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Mass-transport Deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Terrestrial Basin, Northeast China: Depositional Characteristics, Recognition Criteria and External Geometry

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第1期88卷 62-77页

作者： PAN Shuxin WEI Pingsheng WANG Tianqi LIU Caiyan CHEN Bintao LIANG Sujuan research institute of petroleum exploration & development–northwest

Extensive mass transport deposits（MTDs）, which form a significant component of the stratigraphic record in ancient and modern deep water systems, mostly distributed in the continental margin of ocean basins worldwide. To date, no large-scale MTDs have been found in Chinese terrestrial basins. Based on integrated analysis of the seismic, drilling, core and logging data, this article report MTDs have been found in Songliao terrestrial basin（SLTB）, Northeast China. During the depositional period of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, slope break of lacustrine basins was an ideal discharge place for gravity depositions. Regional sedimentary study of MTDs reveals that Cretaceous-age MTDs in SLTB were deposited in slope-break environments by slide, slump and debris flow, and MTDs were mixed with little turbidite simultaneously. Besides the massive aspect, key features of MTDs are the common presence of deformational structures or softsedimentary deformation, floating shale clasts, boudins, microfaults, distortion beddings, rotated sand debris. Detailed mapping of two three-dimensional（3-D） seismic surveys acquired in Yingtai（YT） and Haituozi（HTZ） areas reveals that MTDs are characterized by chaotic, mounded, and transparent seismic reflection. Growth fault, slope gully and geomorphology of the slope break greatly influenced the sedimentary process and external geometry of MTDs, and as a consequence, MTDs in SLTB exhibit classic fan-like geometry and some special（non-fan-like） external geometry. Furthermore, fanlike MTDs can be divided into three subcategories, including isolated fan, mother-son fan and stacked fan. Non-fan-like MTDs can be divided into two subcategories, strip-like MTDs and faulted-pit MTDs. A new sedimentary model has been built for MTDs in SLTB. MTDs have become a new exploration and development target in the SLTB.

关键词： MTDs,depositional characteristics,recognition criteria,external geometry,Songliao Basin

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Methods for seismic sedimentology research on continental basins

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petroleum Science 2015年第1期12卷 67-80页

作者： Ping-Sheng Wei Ming-Jun Su Petrochina research institute of petroleum exploration & development-northwest

In contrast to marine deposits, continental deposits in China are characterized by diverse sedimentary types, rapid changes in sedimentary facies, complex lithology, and thin, small sand bodies. In seismic sedimentology studies on continental lacustrine basins, new thinking and more detailed and effective technical means are needed to generate lithological data cubes and conduct seismic geo- morphologic analyses. Based on a series of tests and studies, this paper presents the concepts of time-equivalent seismic attributes and seismic sedimentary bodies and a ＂four-step approach＂ for the seismic sedimentologic study of conti- nental basins： Step 1, build a time-equivalent stratigraphic framework based on vertical analysis and horizontal corre- lation of lithofacies, electrofacies, seismic facies, and pale- ontological combinations; Step 2, further build a sedimentary facies model based on the analysis of single- well facies with outcrop, coring, and lab test data; Step 3, convert the seismic data into a lithological data cube reflecting different lithologies by means of seismic tech- niques; and Step 4, perform a time-equivalent attribute analysis and convert the planar attribute into a sedimentary facies map under the guidance of the sedimentary facies model. The whole process, highlighting the verification and calibration of geological data, is an iteration and feedback procedure of geoseismic data. The key technologies include the following：（1） a seismic data-lithology conversion technique applicable to complex lithology, which can convert the seismic reflection from interface types to rock layers; and （2） time-equivalent seismic unit analysis and a time- equivalent seismic attribute extraction technique. Finally, this paper demonstrates the validity of the approach with an example from the Qikou Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin and subsequent drilling results.

关键词： Continental basin Seismic sedimentology Four-step approach Time-equivalent seismic attribute Seismic sedimentary body Lithology conversion processing

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Quality evaluation of glutenite reservoirs of intergranular-secondary dissolution pore type using a quantitative method

Energy Geoscience

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Energy Geoscience 2022年第2期3卷 126-133页

作者： Juanjuan Guo Yu Huang Yanjun Wang Jianguo Pan Linjun Huang northwest Branch institute Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&DevelopmentPetroChinaLanzhouGansu730020China

Glutenite(coarse-grained clastic)reservoirs of intergranularesecondary dissolution pore type are dominated by residual intergranular pores and secondary dissolution pores,and characterized by low porosity,low permeability,strong heterogeneity,and highly variable physical properties.It is difficult to conduct a quantitative quality assessment of these reservoirs while their primary control factors remain unclear.In this paper,experimental core data and drilling,logging and seismic data are used to assess the effect of sedimentary facies on reservoir quality.Favorable sedimentary facies zones are identified by analyzing the characteristics of glutenite reservoirs,which includes investigating rock components and their effects on reservoir quality.Argillaceous matrix content and rigid particle content are identified as the primary control factors for these reservoirs.Logging curves sensitive to reservoir quality are selected and examined to continuously characterize the physical parameters of the reservoirs.It establishes a calculation model of reservoir assessment parameters through multivariate regression and determines the quantitative assessment parameter Fr.The quality of the glutenite reservoirs is defined using conventional logging curves.This study also predicts the plane distribution of high-quality reservoirs through geostatistical inversion of the reservoir assessment parameters based on conventional wave impedance inversion,thus providing insight and guidance for quantitative assessment and quality prediction of glutenite reservoirs of the intergranular-secondary dissolution pore type.The application of this method to well deployment based on qualitative evaluation of the glutenite reservoirs in oilfields yielded favorable results.

关键词： Glutenite Reservoir quality Reservoir assessment parameter Geostatistical simulation and inversion Mahu Sag Junggar basin

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Tight sandstone gas accumulation mechanisms and sweet spot prediction, Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Sichuan Basin, China

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petroleum Science 2023年第6期20卷 3301-3310页

作者： Lin Jiang Wen Zhao Dong-Mei Bo Feng Hong Yan-Jie Gong Jia-Qing Hao research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChinaBeijing100083China

The prediction of continental tight sandstone gas sweet spots is an obstacle during tight sandstone gas exploration. In this work, the classic physical fluid charging experimental equipment is improved, the combination of the gas migration and accumulation process with the pore network numerical simulation method is investigated, and application of the permeability/porosity ratio is proposed to predict the gas saturation and sweet spots of continental formations. The results show that (1) as the charging pressure increases, the permeability of the reservoir increases because more narrow pore throats are displaced in the percolation process;and (2) based on pore network numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, the natural gas migration and accumulation mechanisms are revealed. The gas saturation of tight sandstone rock is controlled by the gas charging pressure and dynamic percolation characteristics. (3) The ratio of permeability/porosity and fluid charging pressure is proposed to predict the gas saturation of the formation. The ratio is verified in a pilot and proven to be applicable and practical. This work highlights the tight sandstone gas migration and accumulation mechanisms and narrows the gap among microscale physical experiments, numerical simulation research, and field applications.

关键词： Tight sandstone gas Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation Physical experiment Numerical simulation

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A production prediction method of single well in water flooding oilfield based on integrated temporal convolutional network model

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petroleum exploration and development 2022年第5期49卷 1150-1160页

作者： ZHANG Lei DOU Hongen WANG Tianzhi WANG Hongliang PENG Yi ZHANG Jifeng LIU Zongshang MI Lan JIANG Liwei PetroChina research institute of petroleum exploration & development Beijing 100083China research institute of petroleum exploration and development Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing 163000China

Since the oil production of single well in water flooding reservoir varies greatly and is hard to predict, an oil production prediction method of single well based on temporal convolutional network(TCN) is proposed and verified. This method is started from data processing, the correspondence between water injectors and oil producers is determined according to the influence radius of the water injectors, the influence degree of a water injector on an oil producer in the month concerned is added as a model feature, and a Random Forest(RF) model is built to fill the dynamic data of water flooding. The single well history is divided into 4 stages according to its water cut, that is, low water cut, middle water cut, high water cut and extra-high water cut stages. In each stage, a TCN based prediction model is established, hyperparameters of the model are optimized by the Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA). Finally, the models of the 4 stages are integrated into one whole-life model of the well for production prediction. The application of this method in Daqing Oilfield, NE China shows that:(1) Compared with conventional data processing methods, the data obtained by this processing method are more close to the actual production, and the data set obtained is more authentic and complete.(2) The TCN model has higher prediction accuracy than other 11 models such as Long Short Term Memory(LSTM).(3) Compared with the conventional full-life-cycle models, the model of integrated stages can significantly reduce the error of production prediction.

关键词： single well production prediction temporal convolutional network time series prediction water flooding reservoir

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Rock thin-section analysis and identification based on artificial intelligent technique

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petroleum Science 2022年第4期19卷 1605-1621页

作者： He Liua Yi-Li Ren Xin Li Yan-Xu Hu Jian-Ping Wu Bin Li Lu Luo Zhi Tao Xi Liu Jia Liang Yun-Ying Zhang Xiao-Yu An Wen-Kai Fang PetroChina research institute of petroleum exploration&development Beijing100083China research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChina Huabei Oilfield CompanyHebei Renqiu062552China

Rock thin-section identification is an indispensable geological exploration tool for understanding and recognizing the composition of the earth.It is also an important evaluation method for oil and gas exploration and development.It can be used to identify the petrological characteristics of reservoirs,determine the type of diagenesis,and distinguish the characteristics of reservoir space and pore structure.It is necessary to understand the physical properties and sedimentary environment of the reservoir,obtain the relevant parameters of the reservoir,formulate the oil and gas development plan,and reserve calculation.The traditional thin-section identification method has a history of more than one hundred years,which mainly depends on the geological experts'visual observation with the optical microscope,and is bothered by the problems of strong subjectivity,high dependence on experience,heavy workload,long identification cycle,and incapability to achieve complete and accurate quantification.In this paper,the models of particle segmentation,mineralogy identification,and pore type intelligent identification are constructed by using deep learning,computer vision,and other technologies,and the intelligent thinsection identification is realized.This paper overcomes the problem of multi-target recognition in the image sequence,constructs a fine-grained classification network under the multi-mode and multi-light source,and proposes a modeling scheme of data annotation while building models,forming a scientific,quantitative and efficient slice identification method.The experimental results and practical application results show that the thin-section intelligent identification technology proposed in this paper does not only greatly improves the identification efficiency,but also realizes the intuitive,accurate and quantitative identification results,which is a subversive innovation and change to the traditional thin-section identification practice.

关键词： Thin-section identification Artificial intelligence Deep learning Computer vision Sedimentary reservoir

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Key Problems and Countermeasures in CO_(2)Flooding and Storage

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第3期97卷 858-872页

作者： CHEN Huanqing research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China

Based on literature research in combination with the practice of CO_(2)flooding and storage in Jilin Oilfield,this study assesses the key problems in CO_(2)flooding and storage,proposing the corresponding countermeasures from five aspects of CO_(2)gas source condition,namely geological condition evaluation,scheme design incoordination with other production methods,economic and effectiveness evaluation,together with dynamic monitoring and safety evaluation.The results show that CO_(2)flooding is the most economic and effective CO_(2)storage method.In eastern China,inorganic origin CO_(2)gas reservoirs are widely developed and are especially the most enriched in the Paleozoic carbonate rock strata and the Cenozoic Paleogene–Neogene system,which provide a rich resource base for CO_(2)flooding and storage.In the future,CO_(2)generated in the industrial field will become the main gas source of CO_(2)flooding and storage.The evaluation of geological conditions of oil and gas reservoirs is the basis for the potential evaluation,planning scheme design and implementation of CO_(2)flooding and storage.CO_(2)storage should be below the depth of 800 m,the CO_(2)flooding and storage effects in lowpermeability oil reservoirs being the best.CO_(2)geological storage mechanisms primarily consist of tectonic geological storage,bound gas storage,dissolution storage,mineralization storage,hydrodynamic storage and coalbed adsorption storage.The practice of CO_(2)flooding and storage in Jilin Oilfield demonstratesthat the oil increment by CO_(2)flooding is at least 24%higher than by conventional water flooding.The most critical factor determining the success or failure of CO_(2)flooding and storage is economic effectiveness,which needs to be explored from two aspects:the method and technology innovation along with the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality policy support.After CO_(2)is injected into the reservoir,it will react with the reservoir and fluid,the problem of CO_(2)recovery or overflow will occur,so the dynamic monitoring and

关键词： CO_(2)flooding and storage CO_(2)gas source low permeability reservoir economic effectiveness dynamic monitoring

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An Evaluation of Phase Behaviors of the Oil-Gas-Water System in the Displacement of Crude Oil with CO_(2)

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第2期97卷 573-580页

作者： ZHANG Angang FAN Zifei HE Jun Petrochina research institute of petroleum exploration and development Beijing 100083China

CO_(2)dissolution into an aqueous phase and water evaporation into a gaseous phase takes place during CO_(2)injection into an oil reservoir.This study aims to evaluate the phase behaviors of the oil-gas-water system in the displacement of crude oil by CO_(2).The composition of the JL oilfield in the northeast of China is taken as an example.The flash calculation of the oil-gas-water system was performed,based on the method presented by Li and Nghiem.The research results show that CO_(2)dissolution in the aqueous phase declines as the NaCl concentration in formation water rises.CO_(2)injection is beneficial for the evaporation of formation water.The NaCl concentration in formation water has little effect on water evaporation and dissolved-gas escape.When the injection-gas mole fraction of CO_(2)is 0.5,CO_(2)injection can reverse the phase behavior of the petroleum mixture and the oil-gas system is converted to a pure gas-condensate system.For CO_(2)injection,water vapor has little effect on the miscibility of multiple contacts,but can reduce the miscibility of the first contact.

关键词： CO_(2)dissolution water vapor phase behaviors formation water sensitivity analysis

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Genesis of the high gamma sandstone of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,China

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petroleum Science 2013年第1期10卷 50-54页

作者： Liu Huaqing Li Xiangbo Liao Jianbo Liu Xianyang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development-Northwest research institute of exploration and development Changqing Oilfield Company

Recently, more attention has been paid on the high gamma sandstone reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China. These high gamma sandstones have logging characteristics different from conventional sandstones, which influences the identification of sandstone reservoirs. Zhang et al （2010） proposed that the high gamma sandstones of the Yanchang Formation might be the result of re-deposition of homochronous sedimentary tufts or previous tufts as a part of the sandstone. However, we present a different viewpoint： 1） few tufts or tuff debris have been found in the high gamma sandstones of the Yanchang Formation; 2） high gamma （or high Th content） sandstones of Yanchang Formation are not related to either clay minerals or feldspar; 3） the heavy minerals in the sandstone reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation are dominated by zircon, which is characterized by abnormally high Th and U contents, up to 2,163 ppm and 1,362 ppm, respectively. This is sufficient to explain the high gamma anomaly. The conclusion is that the high gamma value of the Yanchang Formation sandstones might be caused by zircon with high Th and U contents in sandstones rather than from the tuff components.

关键词： High gamma sandstones reservoir zircon Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin

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Geological conditions of natural gas accumulation and new exploration areas in the Mesoproterozoic to Lower Paleozoic of Ordos Basin, NW China

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petroleum exploration and development 2019年第5期46卷 866-882页

作者： DU Jinhu LI Xiangbo BAO Hongping XU Wanglin WANG Yating HUANG Junping WANG Hongbo WANYAN Rong WANG Jing PetroChina exploration&Production Company Beijing 100007China northwest Branch Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&DevelopmentPetroChinaLanzhou 730020China research institute of petroleum exploration&development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi’an 710018China research institute of petroleum exploration&development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China

Based on field outcrop investigation,interpretation and analysis of drilling and seismic data,and consulting on a large number of previous research results,the characteristics of ancient marine hydrocarbon source rocks,favorable reservoir facies belts,hydrocarbon migration direction and reservoir-forming law in the Ordos Basin have been studied from the viewpoints of North China Craton breakup and Qilian-Qinling oceanic basin opening and closing.Four main results are obtained:(1)Controlled by deep-water shelf-rift,there are three suites of source rocks in the Ordos Basin and its periphery:Mesoproterozoic,Lower Cambrian and Middle-Upper Ordovician.(2)Controlled by littoral environment,paleo-uplift and platform margin,four types of reservoirs are developed in the area:Mesoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian littoral shallow sea quartz sandstone,Middle-Upper Cambrian–Ordovician weathering crust and dolomitized reservoir,and Ordovician L-shape platform margin reef and beach bodies.(3)Reservoir-forming assemblages vary greatly in the study area,with"upper generation and lower storage"as the main pattern in the platform,followed by"self-generation and self-storage".There are both"upper generation and lower storage"and"self-generation and self-storage"in the platform margin zone.In addition,in the case of communication between deep-large faults and the Changchengian system paleo-rift trough,there may also exist a"lower generation and upper reservoir"combination between the platform and the margin.(4)There are four new exploration fields including Qingyang paleo-uplift pre-Carboniferous weathering crust,L-shape platform margin zone in southwestern margin of the basin,Ordovician subsalt assemblage in central and eastern parts of the basin,and Mesoproterozoic–Cambrian.Among them,pre-Carboniferous weathering crust and L-shape platform margin facies zone are more realistic replacement areas,and Ordovician subsalt assemblage and the Proterozoic-Cambrian have certain potential and are worth exploring.

关键词： natural gas exploration area hydrocarbon accumulation geological conditions Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Lower Paleozoic Ordos Basin

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