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Critical analysis of molluscicide application in schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil

Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2016年第1期5卷 485-490页

作者： PMZ Coelho RL Caldeira research group of schistosoma mansoni biology and its interaction with the host RenéRachou InstituteOswaldo Cruz Foundation-Minas Gerais30190-002 Belo HorizonteMGBrazil research group of Medical Helminthology and Malacology RenéRachou InstituteOswaldo Cruz Foundation-Minas Gerais30190-002 Belo HorizonteMGBrazil

In Brazil,Biomphalaria glabrata,B.tenagophila,and B.straminea are naturally infected by the trematode schistosoma mansoni,the causative agent of schistosomiasis.Despite decades of governmental efforts through official control programs,schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem in the country:thousands of people are infected with the trematode each year and millions live in endemic areas.The World Health Organization recommends using a combination of molluscicide(niclosamide)and mass chemotherapy to control the transmission of schistosomiasis,with this treatment successfully reducing the morbidity of the disease.In the past,niclosamide has been used in official schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil.However,as B.glabrata recolonizes even after molluscicide application,the use of molluscicides has gradually decreased in the country until they were discontinued in 2002,mainly due to the rising global pressure to preserve the environment and the difficulties of obtaining licenses from the Brazilian Ministry of Environment to use toxic substances in aquatic ecosystems.Therefore,the discovery of new molluscicides,which could be more selective to Biomphalaria species and less harmful to the aquatic ecosystem,is necessary.In addition,political efforts to sensitize funders to provide grants for this field of research are required.In this context,this article aims to make a critical analysis of molluscicide application in schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil.

关键词： Biomphalaria Molluscicide schistosoma mansoni Schistosomiasis Vector control Braz

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interaction Between the Neglected Tropical Disease Human Schistosomiasis and HCV Infection in Egypt:a Puzzling Relationship

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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2014年第2期2卷 134-141页

作者： Mahmoud M. Bahgat Immunology and Infectious Diseases group Therapeutic Chemistry Department the Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences the National Research Centre Dokki Cairo Egypt research group of Biomarkers for Infection and Immunity Institute of Experimental Infection Research TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover Germany

Egypt has the highest prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and seropositivity worldwide, and it has been proposed that this enhanced susceptibility to HCV is related to coinfection with schistosomiasis. Although currently, there are no studies regarding the actual prevalence of both human schistosomiasis and schistosomiasis/HCV coinfection evi-dences strongly support that eliminating human schistoso-miasis from Egypt is necessary to reduce both HCV prevalence and liver pathology. The present review highlights the significant impact of the neglected tropical disease human schistosomiasis on both susceptibility of Egyptians to HCV coinfection, severity of the resulting liver pathology, and poor response to antiviral therapy. The immune evasion mechan-isms exerted by the HCV-NS3/4A protease domain, and the possible impact of immune evasion mechanisms exerted by proteases of larval, worm and egg stages of the parasite schistosoma on human susceptibility to HCV infection are discussed. In addition, schistosome immune evasion mechanisms may include immunosuppression that in turn prevents clearance of HCV viremia and leads to relapsing HCV infection and severe liver pathology. I propose the generation of a replicon system from the most prevailing genotype (HCV-4a) in Egypt and establishing its replication on hepatoplas-toma or immune cells in presence of bilharzial antigens. Finally, the use of a humanized small animal model that can acquire both HCV and S. mansoni infections will be important to further understand in real time the impact of coinfection on both the immune system and liver pathology.

关键词： Egypt Neglected tropical disease Human schistosomiasis HCV Coinfection Immune evasion mechanisms HCV protease Schistosome pro-teases

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