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Genetic Variation in Field Populations of Baculoviruses: Mechanisms for Generating Variation and Its Potential Role in Baculovirus Epizootiology

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Virologica Sinica 2009年第5期24卷 458-469页

作者： Martin A. Erlandson agriculture and agri-food canada Saskatoon Research Centre 107 Science Place Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 0X2 Canada

Baculoviridae is a family of insect-specific DNA viruses that have been used as biological control agents for insect pest control. In most cases these baculovirus control agents are natural field isolates that have been selected based on their infectivity and virulence. The advent of molecular tools such as restriction endonucleases, targeted polymerase chain reaction and new DNA sequencing strategies have allowed for efficient detection and characterization of genotypic variants within and among geographic and temporal isolates of baculovirus species. It has become evident that multiple genotypic variants occur even within individual infected larvae. Clonal strains of baculovirus species derived either by in vitro or in vivo approaches have been shown to vary with respect to infectivity and virulence. Many of the cell culture derived plague-purified strains have deletions that interrupt egt expression leading to virus strains that kill infected hosts more quickly. As well, in vitro clones often involve larger genomic deletions with the loss of pif gene function, resulting in strains deficient for oral infectivity. There are an increasing number of baculovirus species for which complete genome sequences are available for more than one strain or field isolate. Results of comparative analysis of these strains indicated that hr regions and bro genes often mark "hot spots" of genetic variability between strains and of potential recombination events. In addition, the degree of nucleotide polymorphisms between and within strains and their role in amino acid substitutions within ORFs and changes in promoter motifs is also beginning to be appreciated. In this short review the potential mechanisms that generate and maintain this genetic diversity within baculovirus populations is discussed, as is the potential role of genetic variation in host-pathogen interactions.

关键词： Baculoviridae Isolate Strain Genetic diversity Genome sequence

Differential Regulation of Proteins and a Possible Role for Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Bioluminescence of Panellus stipticus Revealed by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization

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Advances in Microbiology 2016年第9期6卷 613-626页

作者： Galina A. Vydryakova John Bissett ECORC Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada

Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was employed to investigate bioluminescence in Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst. by detecting proteins differentially expressed in bioluminescent and luminescent strains. Comparisons of luminescent and non-luminescent monokaryon cultures of North American strains revealed differences in transcript levels of proteins responsible for post-translational modification (PTM) of enzymes. A similar comparison of a luminescent strain of P. stipticus from North America with a non-luminescent European strain revealed the presence of extracellular manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the luminescent form, in addition to proteins involved in PTM. The application of MnSOD-specific inhibitors to luminescent mycelium resulted in the rapid loss of luminescence. The relevance to luminescence of proteins involved in PTM is discussed, together with a possible role for MnSOD that considers the potential for SODs to form stable complexes with catechols revealed in previously published research. In light of the recent discovery that hispidine may be the precursor of fungal luciferin, we consider a hypothetical mechanism for fungal luminescence in which the ο-hydroquinone moiety of a hispidine derivative ligates with the extracellular form of MnSOD producing a semiquinone-radical complex, with the resultant semiquinonato complex potentially reacting with molecular oxygen or other reactive oxygen species to produce sufficiently excited intermediates to emit light on relaxation.

关键词： Panellus stipticus Mushroom Bioluminescence Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Manganese Superoxide Dismutase

Weed Control, Environmental Impact and Profitability of Weed Management Strategies in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第11期3卷 1594-1607页

作者： Nader Soltani Christie L. Stewart Robert E. Nurse Laura L. Van Eerd Richard J. Vyn Peter H. Sikkema agriculture and agri-food canada Harrow Canada agriculture and agri-food canada Harrow Canada. Ridgetown Campus University of Guelph Ridgetown Canada

Eleven field trials were conducted over a three-year period (2006-2008) at three locations in southwestern Ontario, canada to evaluate the effect of various weed management strategies in glyphosate-tolerant corn on weed control, crop injury, corn yield, environmental impact and profit margin. No visible injury resulted from the herbicide treatments evaluated. Overall, the effect of all factors assessed were location specific. By 56 days after treatment, depending on location, glyphosate applied at the 7 - 8 leaf stage (LPOST), preemergence (PRE) herbicides followed by (fb) glyphosate LPOST and sequential glyphosate applications (EPOST (3 - 4 leaf stage) followed by LPOST) provided more consistent control of annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses compared to glyphosate applied alone EPOST. Weed control at 56 days after treatment was lower when glyphosate was applied alone LPOST compared to sequential applications of glyphosate or PRE herbicides fb glyphosate. There were no differences in corn yield among the sequential programs evaluated;however, a yield benefit was found when a sequential program was used compared to glyphosate applied alone LPOST. Among the sequential programs the lowest environmental impact was isoxaflutole/atrazine fb glyphosate. The lowest profit margins were associated with atrazine, S-metolachlor/atrazine/benoxacor, dicamba/atrazine and glyphosate LPOST treatments compared to all other treatments. Overall, profit margins tended to be somewhat higher for treatments that included glyphosate applications. Based on these results, the most efficacious and profitable weed management program in corn was a sequential application of glyphosate;however, isoxaflutole/atrazine fb glyphosate was the treatment with the lowest environmental risk while also adding glyphosate stewardship benefits.

关键词： Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) Glyphosate Profit Margin Corn Zea mays L.

Effect of combined light-emitting diodeson the accumulation of glucosinolates in Brassica microgreens

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food Production, Processing and Nutrition 2021年第1期3卷 365-380页

作者： Oday Alrifai Lili Mats Ronghua Liu Xiuming Hao Massimo F.Marcone Rong Tsao Guelph Research&Development Center Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada93 Stone Road WestGuelphOntario N1G 5C9Canada Department of food Science Ontario Agricultural CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntario N1G 2W1Canada Harrow Research&Development Center Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada2585 County Road 20HarrowOntario N0R 1G0Canada

As of recent,microgreen vegetable production in controlled environments are being investigated for their bioactive *** like glucosinolates(GLS)are highly sensitive to varying spectral qualities of light,especially in leafy greens of Brassica where the responses are highly *** accumulation of bioactive GLS were studied under 8 different treatments of combined amber(590 nm),blue(455 nm),and red(655 nm)light-emitting diodes(rbaLED).A semi-targeted metabolomics approach was carried out to profile common intact-GLS in microgreen extracts of Brassica by means of LC-HRMS/*** GLS were identified,among them were 8 aliphatic,4 indolic and 1 aromatic *** spectrometry data showed sinigrin had the highest average concentration and was highest in ***,progoitrin was highest in *** and glucobrassicin in *** individual and total GLS in the microgreens of the present study were largely different under rbaLED;*** microgreens contained the highest profile of total GLS,followed by *** and *** was increased and gluconasturtiin was decreased under rbaLED lighting in most microgreens,glucoalyssin uniquely increased in *** and decreased in *** and glucobrassicin uniquely decreased in both *** and *** present study showed that rbaLED contributed to the altered profiles of GLS resulting in their significant *** the light spectrum for improved GLS biosynthesis could lead to production of microgreens with targeted health-promoting properties.

关键词： Amber light Glucosinolates Light-emitting diodes Microgreens Controlled environment agriculture Phytochemical Controlled environment systems

Relative effects of anaerobically-digested and conventional liquid swine manure, and N fertilizer on crop yield and greenhouse gas emissions

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agricultural Sciences 2012年第6期3卷 799-805页

作者： Reynald L. Lemke Sukhdev S. Malhi Fernando Selles Mark Stumborg agriculture and agri-food canada P.O. Box 1000 Brandon Manitoba Canada agriculture and agri-food canada P.O. Box 1240 Melfort Saskatchewan Canada agriculture and agri-food canada Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada

Anaerobic digestion is a promising technology that could provide an option for managing animal waste with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. A three-year (2006-2008) field experiment was conducted at Star City, Saskatchewan, canada, to compare the effects of land-applied anaerobically digested swine manure (ADSM), conventionally treated swine manure (CTSM) and N fertilizer on grain yield of barley, applied N use efficiency (ANUE, kg·grain·kg-1 of applied N·ha-1), ammonia (NH3) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Treatments included spring and autumn applications of CTSM and ADSM at a 1x rate (10,000 and 7150 L·ha-1, respectively) applied every year, a 3x rate (30,000 and 21,450 L·ha-1, respectively) applied once at the beginning of the experiment, plus a treatment receiving commercial fertilizer (UAN at 60 kg·N·ha-1·yr-1) and a zero-N control. There was a significant grain yield response of barley to applied N in all three years. The ANUE of ADSM or CTSM applied once at the 3x rate were lower than annual applications at the 1x rate (grain yield by 595 kg·ha-1 and NFUE by 6 kg·grain·kg-1 of applied N·ha-1). On average, agronomic performance of ADSM was similar to CTSM. The APNU of N fertilizer was greater than the 3x rate but lower than the 1x rate of ADSM or CTSM. Ammonia loss from ADSM was similar to CTSM, except for much higher loss of NH3-N from CTSM at the 3x rate applied in the autumn (8100 g·N·ha-1) compared to the other treatments (1100 - 2600 g·N·ha-1). The percentage of applied N lost as N2O gas was generally higher for treatments receiving CTSM (4.0%) compared to ADSM (1.4%). In conclusion, the findings suggest that ADSM is equal or slightly better than CTSM in terms of agronomic performance, but has lower environmental impact.

关键词： Ammonia Volatilization Anaerobic Digestion Barley Yield Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency Nitrous Oxide Swine Manure

Effects of drinking water supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri,and a mixture of reuterin and microcin J25 on the growth performance,caecal microbiota and selected metabolites of broiler chickens

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第4期13卷 1209-1221页

作者： Liya Zhang Laila Ben Said Nadège Hervé Séverine Zirah Moussa Sory Diarra Ismail Fliss Institute of Nutrition and Functional foods UniversitéLavalQCQuébecCanada Sollio agriculture MontréalQCCanada Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes Muséum National d’Histoire NaturelleParisFrance Guelph Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaGuelphONCanada.

Background:Since the overuse of antibiotics in animal production has led to a selection of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that affect humans and animals as *** are therefore searching for novel natural alternatives to *** this study Lactobacillus reuteri and a combination of reuterin and microcin J25(RJ)were evaluated as promoters of growth and modulators of the cecal microbiota and metabolite profiles in broiler ***-old Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed to 8 treatments:negative control(without antibiotic),positive control(bacitracin),three concentrations of RJ and three doses of *** plus *** birds(2176,34 per pen,8 pens per treatment)were reared for 35 ***:The body weight of the bacitracin and 5 mmol/L reuterin combined with 0.08μmol/L microcin J25(10RJ)treatment group was significantly higher than that of the negative control group(P<0.05).*** had no significant effect on broiler *** high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA showed clustering of cecal microbial operational taxonomic unit diversity according to *** influence of bacitracin and 10RJ on bacterial community overall structure was *** promoted Ruminococcaceae,Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae,increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and decreased the abundance of Bacteroides and Alistipes,while the negative control condition favored Bacteroidaceae and ***,10RJ increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acid in the cecum and changed the metabolome ***:These overall suggest that 10RJ can promote a host-friendly gut environment by changing the cecal microbiome and *** combination of natural antimicrobial agents in the drinking water had a positive effect on broiler growth and may be suitable as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters.

关键词： Broiler chicken Lactobacillus reuteri Metabolome Microbiome Microcin J25 Reuterin SCFA

Detecting Sorghum Plant and Head Features from Multispectral UAV Imagery

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Plant Phenomics 2021年第1期3卷 337-350页

作者： Yan Zhao Bangyou Zheng Scott CChapman Kenneth Laws Barbara George-Jaeggli Graeme LHammer David RJordan Andries B.Potgieter The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationCentre for Crop ScienceGattonQueensland 4343Australia CSIRO agriculture and food St.LuciaQueensland 4072Australia The University of Queensland School of Agriculture and Food SciencesSt.LuciaQueensland 4072Australia Department of agriculture and Fisheries Agri-Science QueenslandWarwickQueensland 4370Australia

In plant breeding,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)carrying multispectral cameras have demonstrated increasing utility for high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)to aid the interpretation of genotype and environment effects on morphological,biochemical,and physiological traits.A key constraint remains the reduced resolution and quality extracted from“stitched”mosaics generated from UAV missions across large *** can be addressed by generating high-quality reflectance data from a single nadir image per *** this study,a pipeline was developed to derive reflectance data from raw multispectral UAV images that preserve the original high spatial and spectral resolutions and to use these for phenotyping *** steps involved(i)imagery calibration,(ii)spectral band alignment,(iii)backward calculation,(iv)plot segmentation,and(v)*** step was designed and optimised to estimate the number of plants and count sorghum heads within each breeding *** a derived nadir image of each plot,the coefficients of determination were 0.90 and 0.86 for estimates of the number of sorghum plants and heads,***,the reflectance information acquired from the different spectral bands showed appreciably high discriminative ability for sorghum head colours(i.e.,red and white).Deployment of this pipeline allowed accurate segmentation of crop organs at the canopy level across many diverse field plots with minimal training needed from machine learning approaches.

关键词： breeding backward Plant

Estimating Photosynthetic Attributes from High-Throughput Canopy Hyperspectral Sensing in Sorghum

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Plant Phenomics 2022年第1期4卷 324-341页

作者： Xiaoyu Zhi Sean Reynolds Massey-Reed Alex Wu Andries Potgieter Andrew Borrell Colleen Hunt David Jordan Yan Zhao Scott Chapman Graeme Hammer Barbara George-Jaeggli The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI)Hermitage Research FacilityWarwickQLDAustralia The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI)St LuciaQLDAustralia The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI)GattonQLDAustralia agri-Science Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries(DAF)Hermitage Research FacilityWarwickQLDAustralia School of agriculture and food Sciences The University of QueenslandGattonQLDAustralia

Sorghum,a genetically diverse C_(4) cereal,is an ideal model to study natural variation in photosynthetic *** leaf nitrogen(SLN)and leaf mass per leaf area(LMA),as well as,maximal rates of Rubisco carboxylation(V cmax),phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)carboxylation(V pmax),and electron transport(J max),quantified using a C_(4) photosynthesis model,were evaluated in two field-grown training sets(n=169 plots including 124 genotypes)in 2019 and 2020.

关键词： capacity maximal Sorghum

Proteome changes in banana fruit peel tissue in response to ethylene and high-temperature treatments

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Horticulture Research 2016年第1期3卷 236-247页

作者： Lina Du Jun Song Charles Forney Leslie Campbell Palmer Sherry Fillmore ZhaoQi Zhang College of Horticulture South China Agricultural UniversityGuangZhouChina agriculture and agri-food canada Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre32 Main St.KentvilleB4N 1J5Nova ScotiaCanada

Banana(Musa AAA group)is one of the most consumed fruits in the world due to its flavor and nutritional *** a typical climacteric fruit,banana responds to ethylene treatment,which induces rapid changes of color,flavor(aroma and taste),sweetness and nutritional *** has also been reported that ripening bananas at temperatures above 24℃ inhibits chlorophyll breakdown and color formation but increases the rate of *** gain fundamental knowledge about the effects of high temperature and ethylene on banana ripening,a quantitative proteomic study employing multiplex peptide stable isotope dimethyl labeling was *** this study,green(immature)untreated banana fruit were subjected to treatment with 10μL L^(−1) of ethylene for 24 *** ethylene treatment,treated and untreated fruit were stored at 20 or 30℃ for 24 *** peel tissues were then sampled after 0 and 1 day of storage,and peel color and chlorophyll fluorescence were *** proteomic analysis was conducted on the fruit peels after 1 day of *** total,413 common proteins were identified and quantified from two biological *** these proteins,91 changed significantly in response to ethylene and high-temperature *** analysis on these 91 proteins identified 7 groups of changed *** treatment and storage at 20℃ induced 40 proteins that are correlated with pathogen resistance,cell wall metabolism,ethylene biosynthesis,allergens and ribosomal proteins,and it repressed 36 proteins that are associated with fatty acid and lipid metabolism,redox–oxidative responses,and protein biosynthesis and *** treatment and storage at 30℃ induced 32 proteins,which were mainly similar to those in group 1 but also included 8 proteins in group 3(identified as chitinase,cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1,cysteine synthase,villin-2,leucine-transfer RNA ligase,CP47 protein and calmodulin)and repressed 43 proteins in 4 groups(groups 4–7

关键词： value. oxidative quantities