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Formation mechanism of deep natural hydrogen in the Sichuan Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年

作者： Xiaomei WANG Kun HE Chunlong YANG Hao XIE Xiaobo WANG Yitong LYU Linfeng XIE Shuichang ZHANG research institute of petroleum exploration & development PetroChina Key Laboratory of petroleum Geochemistry China National Petroleum Corporation International Center for Isotope Effects research School of Earth Science and Engineering Nanjing University

As a potential renewable and clean energy source,the distribution and exploration prospects of natural hydrogen have garnered widespread ***,the limitations in understanding the formation mechanisms and accumulation patterns of underground natural hydrogen have significantly constrained its efficient exploration and *** study reports H2content and isotopes in natural gas from deep formations in sedimentary basins through geochemical analysis of 58 conventional gas samples from the Sinian to Triassic strata in the central Sichuan *** discovered that H2content in deep natural gas in central Sichuan generally exceeds 0.1%,with a maximum of 1.6%,and hydrogen isotopes (δ2HH2) range from-850‰to-586‰.Analysis of the geological conditions,hydrogen generation mechanisms,and isotope fractionation characteristics in the study area confirms that microbial fermentation or in-situ organic matter cracking are not effective pathways for deep *** with helium content and isotope analysis of the natural gas,it is inferred that the volcanic basement in the central Sichuan area is the potential source rock for natural H2in the Sinian to Triassic ***,H2originates from the radiolysis of water and hydrothermal reactions of Fe（II） in the basement ***,a diffusion fractionation model reveals significant isotope fractionation during the migration and accumulation of deep H2into sedimentary reservoirs,which lead to anomalously light δ2HH2in deep natural gas in central *** indicates that the underground natural hydrogen accumulation is in a long-term dynamic process,with simultaneous H2accumulation and dissipation in the gas *** research not only elucidates the formation mechanism of deep H2but also provides insights for the resource potential of natural hydrogen in sedimentary basins.

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Geochemical Characteristics and Genetic Types of Natural Gas in the Xinchang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, SW China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第6期91卷 2200-2213页

作者： WU Xiaoqi LIU Quanyou LIU Guangxiang WANG Ping LI Huaji MENG Qingqiang CHEN Yingbin ZENG Huasheng Wuxi research institute of petroleum Geology Petroleum Exploration and Production Research InstituteSINOPEC petroleum exploration and Production research institute SINOPEC exploration and development research institute Southwest Branch CompanySINOPEC

The molecular compositions and stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Xinchang gas field in the Sichuan Basin were investigated to determine the genetic types. The natural gas is mainly composed of methane （88.99%-98.01%）, and the dryness coefficient varies between 0.908 and 0.997. The gas generally displays positive alkane carbon and hydrogen isotopic series. The geochemical characteristics and gas-source correlation indicate that the gases stored in the 5th member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are coal-type gases which are derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. The gases reservoired in the 4th member of the Xujiahe Formation and Jurassic strata in the Xinchang gas field are also coal-type gases that are derived from source rocks in the 3rd and 4th members of the Xujiahe Formation. The gases reservoired in the 2nd member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are mainly coal-type gases with small amounts of oil-type gas that is derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. This is accompanied by a small amount of contribution brought by source rocks in the Upper Triassic Ma＇antang and Xiaotangzi formations. The gases reservoired in the 4th member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation are oil-type gases and are believed to be derived from the secondary cracking of oil which is most likely to be generated from the Upper Permian source rocks.

关键词： natural gas geochemical characteristics genetic types Xinchang gas field western Sichuan Basin

Natural gas geochemistry and its origins in Kuqa depression

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 174-182页

作者： LIU QuanYou 1 ,QIN ShengFei 1 ,LI Jian 2 ,LIU WenHui 3 ,ZHANG DianWei 3 ,ZHOU QingHua 1 &HU AnPing 1 1 research institute of petroleum exploration and development,PetroChina,Beijing 100083,China 2 Langfang Branch of research institute of petroleum exploration and development,PetroChina,Langfang 065007,China 3 exploration and Production research institute,sinopec,Beijing 100083,China research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChina Beijing China Langfang Branch of research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChina Langfang China exploration and Production research institute SINOPEC Beijing China

According to gas compositional and carbon isotopic measurement of 114 gas samples from the Kuqa depression,accumulation of the natural gases in the depression is dominated by hydrocarbon gases, with high gas dryness(C1/C1-4)at the middle and northern parts of the depression and low one towards east and west sides and southern *** carbon isotopes of methane and its homologues are relatively enriched in 13 C,and the distributive range ofδ13C 1 ,δ13C 2 andδ13C 3 is-32‰―-36‰,-22‰―-24‰and-20‰―-22‰,*** general,the carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes become less negative with the increase of carbon ***δ13C CO2 value is less than-10‰in the Kuqa depression,indicating its organogenic *** distributive range of 3 He/ 4 He ratio is within n×10-8 and a decrease in 3 He/ 4 He ratio from north to south in the depression is *** on the geochemical parameters of natural gas above,natural gas in the Kuqa depression is of characteristics of coal-type gas *** possible reasons for the partial reversal of stable carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes involve the mixing of gases from one common source rock with different thermal maturity or from two separated source rock intervals of similar kerogen type,multistages accumulation of natural gas under high-temperature and over-pressure conditions,and sufficiency and diffusion of natural gas.

关键词： Kuqa depression natural gas stable carbon isotope gas origin

Hybrid Sedimentation in Late Permian-Early Triassic in Western Sichuan Basin,China

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Journal of Earth Science 2011年第3期22卷 340-350页

作者：龙胜祥吴世祥李宏涛白振瑞马金钰张华 petroleum exploration & Production research institute SINOPEC

Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation is common in the Upper Permian-Lower Tri-assic in the western Sichuan（四川） *** extensional movement was strong in the Late Permian,resulting in differential uplifting of fault *** this period,there was an extensive *** Kangdian（康滇） ancient land progressive uplifted and enlarged,forming the major prove-nance of terrigenous *** Changxingian age,mixed terrigenous-carbonate sedimentation was dis-tributed in the area between Dafeishui（大飞水）-well Dashen（大深）-1-well Shoubao（寿保）-1 and Beichuan（北川）-well Guanji（关基）.The terrigenous clastics sourced from Kangdian ancient land input into the relatively shallow water,resulting in an extensive limited platform-mixing tidal flat where moderate-thick laminated grey limestone,thin muddy limestone and purplish red sandy shale were *** tectonic framework in Feixianguanian（飞仙关） stage was inherited from the Chang-xingian *** hybrid sedimentation was limited to the south of Dujiangyan（都江堰）-Xindu（新都）.In Jialingjiangian（嘉陵江） stage,the palaeogeographic features were also unchanged and two complete transgression-retrogression cycles also *** mixing tidal flat was distributed to the west of Baoxing（保兴）-Ya＇an（雅安）-Hongya（洪雅）-Leshan（乐山）,where purplish red sandstone with thin limestone and shale interbeds and grey-dark grey silty mudstone with limestone were *** carbonates in the mixed facies tract have few primary pores preserved and poorly-developed secondary pores due to the relatively high content of terrigenous clastics,strong compaction and weak ***,they are unfavorable for the development of effective reservoirs.

关键词： mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation Upper Permian-Lower Triassic mixing tidal flat effective reservoirs western Sichuan basin China.

Source and distribution of mercury in natural gas of major petroliferous basins in China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2020年第5期63卷 643-648页

作者： Quanyou LIU Weilong PENG Jian LI Xiaoqi WU State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective development Beijing 100083China research institute of petroleum exploration and Production SINOPECBeijing 100083China research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China research Center of exploration and development in Sichuan Basin Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and ProductionSINOPECChengdu 610041China

Based on the analysis of the natural gas samples of 146 wells from four major petroliferous basins of China,the source and distribution of mercury in natural gas in major petroliferous basins of China were *** have shown that the mercury concentration of natural gas in petroliferous basins of China varies widely,ranging from 0.01 to 4050μg/m^*** gas well with the highest mercury concentration is in the Xushen gas field in the Songliao *** mercury concentration in the craton basin is relatively low,and the secondary gas reservoir in the Tarim Basin has the lowest mercury *** the rift basin,due to the presence of deep faults which cut the basement and mixing effects of deep fluids,the mercury concentration in natural gas may be abnormally high,*** Xushen gas field in the Songliao *** relatively stable basins where deep and large faults do not develop,mercury is primarily of organic *** rift basins where deep fluids are mixed with gas reservoirs,mercury in natural gas may mainly come from the deep fluids and is characterized by abnormally high mercury concentration and R/Ra values.

关键词： Natural gas Mercury concentration Petroliferous basin Xushen gas field Deep fluids

Hybrid data-driven framework for shale gas production performance analysis via game theory, machine learning, and optimization approaches

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petroleum Science 2023年第1期20卷 277-294页

作者： Jin Meng Yu-Jie Zhou Tian-Rui Ye Yi-Tian Xiao Ya-Qiu Lu Ai-Wei Zheng Bang Liang petroleum exploration and Production research institute SINOPECBeijing100083PR China Jianghan Oilfield Company Research Institute of Exploration and DevelopmentSINOPECWuhan430223HubeiPR China

A comprehensive and precise analysis of shale gas production performance is crucial for evaluating resource potential,designing a field development plan,and making investment ***,quantitative analysis can be challenging because production performance is dominated by the complex interaction among a series of geological and engineering *** fact,each factor can be viewed as a player who makes cooperative contributions to the production payoff within the constraints of physical laws and *** by the idea,we propose a hybrid data-driven analysis framework in this study,where the contributions of dominant factors are quantitatively evaluated,the productions are precisely forecasted,and the development optimization suggestions are comprehensively *** specifically,game theory and machine learning models are coupled to determine the dominating geological and engineering *** Shapley value with definite physical meaning is employed to quantitatively measure the effects of individual factors.A multi-model-fused stacked model is trained for production forecast,which provides the basis for derivative-free optimization algorithms to optimize the development *** complete workflow is validated with actual production data collected from the Fuling shale gas field,Sichuan Basin,*** validation results show that the proposed procedure can draw rigorous conclusions with quantified evidence and thereby provide specific and reliable suggestions for development plan *** with traditional and experience-based approaches,the hybrid data-driven procedure is advanced in terms of both efficiency and accuracy.

关键词： Shale gas Production performance Data-driven Dominant factors Game theory Machine learning Derivative-free optimization

Distribution prediction of the glutenite in Member 3 of Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Yuanba area,northern Sichuan Basin

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petroleum research 2022年第1期7卷 123-130页

作者： Yanqing Huang Tian Lin Ai Wang Zeyu Nan sinopec petroleum exploration and development research institute Beijing100083China

Although the Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Yuanba area of northern Sichuan has a large amount of resources,the proportion of proved reserves to the amount of resources is *** of most of the pilot production wells is high at the initial stage,but it declines rapidly,mainly due to tight rock properties and strong heterogeneity of Xujiahe ***,it is important to investigate the distribution of high-quality *** Member 3 of Xujiahe Formation develops sandstone interbedded with mudstone,and its lateral thickness of different sandstone groups varies greatly,so it is a challenge to identify appropriate time windows for seismic attribute analysis,thus,so the prediction effect of the glutenite in the Member 3 of Xujiahe *** this study,through analysis of core data and logging facies,single-well sedimentary microfacies subdivision is carried ***-well lithological interpretation is also studied with application of lithological identification ***,lithological associations and its seismic responses at the top and bottom interfaces of each sandstone group in the Member 3 of Xujiahe Formation are well investigated,The lithological association with the glutenite above and the mudstone below the stratigraphic interface respectively,corresponds to a trough in seismic profiles;in this case,when extracting the seismic attributes of sandstone groups above the stratigraphic interface,only the difference of between drilling horizons and seismic horizons needs to be *** lithological association with the mudstone above and glutenite below the stratigraphic interface respectively,corresponds to a peak in seismic profiles;in this case,when extracting the seismic attributes of sandstone groups above the stratigraphic interface,influence of which should be eliminated;thus,a method of time window determination for seismic attribute extraction is *** amplitude,frequency,and phase attributes,the total peak energy ha

关键词： Braided river delta Time window Seismic attribute Glutenite Xujiahe formation Sichuan basin

A Discussion on the Origin of Shale Reservoir Inter-Laminar Fractures in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene, Dongying Depression

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第6期28卷 1064-1077页

作者： Huimin Liu Shun Zhang Guoqi Song Shoupeng Zhang Xuefeng Hao Zhonghuai Xie Ningning Xu Peng Liu Working Stations for Postdoctors of Shengli Oilfield SINOPEC research institute of petroleum exploration and development Shengli Oilfield SINOPEC

This paper was conducted on the shale reservoir in the Dongying depression in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene. Based on detailed core description, rock thin sections, argon ion polishing, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） analysis, CT scanning and carbon-oxygen isotopic test, the formation mechanism of the inter-laminar fractures（or seams） and their development conditions were discussed by comprehensive analysis of the diagenetic evolution features and the reservoir space evolution characteristics. The results show that the laminated composite pattern in Dongying depression was dominated by vertical distribution of laminated calcite and clay minerals. Contrasted to the traditional understanding, development degree of inter-laminar fractures was much lower. Pure fluid between layers cannot exist without framework minerals, and the pre-existing well connected pore or horizontal overpressure micro seam was favorable paths of fluid migration. From the points of inter-laminar fractures origin mechanism and its evolution, the so called seams, were much more complex than traditional understanding that hydrocarbon generation raised the pore pressure and led to the parallel microfractures. But the inter-laminar fractures had little relationship with that whether the lamination was developed or bedding boundary was clear or not. In fact, the shale reservoir inter-laminar fractures were not rigorous fracture. They were controlled by pre-existing inter-granular pore（or seam） or dissolved pore, which distributed along carbonate laminae boundary and were connected by later super pressure, dissolution and the seepage force. And the development conditions were burial depth（bigger than 3 000 m） and the Ro value（〉0.6%）. Discussion on its origin and evolution has important petroleum geological significance on optimizing reservoir segment and favorable target areas selection.

关键词： shale reservoir lamination inter-laminar fractures diagenesis Dongying depression Paleogene

Analysis of lithofacies and evaluation of effective reservoirs of member 2 of Xujiahe Formation in the Xinchang area in Western Sichuan

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petroleum research 2020年第3期5卷 244-253页

作者： Yanqing Huang Zhongqun Liu Pengwei Li Junlong Liu Changzhen Liao Shilin Xu sinopec petroleum exploration and development research institute Beijing100083China

In the Xinchang area in western Sichuan Basin,a total of 121.12 billion cubic meters of proved reserves of natural gas are discovered in Member 2 of Xujiahe Formation,but only 7.739 billion cubic meters of proved reserves of natural gas are *** main reason is that sandstones in Member 2 of Xujiahe Formation in the Xinchang area are generally tight,with strong heterogeneity,only intervals with relatively good physical properties have a certain production capacity;therefore,it is very necessary and important to evaluate effective reservoirs in Member 2 of Xujiahe *** analysis of cores,with consideration of color,sedimentary texture and grain size,lithofacies of Member 2 of Xujiahe Formation in the Xinchang area can be divided into 12 *** to data of physical properties and thin section analysis,it can be concluded that the favorable lithofacies in the upper submember of Member 2 of Xujiahe Formation are the massive medium-coarse sandstone,the medium-coarse sandstone with cross bedding,and the medium-coarse sandstone with carbonaceous *** the basis of electrical characteristics,well-logging interpretation standards for favorable lithofacies are established,in addition,favorable lithofacies and effective reservoir in the Xinchang area are determined,and distribution of favorable lithofacies(effective reservoir)is identified,which lay a solid foundation for next deployment of appraisal well and development of effective reserves.

关键词： Medium-coarse sandstone Lithofacies Effective reservoir Member 2 of xujiahe formation Xinchang area Sichuan