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Estimation of sediment sources using selected chemical tracers in the Perry lake basin,Kansas,USA

International Journal of Sediment research 2009年第1期24卷 108-125页

作者： K. E. JURACEK A. C. ZIEGLER hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey 4821 Quail Crest Place Lawrence KS USA 66049

The ability to achieve meaningful decreases in sediment loads to reservoirs requires a determination of the relative importance of sediment sources within the contributing basins. In an investigation of sources of fine-grained sediment(clay and silt) within the Perry Lake Basin in northeast Kansas,representative samples of channel-bank sources,surface-soil sources(cropland and grassland),and reservoir bottom sediment were collected,chemically analyzed,and compared. The samples were sieved to isolate the <63 μ m fraction and analyzed for selected nutrients(total nitrogen and total phosphorus),organic and total carbon,25 trace elements,and the radionuclide cesium-137(137Cs). On the basis of substantial and consistent compositional differences among the source types,total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),total organic carbon(TOC),and 137Cs were selected for use in the estimation of sediment sources. To further account for differences in particle-size composition between the sources and the reservoir bottom sediment,constituent ratio and clay-normalization techniques were used. Computed ratios included TOC to TN,TOC to TP,and TN to TP. Constituent concentrations(TN,TP,TOC) and activities(137Cs) were normalized by dividing by the percentage of clay. Thus,the sediment-source estimations involved the use of seven sediment-source indicators. Within the Perry Lake Basin,the consensus of the seven indicators was that both channel-bank and surface-soil sources were important in the Atchison County Lake and Banner Creek Reservoir subbasins,whereas channel-bank sources were dominant in the Mission Lake subbasin. On the sole basis of 137Cs activity,surface-soil sources contributed the most fine-grained sediment to Atchison County Lake,and channel-bank sources contributed the most fine-grained sediment to Banner Creek Reservoir and Mission Lake. Both the seven-indicator consensus and 137Cs indicated that channel-bank sources were dominant for Perry Lake and that channel-bank sour

关键词： Sediment Source Tracer Perry Lake Kansas

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STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK

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International Journal of Sediment research 2007年第3期22卷 238-246页

作者： W. R. OSTERKAMP J. R. GRAY J. B. LARONNE J. R. MARTIN research hydrologist National Research Program U. S. Geological Survey Tucson AZ USA 85745 hydrologist Office of Surface Water U. S. Geological Survey Reston VA USA 20192 Prof. Department of Geography and Environmental Development Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel Graduate Student National Research Program U. S. Geological Survey Tucson AZ USA 85745

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.

关键词： Sediment information Monitoring system International sediment initiative WaSSIN

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EFFECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN CHINA's YELLOW RIVER, WITH COMPARISONS FROM THE UNITED STATES

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International Journal of Sediment research 2003年第2期 285-290页

作者： John R. GRAY,W. R. OSTERKAMP,Jianhua XU hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey research hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey Chief Engineer Water Resources research Institute Bureau of Hydrology Yellow River Conservancy Commission Reston Virginia Tucson Arizona Zhengzhou China

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GSTARS computer models and their applications, Part Ⅱ: Applications

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International Journal of Sediment research 2008年第4期23卷 299-315页

作者： Francisco J.M.SIM■ES Chih Ted YANG research hydrologist US Geological Survey Geomorphology and Sediment Transport Laboratory4620 Technology Drive Suite 400 Golden CO 80403 USA Borland Prof. of Water Resources and Director of Hydroscience and Training Center Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State UniversityFort Collins CO 80523-1372 USA

In part 1 of this two-paper series, a brief summary of the basic concepts and theories used in developing the Generalized Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation (GSTARS) computer models was presented. Part 2 provides examples that illustrate some of the capabilities of the GSTARS models and how they can be applied to solve a wide range of river and reservoir sedimentation problems. Laboratory and field case studies are used and the examples show representative applications of the earlier and of the more recent versions of GSTARS. Some of the more recent capabilities implemented in GSTARS3, one of the latest versions of the series, are also discussed here with more detail.

关键词： Computer model Reservoir River Sediment transport Unit stream power

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U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROGRAMS AND INVESTIGATIONS RELATED TO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

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International Journal of Sediment research 2001年第3期16卷 421-429页

作者： W. R. OSTERKAMP and J. R. GRAY research hydrologist, U. S. Geological Survey, 1675 W. Anklam Road, Tucson, AZ 85745 U. S. A. hydrologist, U. S. Geological Survey, 415 National Center, Reston, VA 20192 U. S. A. research hydrologist U. S. Geological Survey 1675 W. Anklam Road Tucson AZ 85745 U. S. A hydrologist U. S. Geological Survey 415 National Center Reston VA 20192 U. S. A

The U.S. Geological Survey has a rich tradition of collecting hydrologic data, especially for fluxes of water and suspended sediment, that provide a foundation for studies of soil and water conservation. Applied and basic research has included investigations of the effects of land use on rangelands, croplands, and forests; hazards mapping; derivation of flood and drought frequency, and other statistics related to streamflow and reservoir storage; development and application of models of rainfall-runoff relations, chemical quality, and sediment movement; and studies of the interactive processes of overland and channel flow with vegetation. Networks of streamgaging stations and (or) sampling sites within numerous drainage basins are yielding information that extends databases and enhances the ability to use those data for interpretive studies.

关键词： Soil Water Sediment Erosion Conservation U. S. Geological Survey

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FREEZE/THAW EFFECTS ON RILL AND GULLY EROSION IN THE NORTHWESTERN WHEAT AND RANGE REGION

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International Journal of Sediment research 2005年第3期20卷 48-56页

作者： D. K. MCCOOL,J. D. WILLIAMS Supervisory Agricultural Engineer Land Management and Water Conservation research USDA-ARS Pullman WA USA hydrologist Columbia Plateau Conservation research Center USDA-ARS Pendleton OR.

Hydrology of the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region (NWRR) of the Pacific Northwest USA is dominated by winter events. Fifty-five to sixty-five percent of the precipitation occurs from November through March, and formation of impermeable frost, intensified by excessive tillage and tillage pans, has long been a major factor in rill and gully formation in the region. Saturated zones can form above tillage pans, freeze solid, and significantly reduce infiltration. Frost heaved surface soils thaw and weaken with warming temperatures or rain. Under these conditions, runoff from rain or snowmelt or a combination of the two is inevitable, concentrating in rills and channels, and carrying with it the loosened soil. Slopes are frequently quite steep and there may be little deposition above the toe slope. Classical over-fall head-cut gullies are uncommon. Concentrated flow channels form because of collection of water from impervious areas such as conventionally tilled fall seeded small grains and bare grass seed fields. In some soils, gullies are created by seepage from saturated layers above permanent restrictive layers in the soil. Gullies can also result from terrace failures due to rodent burrows and low compaction at the time of construction. In naturally unconsolidated soil, rodent activity can lead to piping failures that remove large quantities of subsurface soil and can become gullies. Rill measurements on conventionally tilled fields in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho were used to determine coefficients for relationships between slope length and steepness and size of rills. This paper describes these studies and the results as well as analysis of long-term erosion and weather records from southeastern Washington.

关键词： Erosion Slope length Slope steepness Topography Pacific Northwest Frozen soil Thawing soil

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GSTARS computer models and their applications, part I:theoretical development

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International Journal of Sediment research 2008年第3期23卷 197-211页

作者： Chih Ted YANG Francisco J. M. SIMES Borland Prof. of Water Resources and Director of Hydroscience and Training Center Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1372 U. S. A. research hydrologist US Geological Survey Geomorphology and Sediment Transport Laboratory 4620 Technology Drive Suite 400 Golden CO 80403 U. S. A.

GSTARS is a series of computer models developed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for alluvial river and reservoir sedimentation studies while the authors were employed by that agency. The first version of GSTARS was released in 1986 using Fortran IV for mainframe computers. GSTARS 2.0 was released in 1998 for personal computer application with most of the code in the original GSTARS revised, improved, and expanded using Fortran IV/77. GSTARS 2.1 is an improved and revised GSTARS 2.0 with graphical user interface. The unique features of all GSTARS models are the conjunctive use of the stream tube concept and of the minimum stream power theory. The application of minimum stream power theory allows the determination of optimum channel geometry with variable channel width and cross-sectional shape. The use of the stream tube concept enables the simulation of river hydraulics using one-dimensional numerical solutions to obtain a semi-two-dimensional presentation of the hydraulic conditions along and across an alluvial channel. According to the stream tube concept, no water or sediment particles can cross the walls of stream tubes, which is valid for many natural rivers. At and near sharp bends, however, sediment particles may cross the boundaries of stream tubes. GSTARS3, based on FORTRAN 90/95, addresses this phenomenon and further expands the capabilities of GSTARS 2.1 for cohesive and non-cohesive sediment transport in rivers and reservoirs. This paper presents the concepts, methods, and techniques used to develop the GSTARS series of computer models, especially GSTARS3.

关键词： Numerical modeling Sediment transport Backwater computations Stream tubes Stream power minimization

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FORMATION OF THE SINO-U.S. CENTERS FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

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International Journal of Sediment research 2003年第2期 248-252页

作者： John R. GRAY,W.R. OSTERKAMP,Scott CHRISTIANSEN,William A. SPRIGG hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey research hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey International Program Leader U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural research Service Director Sino-US Centers for Soil and Water Conservation and Environmental Protection Institute for the Study of Planet Earth The University of Arizona Reston Virginia Tucson Arizona Beltsville Maryland Tucson

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ADDRESS ON THE OCCASION OF THE INAUGURATION OF WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION research (WASER)

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International Journal of Sediment research 2005年第1期20卷 1-3页

作者： Desmond E.WALLING Amory Building Department of Geography EX4 4RJ Exeter Devon Preside of World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion research(WASER) Rennes Drive School of Geography and Archaeology UK University of Exeter

It was a great honour and privilege to be elected President of WASER during the first Council meeting, held in Beijing last Saturday. I hope that I will be able to fulfil the expectations of those that elected me and I look forward to serving the Association and promoting its development. As a hydrologist/geomorphologist who started working in the field of erosion and sedimentation some 35 years ago, I have long appreciated the need for, and importance of, interaction with those with similar interests working in adjacent disciplines, for example, civil engineers, hydraulic engineers, soil scientists, geochemists, agricultural engineers, soil conservation specialists, watershed managers, estuarine scientists, and increasingly social scientists and environmental managers. I therefore strongly believe that one of WASER's key roles, and indeed probably it's most important role, should be to facilitate and promote such interaction and interchange.

关键词： ADDRESS ON THE OCCASION OF THE INAUGURATION OF WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION research WASER

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中国寒区水文学研究的新阶段——记我国杰出寒区水文学家叶柏生研究员的创新与贡献

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冰川冻土 2012年第5期34卷 1009-1022页

作者：丁永建刘时银刘凤景杨大庆张廷军赵林沈永平阳坤张世强中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室甘肃兰州730000 Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science and Cooperative research Programs Lincoln UniversityJefferson City National Hydrology research Centre Environment Canada 兰州大学西部环境与气候变化研究院甘肃兰州730000 National Snow and Ice Data Center Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado at Boulder 中国科学院青藏高原研究所环境变化与地表过程重点实验室北京100085

我国杰出的寒区水文学家叶柏生研究员不幸因公殉职.选取了叶柏生研究员若干代表性研究成果,包括与他人的合作研究成果,重点从冰川水文、冻土水文和区域水文变化三方面总结了其对寒区水文学发展所做的创新与贡献.文章列出了每项研究成果... 详细信息

我国杰出的寒区水文学家叶柏生研究员不幸因公殉职.选取了叶柏生研究员若干代表性研究成果,包括与他人的合作研究成果,重点从冰川水文、冻土水文和区域水文变化三方面总结了其对寒区水文学发展所做的创新与贡献.文章列出了每项研究成果的核心内容,并给予了简要评述.所选成果中,冰川水文方面研究涉及冰川对河川径流的调节作用、冰川径流对气候变化的响应机理等;冻土水文研究着重介绍了多年冻土变化对流域径流过程及其变化影响方面的系统性成果;区域水文变化研究方面,选取了降水观测误差修正、气候变化对区域径流的影响等方面的创新成果.这些研究成果极大地提高了我国在世界寒区水文学研究的地位,对认识寒区水文过程及气候变化对水资源的影响具有重要科学意义.

关键词：冰川水文冻土水文区域水文变化气候变化创新与贡献叶柏生研究员

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