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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2016年第2期7卷 163-174页

作者： Marie-Ange Baudoin Sarah Henly-Shepard Nishara Fernando Asha Sitati Zinta Zommers African Climate and Development Initiative University of Cape Town consortium for Capacity Building Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) University of Colorado Disaster Resilience L.L.C. Department of Sociology University of Colombo Division of Early Warning and Assessment United Nation Environment Programme

Natural hazards and their related impacts can have powerful implications for humanity, particularly communities with deep reliance on natural resources. The development of effective early warning systems(EWS) can contribute to reducing natural hazard impacts on communities by improving risk reduction strategies and ***, current shortcomings in the conception and applications of EWS undermine risk reduction at the grassroots level. This article explores various pathways to involve local communities in EWS from top-down to more participatory approaches. Based on a literature review and three case studies that outline various levels of participation in EWS in Kenya, Hawai'i, and Sri Lanka, the article suggests a need to review the way EWS are designed and applied, promoting a shift from the traditional expert-driven approach to one that is embedded at the grassroots level and driven by the vulnerable communities. Such a community-centric approach also raises multiple challenges linked to a necessary shift of conception of EWS and highlights the need for more research on pathways for sustainable community engagement.

关键词： Early warning system Hawai’i Kenya Natural hazards Participatory approach Risk preparedness Sri Lanka

The 4th World Landslide Forum: Landslide research and Risk Reduction for Advancing the Culture of Living with Natural Hazards

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2017年第4期8卷 498-502页

作者： Irasema Alcntara-Ayala Kyoji Sassa Matjaz Miko Quinli Han Jakob Rhyner Kaoru Takara Satoru Nishikawa Badaoui Rouhban Slvano Briceo Institute of Geography National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) International consortium on Landslides Kyoto University Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering University of Ljubljana International consortium on Landslides IPL Global Promotion Committee Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) United Nations University Disaster Prevention research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University Japan Center for Area Development research International programme on Landslides Science Committee Integrated Research on Disaster Risk(IRDR)

The World Landslide Forum is a triennial mainstream conference that gathers together the scientific and technological community, policymakers, industry actors, public officials, and other stakeholders, who deal with the understanding and management of landslide disaster risk. The establishment of the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk in Sendai during the 2015 World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction(WCDRR) enabled the landslide science and technology community support the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 in order to prevent new and reduce existing disaster *** 4th World Landslide Forum(WLF4) was held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, from 29 May to 2 June 2017 and discussed the progress of landslide research and risk reduction for advancing the culture of living with natural hazards. A high-level panel composed of United Nations officials, international stakeholders, and national organizations sought to identify the best mechanisms to be developed by the community of the International consortium on Landslides(ICL). The objective was to advance the implementation of the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships,to achieve a better commitment among partners, and to provide substantive services to developing countries. During the WLF4, the 2017 Ljubljana Declaration on Landslide Risk Reduction was adopted and the concept framework of the Kyoto 2020 Commitment was endorsed.

关键词： Disaster risk reduction Kyoto Commitment Landslide risk assessment Ljubljana Declaration Sendai Partnerships

Closing the treatment gap for depression co-morbid with HIV in South Africa: Voices of afflicted women

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Health 2013年第3期5卷 557-566页

作者： Inge Petersen Jill Hanass Hancock Arvin Bhana Kaymarlin Govender Members of programme for Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME) Human and Social Development Human Sciences Research Council Durban South Africa University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa research programme consortium Department for International Development (DFID) London UK

This Background: In South Africa the rising comorbidity of mental disorders with other non-communicable and communicable diseases, particularly in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), has helped raise the public health priority of mental ill-health. Depression, in particular, compromises anti-retroviral treatment (ART) adherence and virological suppression, thus threatening the effectiveness of South Africa’s ART programme. Given that evidence-based treatment for depression comprises medication and/ or Western-derived psychotherapies, responding to the current interest in expanding mental health services for PLWHA demands an understanding of how best to provide culturally competent care within existing resource constraints. Aim: To explore the context and local understandings of depression in women living with HIV to inform the development of contextually appropriate mental health services that could be delivered within existing resource constraints inSouth Africa. Method: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were held with 35 women living with HIV in South Africa who met the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive disorder. Results: Being HIV-positive per se was not reported to be a major cause of depression. Instead, a number of social factors were reported. These included stigma and discrimination, poverty, and stressful life events. Symptoms of depression, especially social withdrawal, negative ruminating thoughts and excessive worry suggestive of comorbid anxiety, functioned to exacerbate and trap women in a negative depressive cycle. Social support emerged as a dominant coping strategy. Group-based interventions, which afford greater opportunities for improved social support, were mooted as the most appropriate intervention by the majority of participants. Individual counselling provided through a home visitation programme was suggested for those who were too ill or too poor to attend clinics. Task sharing was also endorsed. Conclusion: The need for multi

关键词： Depression Mental Health HIV AIDS South Africa

Neglected tropical diseases:exploring long term practical approaches to achieve sustainable disease elimination and beyond

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 1301-1312页

作者： Giuseppina Ortu Oliver Williams Malaria consortium Development House56-54 Leonard streetLondon EC244LTUK

Background:Remarkable progress has been made in the fight against neglected tropical diseases,but new challenges have *** diagnostics,better drugs and new insecticides are often identified as the priority;however,access to these new tools may not be sufficient to achieve and sustain disease elimination,if certain challenges and priorities are not *** body:The authors summarise key operational challenges,and based on these,identify two major priorities:strengthening the capacity of the primary health care health system in correctly diagnosing and managing neglected tropical diseases;and establishing an effective disease surveillance *** steps are proposed as concrete actions to build an effective primary health care service for neglected tropical diseases,and a health management information system capable of accurately reporting these *** engagement and formalization of community health workers role are proposed as essential components of these *** of financial support from disease oriented programmes to disease integrated interventions,improved access to international guidelines for primary health care staff,and availability of donated drugs in health care structures are also suggested as key elements of the proposed ***:The authors conclude that failure to address these priorities now may lead to further challenges on the long path towards neglected tropical disease elimination and beyond.

关键词： NTDs Primary health care Integration Surveillance Community engagement

Current collectors based on multiwalled carbon-nanotubes and fewlayer graphene for enhancing the conversion process in scalable lithium-sulfur battery

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Nano research 2023年第6期16卷 8433-8447页

作者： Vittorio Marangon Edoardo Barcaro Luca Minnetti Wolfgang Brehm Francesco Bonaccorso Vittorio Pellegrini Jusef Hassoun Graphene Labs Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenoa 16163Italy Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara 44121Italy BeDimensional S.p.A. Genoa 16163Italy National Interuniversity consortium of Materials Science and Technology(INSTM) University of Ferrara Research UnitFerrara 44121Italy

We investigated herein the morphological,structural,and electrochemical features of electrodes using a sulfur(S)-super P carbon(SPC)composite(i.e.,S@SPC-73),and including few-layer graphene(FLG),multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs),or a mixture of them within the current collector ***,we studied the effect of two different electron-conducting agents,that is,SPC and FLG,used in the slurry for the electrode *** supports have high structural crystallinity,while their morphologies are dependent on the type of material *** voltammetry(CV)shows a reversible and stable conversion reaction between Li and S with an activation process upon the first cycle leading to the decrease of cell *** activation process is verified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)with a decrease of the resistance after the first CV ***,CV at increasing scan rates indicates a Li+diffusion coefficient(D)ranging between 10^(−9) and 10^(−7) cm^(2)·s^(−1)in the various states of charge of the cell,and the highest D value for the electrodes using FLG as electron-conducting *** tests performed at constant current of C/5(1 C=1675 mA·g_(s)^(−1))show high initial specific capacity values,which decrease during the initial cycles due to a partial loss of the active material,and subsequently increase due to the activation *** the electrodes show a Coulombic efficiency higher than 97%upon the initial cycles,and a retention strongly dependent on the electrode ***,this study suggests a careful control of the electrode in terms of current collector design and slurry composition to achieve good electrode morphology,mechanical stability,and promising electrochemical performance in practical Li-S cells.

关键词： lithium-sulfur battery current collector few-layer graphene carbon nanotubes scalability sulfur loading

Impact of single annual treatment and four-monthly treatment for hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides,and factors associated with residual infection among Kenyan school children

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 249-260页

作者： Stella Kepha Charles S.Mwandawiro Roy M.Anderson Rachel L.Pullan Fred Nuwaha Jorge Cano Sammy M.Njenga Maurice R.Odiere Elizabeth Allen Simon J.Brooker Birgit Nikolay School of Public Health Makerere University College of Health SciencesKampalaUganda Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control Kenya Medical Research Institute(KEMRI)NairobiKenya London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease research Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine LondonUK Centre for Global Health research KEMRIKisumuKenya KEMRI-Wellcome Trust research programme NairobiKenya

Background:School-based deworming is widely implemented in various countries to reduce the burden of soil-transmitted helminths(STHs),however,the frequency of drug administration varies in different *** this study,we compared the impact of a single annual treatment and 4-monthly treatment over a follow-up among Kenyan school children,and investigated the factors associated with residual ***:We performed a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial investigating whether deworming for STHs alters risk of acquiring *** received either a single treatment or 4-monthly albendazole treatments were followed longitudinally from February 2014 to October *** relative impact of treatment and factors associated with residual infections were investigated using mixed-effects regression *** to infection was assessed based on Spearman’s rank and Kendall’s Tau correlation ***:In the 4-monthly treatment group,the proportion of children infected with hookworm decreased from 59.9 to 5.7%,while Ascaris lumbricoides infections dropped from 55.7 to 6.2%.In the single treatment group,hookworm infections decreased over the same time period from 58.7 to 18.3%(12.6%absolute difference in reduction,95%CI:8.9-16.3%),and *** from 56.7 to 23.3%(17.1%absolute difference in reduction,95%CI:13.1-21.1%).There was strong evidence for predisposition to both STH *** hookworm infection among children on 4-monthly treatment were associated with male sex and baseline nutritional status,whereas *** infection was associated with individual and school-level infection at baseline,latrine cleanliness at ***:This study found that 4-monthly treatment w more effective than single annual *** treatments led to dramatic reductions in the intensities of STHs,but did not completely clear infections among school children in Kenya,a presumed reflection of reinfection in a setti

关键词： School-based deworming Soil-transmitted helminths Albendazole School children Kenya

Effector-Decoy Pairs： Another Countermeasure Emerging during Host-Microbe Co-evolutionary Arms Races？

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Molecular Plant 2017年第5期10卷 662-664页

作者： Michael Cummins Edgar Huitema Wellcome Trust PhD programme School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dow Street Dundee DD1 5EH UK Division of Plant Science School of Life Sciences University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI) Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA UK Dundee Effector consortium JHI Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA UK

Plant pathogenic microbes pose a significant threat to food production, collectively affecting all cultivated crops. Given the impact of these pathogens on food security, there continues to be an urgent need to understand and exploit the biology of pathogenesis, plant susceptibility, and immunity in crop systems. Consequently, intense research efforts have helped define the molecular and evolutionary events that underpin plant-microbe interactions.

关键词： Effector-Decoy Pairs Another Countermeasure Emerging

Peptide nucleic acid-based targeting of microRNAs:possible therapeutic applications for glioblastoma

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Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment 2019年第7期4卷 28-40页

作者： Roberto Gambari Jessica Gasparello Alessia Finotti Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology University of FerraraFerrara 44121Italy Interuniversity consortium for Biotechnology(CIB) Trieste 34149Italy.

A large and incremental number of non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recently demonstrated to play a very important role in human pathologies, including cancer. Therefore, microRNAs have been proposed as therapeutic targets and molecules exhibiting anti-miRNA activity or mimicking functional miRNAs have been developed. Among biomolecules proposed in anti-miRNA therapy, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are appealing, in consideration of their stability and efficacy in recognizing RNA targets. PNAs against tumor associated miRNAs have proven to be efficient in inducing anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. For instance, PNAs targeting miR-155-5p are able to induce apoptosis in glioma cell lines and to enhance the sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) in TMZ resistant glioma cells. In vivo, PNAs anti-miR-21 were found to exhibit anti-tumor effects associated with improved survival when administered to animals with intracranial gliomas.

关键词： Peptide nucleic acids glioma microRNAs miRNA targeting delivery apoptosis temozolomide

Valence Band Splitting in Wurtzite InP Nanowires Observed by Photoluminescence and Photoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy

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Nano research 2011年第2期4卷 159-163页

作者： Gerben L. Tuin Magnus T. Borgstrom Johanna Tragardh Martin Ek L. Reine Wallenberg Lars Samuelson Mats-Erik Pistol Solid State Physics/Nanometer Structure consortium Box 118 Lund University S-221 00 Lund Sweden Polymer ＆ Materials Chemistry/nCHREM Lund University S-22100 Lurid Sweden

We have investigated individual bulk-like wires of wurtzite InP using photoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Using two different methods we find that the top of the valence band is split, as expected theoretically. This splitting of the valence band is peculiar to wurtzite InP and does not occur in zinc blende InP. We find the energy difference between the two bands to be 40 meV.

关键词： wurtzite InP photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy valence band structure

Immediate assessment of performance of medical laboratory scientists following a 10-day malaria microscopy training programme in Nigeria

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Global Health research and Policy 2017年第1期2卷 30-36页

作者： Bolatito Aiyenigba Abiodun Ojo Adolor Aisiri Justus Uzim Oluwole Adeusi Halima Mwenesi FHI360 Nigeria AbujaNigeria Malaria consortium Nigeria AbujaNigeria FHI360 Washington DC DurhamUSA

Background:Rapid and precise diagnosis of malaria is an essential element in effective case management and control of *** microscopy is used as the gold standard for malaria diagnosis,however results remain poor as positivity rate in Nigeria is consistently over 90%.The United States President’s Malaria Initiative(PMI)through the Malaria Action Program for States(MAPS)supported selected states in Nigeria to build capacity for malaria *** study demonstrates the effectiveness of in-service training on malaria microscopy amongst medical laboratory ***:The training was based on the World Health Organization(WHO)basic microscopy training *** 10-day training utilized a series of didactic lectures and examination of teaching slides using a CX 21 Olympus binocular *** 108 medical laboratory scientists trained from 2012 to 2015 across five states in Nigeria supported by PMI were included in the *** of the training using a pre-and post-test method was based on written test questions;reading photographic slide images of malaria parasites;and prepared ***:There was a significant improvement in the mean written pre-and post-tests scores from 37.9%(95%CI 36.2-39.6%)to 70.7%(95%CI 68.4-73.1%)(p<0.001).The mean counting post-test score improved significantly from 4.2%(95%CI 2.6-5.7%)to 27.9%(95%CI 25.3-30.5%)(p<0.001).Mean post-test score for computer-based picture speciation test(63.0%)and picture detection test(89.2%)were significantly higher than the mean post-test score for slide reading speciation test(38.3%)and slide reading detection test(70.7%),p<0.001 in both ***:Parasite detection and speciation using enhanced visual imaging was significantly improved compared with using direct *** in-service training and provision of functional and high resolution microscopes are needed to ensure quality routine malaria microscopy.

关键词： Malaria Microscopy Training Nigeria