 2755-2763页

作者： Laura Ford Nader Soltani Darren E. Robinson Robert E. Nurse Allan McFadden Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus Ridgetown Canada

Glyphosate resistant (GR) Canada fleabane has spread quickly across southwestern Ontario and new strategies for the control of this competitive weed must be developed especially in no-tillage crops. A premix of 2,4-D choline and glyphosate dimethylamine (DMA) has been developed for application on tolerant corn, soybean and cotton crops that provides an option for the control of this problematic GR weed. The objective of this research was to determine the required dose needed to effectively control GR Canada fleabane at different size categories in field and greenhouse experiments. In the field experiments, nine rates of 2,4-D choline/glyphosate DMA (53.8 to 13,760 g·ae·ha-1) were applied to GR Canada fleabane that were 10 cm in diameter/tall, 20 cm tall or 30 cm tall. Similarly, in the greenhouse, seven rates of 2,4-D choline/glyphosate DMA (0 to 3440 g·ae·ha-1) were applied to 10, 20 and 30 cm tall GR Canada fleabane plants. The three different size classes of GR Canada fleabane responded similarly to 2,4-D choline/glyphosate DMA in the field experiment. In the greenhouse there were some differences in control for the three size classes of GR Canada fleabane with 2,4-D choline/glyphosate DMA;the 20 and 30 cm tall plants required similar rates to provide equivalent control, but the 10 cm plants required a lower rate. In all situations, greater than 1720 g·ae·ha-1 of 2,4-D choline/glyphosate DMA was required to provide 95% control of 10, 20 and 30 cm tall Canada fleabane in greenhouse (35 DAA) and field experiments (8 WAA), respectively.

关键词： Glyphosate Resistance Multiple Herbicide-Resistant Crops Preplant Herbicides Postemergence Herbicides

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Response of Dicamba-Resistant Soybean to Glyphosate/Dicamba Application Rate and Timing

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2019年第6期10卷 1022-1029页

作者： Nader Soltani Lynette Brown Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus Ridgetown Canada

Three field experiments were conducted during 2016 and 2017 in southwestern Ontario, Canada to evaluate the effect of glyphosate/dicamba (2:1 ratio) applied at the V2/V3 or V4/V5 growth stage on dicamba-resistant (DR) soybean injury, growth response and yield. At 1 DAA, glyphosate/dicamba at 450, 900, 1350, 1800 and 3600 g·ae·ha-1 caused 0, 0.3, 1.8, 3.3 and 5.8% growth response (leaf droop) when applied at the V2/V3 growth stage and 0.3%, 1.3%, 1.5%, 2.3% and 4.5% growth response when applied at V4/V5 growth stage in DR soybean, respectively. The growth response was similar at 3 DAA. This response was transient with no growth response observed at 7 DAA, 2 WAB, 4 WAB, 8 WAB, and late Sept. (R8 growth stage). Glyphosate/dicamba at 450, 900, 1350, 1800 and 3600 g·ae·ha-1 caused 0.0, 1.4%, 3.6%, 5.7% and 10.7% injury (speckled chlorosis and necrosis and leaf distortion) when applied at the V2/V3 growth stage and 0.5%, 0.7%, 2.0%, 3.7% and 6.9% injury when applied at the V4/V5 growth stage in DR soybean, respectively. The injury observed was transient with no injury observed at 4 and 8 WAB and late Sept. (R8). There was no impact of glyphosate/dicamba at various rates evaluated on maturity and seed yield except at 1350 g·ae·ha-1 (V2/V3) and 3600 g·ae·ha-1 (V4/V5) which caused a 6% reduction in yield of DR soybean yield compared to the weed-free control. Based on these results, glyphosate/dicamba at the labelled rates can be safely applied at the V2/V3 and V4/V5 growth stage in DR soybean. However, care is needed to avoid spray overlaps as the 2× rate can result in significant crop injury and yield reduction in DR soybean.

关键词： Chlorosis Leaf Distortion Leaf Droop Necrosis Seed Yield Glycine max

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Volunteer Glyphosate and Glufosinate Resistant Corn Competitiveness and Control in Glyphosate and Glufosinate Resistant Corn

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Agricultural Sciences 2014年第5期5卷 402-409页

作者： Nader Soltani Christy Shropshire Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus Ridgetown Canada

Glyphosate and glufosinate resistant (RR/LL) volunteer corn has become a problem when hybrid RR/LL corn follows hybrid RR/LL corn in the rotation. A total of six field trials were conducted over a three-year period (2008 to 2010) in southwestern Ontario to 1) evaluate the competitiveness of volunteer RR/LL corn in hybrid RR/LL corn, and 2) determine how to control volunteer RR/LL corn in hybrid RR/LL corn. The predicted volunteer RR/LL corn density to reduce hybrid RR/LL corn yield by 5% was 1.7 volunteer RR/LL corn plants m-2. There was no crop injury in hybrid RR/LL corn with herbicides evaluated at 1 and 2 WAA except for rimsulfuron(15 g·ai·ha-1) and foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha-1) which caused as much as 5% and 11% injury in hybrid RR/LL corn, respectively. Glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha-1), glufosinate(500 g·ae·ha-1) and glyphosate + glufosinate (1800 + 500 g·ae·ha-1) provided up to 18%, 10% and 21% control of volunteer RR/LL corn, respectively. The POST application of rimsulfuron (15 g·ai·ha-1), nicosulfuron (25 g·ai·ha-1), nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron (25 g·ai·ha-1), foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha-1), and primisulfuron/dicamba (166 g·ai·ha-1) did not provided any control of volunteer RR/LL corn. Glyphosate and glyphosate + glufosinate reduced volunteer corn density 26% and 30%, respectively. The other herbicides evaluated did not reduce volunteer RR/LL corn density compared to the weedy control. None of the herbicides evaluated reduced volunteer RR/LL corn cob numbers compared to the weedy control. Glyphosate + glufosinate applied POST reduced volunteer RR/LL corn yield 35% compared to the weedy control but other herbicides evaluated caused no reduction in volunteer RR/LL corn yield compared to the weedy control. Glyphosate applied POST resulted in hybrid RR/LL corn yield equivalent to the weed free control but all other herbicide treatments resulted hybrid RR/LL corn yield equivalent to the weedy control. This research concludes that volunteer RR/LL corn can be very competiti

关键词： Crop Injury Competitiveness Control Density Yield Zea mays

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Does the Application of a Fungicide after a Herbicide Reduce Soybean Injury and Increase Yield?

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Agricultural Sciences 2021年第2期12卷 128-137页

作者： Nader Soltani Christy Shropshire Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph ridgetown campus Ridgetown Canada

A total of four field experiments were conducted during 2017, 2019 and 2020 in Ontario, Canada to determine if applying a fungicide 2 - 3 days after a herbicide, applied POST, reduces visible injury, increases crop vigour and increases yield of soybean. At 3 DAB (days after fungicide application), the POST application of glyphosate, fomesafen, bentazon, thifensulfuron-methyl, cloransulam-methyl and imazethapyr caused 0, 11%, 5%, 18%, 9% and 12% visible injury in soybean, respectively. The injury decreased over time with less than 5% injury at 8 WAB (weeks after fungicide application) in all treatments evaluated. The application of pyraclostrobin/fluxapyroxad after the application of herbicides evaluated did not reduce soybean injury. Soybean vigour with glyphosate, fomesafen, bentazon, thifensulfuron-methyl, cloransulam-methyl and imazethapyr applied POST without the fungicide application was 100%, 91%, 95%, 84%, 91% and 88%, respectively at 3 DAB. The soybean vigour increased over time to 95% - 100% at 8 WAB. The application of pyraclostrobin/fluxapyroxad after the herbicide application did not improve soybean vigour, except with thifensulfuron-methyl where soybean vigour was improved 6% when followed by pyraclostrobin/fluxapyroxad. There was no effect of herbicide and fungicide treatments on soybean yield except for thifensulfuron-methyl and imazethapyr without the fungicide treatments which reduced soybean relative yield 7% and 10%, respectively. The application of pyraclostrobin/fluxapyroxad after the application of imazethapyr increased soybean yield 3%. Based on these results, applying pyraclostrobin/fluxapyroxad fungicide 2 - 3 days after glyphosate, fomesafen, bentazon and cloransulam-methyl does not affect soybean injury, vigour or yield, but it can slightly enhance the vigour and yield of soybean when applied after thifensulfuron-methyl and imazethapyr.

关键词： Glyphosate Fomesafen Bentazon Thifensulfuron-Methyl Cloransulam-Methyl Imazethapyr Pyraclostrobin/Fluxapyroxad Vigour Yield

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Control of Common Chickweed in Winter Wheat with Postemergence Herbicides

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2019年第11期10卷 2012-2019页

作者： Nader Soltani Christy Shropshire Peter H. Sikkema University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus Ridgetown Canada

A total of six experiments were conducted over a two-year period (2018, 2019) at the University of Guelph ridgetown campus to assess the efficacy of various herbicides applied postemergence (POST) for the control of common chickweed in winter wheat. Fluroxypyr/bromoxynil/MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil,pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/fluroxypyr,pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/thiencarbazone, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/thiencarbazone + MCPA ester, tolpyralate and fluroxypyr/halauxifen + MCPA EHE, applied POST, controlled common chickweed only 5% - 42% at 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) and 1% - 23% at 4 WAT and resulted in common chickweed density and biomass that was similar to non-treated weedy control. Fluroxypyr/halauxifen + pyroxsulam + MCPA EHE, applied POST, provided 57% - 82% control of common chickweed and reduced density 93% and biomass 98% compared to the non-treated control. Thifensulfuron/tribenuron, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA ester, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, tribenuron + thiencarbazone, and tribenuron + thiencarbazone + MCPA ester, applied POST, controlled common chickweed 98% - 100% and reduced common chickweed density 96% - 98% and common chickweed biomass 99%. Based on these results, herbicide treatments which contained tribenuron including thifensulfuron/tribenuron, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA ester, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, tribenuron + thiencarbazone, and tribenuron + thiencarbazone + MCPA ester were the most efficacious for the control of common chickweed in wheat. In addition, fluroxypyr/halauxifen + pyroxsulam + MCPA EHE, applied POST, can provide adequate control of common chickweed in winter wheat.

关键词： Winter Wheat Weed Control No-Tillage Biomass Density Injury Tolerance Yield

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