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Simulating the Impacts of Global Warming on Wheat in China Using a Large Area Crop Model

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2010年第1期24卷 123-135页

作者：李三爱 Tim Wheeler Andrew Challinor 林而达许吟隆居辉 Department of Meteorology University of reading Department of Agriculture University of Reading Department of Agriculture University of reading Institute for Atmospheric Science School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Agro-Environment and Sustainable Development Institute Chinese academy of Agricultural Science

Temperature is one of the most prominent environmental factors that determine plant growth,development, and *** and moist conditions are most favorable for *** is likely to be highly vulnerable to further warming because currently the temperature is already close to or above *** this study,the impacts of warming and extreme high temperature stress on wheat yield over China were investigated by using the general large area model（GLAM） for annual *** results showed that each 1℃rise in daily mean temperature would reduce the average wheat yield in China by about 4.6%-5.7% mainly due to the shorter growth duration,except for a small increase in yield at some grid *** the maximum temperature exceeded 30.5℃,the simulated grain-set fraction declined from 1 at 30.5℃to close to 0 at about 36℃.When the total grain-set was lower than the critical fractional grain-set（0.575-0.6）, harvest index and potential grain yield were *** order to reduce the negative impacts of warming, it is crucial to take serious actions to adapt to the climate change,for example,by shifting sowing date, adjusting crop distribution and structure,breeding heat-resistant varieties,and improving the monitoring, forecasting,and early warning of extreme climate events.

关键词： climate change warming wheat yield crop model

Pathogenicity of bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila isolated from entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema carpocapsae) and its secretion against Galleria mellonella larvae

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2005年第6期6卷 457-463页

作者： MAHAR Ali Nawaz MUNIR Muhammad ELAWAD Sami GOWEN Simon Richard HAGUE Nigel Graham Meckenzi Department of Agriculture University of Reading Reading RG6 6AT UKSchool of Plant Sciences University of Reading Reading RG6 6AS UKDepartment of Agriculture University of Reading Reading RG6 6AT UKDepartment of Agriculture University of Reading Reading RG6 6AT UKDepartment of Agriculture University of Reading Reading RG6 6AT UK

The entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila was isolated from the hemolymph of Galleria mel- lonella infected with Steinernema carpocapsae. The bacterial cells and its metabolic secretions have been found lethal to the Galleria larvae. Toxic secretion in broth caused 95% mortality within 4 d of application whereas the bacterial cells caused 93% mortality after 6 d. When filter and sand substrates were compared, the later one was observed as appropriate. Similarly, bacterial cells and secretion in broth were more effective at 14% moisture and 25 °C temperature treatments. Maximum insect mortality (100%) was observed when bacterial concentration of 4×106 cells/ml was used. Similarly, maximum bacterial cells in broth (95%) were penetrated into the insect body within 2 h of their application. However, when stored bacterial toxic secretion was applied to the insects its efficacy declined. On the other hand, when the same toxic secretion was dried and then dissolved either in broth or water was proved to be effective. The present study showed that the bacterium, X. nematophila or its toxic secretion can be used as an important component of integrated pest management against Galleria.

关键词： Biological control Bacterial symbionts Entomopathogenic nematodes Xenorhabdus nematophila Galleria mellonella

High incidences and similar patterns of Wolbachia infection in fig wasp communities from three different continents

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Insect Science 2010年第2期17卷 101-111页

作者： Lin-Lin Chen James M. Cook Hui Xiao Hao-Yuan Hu Li-Ming Niu Da-Wei Huang Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Reading UK College of Plant Protection Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an Shandong Province China

Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria that infect numerous arthropod species. Previous studies in Panama and Australia revealed that the majority of fig wasp species harbor Wolbachia infections, but that similar patterns of incidence have evolved inde- pendently with different wasp species and Wolbachia strains on the two continents. We found Wolbachia infections in 25/47 species （53%） of fig wasp associated with 25 species of Chinese figs. Phylogenetic analyses of Wotbachia wsp sequences indicated that very similar strains are not obviously found in either closely related or ecologically linked fig wasps species. The extremely high prevalence of Wolbachia in fig wasps （over 50% of species infected） is not constrained by geographical origin and is a recurrent theme of fig wasp/Wolbachia interactions.

关键词： fig wasps horizontal transmission Wolbachia wsp

Magnitude,Scale,and Dynamics of the 2020 Mei-yu Rains and Floods over China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第12期38卷 2082-2096页

作者： Ambrogio VOLONTÉ Mark MUETZELFELDT Reinhard SCHIEMANN Andrew GTURNER Nicholas KLINGAMAN Department of Meteorology University of ReadingReadingRG66ESUK National Centre for Atmospheric Science University of ReadingReadingRG66ESUK

Large parts of East and South Asia were affected by heavy precipitation and flooding during early summer *** study provides both a statistical and dynamical characterization of rains and floods affecting the Yangtze River Basin(YRB).By aggregating daily and monthly precipitation over river basins across Asia,it is shown that the YRB is one of the areas that was particularly *** and July 2020 rainfall was higher than in the previous 20 years,and the YRB experienced anomalously high rainfall across most of its *** discharge also attained levels not seen since 1998/*** automated method detecting the daily position of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Front(EASMF)is applied to show that the anomalously high YRB precipitation was associated with a halted northward progression of the EASMF and prolonged mei-yu conditions over the YRB lasting more than one *** 5-day heavy-precipitation episodes(12−16 June and 4−8 July 2020)are selected from this period for dynamical characterization,including Lagrangian trajectory *** attention is devoted to the dynamics of the airstreams converging at the *** episodes display heavy precipitation and convergence of monsoonal and subtropical air ***,clear differences are identified in the upper-level flow pattern,substantially affecting the balance of airmass advection towards the *** study contextualizes heavy precipitation in Asia in summer 2020 and showcases several analysis tools developed by the authors for the study of such events.

关键词： East Asian summer monsoon 2020 China floods Yangtze River basin mei-yu front extreme precipitation

Different Asian Monsoon Rainfall Responses to Idealized Orography Sensitivity Experiments in the HadGEM3-GA6 and FGOALS-FAMIL Global Climate Models

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第8期35卷 153-166页

作者： Kai Chi WONG Senfeng LIU Andrew G. TURNER Reinhard K. SCHIEMANN Department of Meteorology University of Reading Reading RG6 6BB United Kingdom State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China University of Chinese academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Recent work has shown the dominance of the Himalaya in supporting the Indian summer monsoon （ISM）, perhaps by surface sensible heating along its southern slope and by mechanical blocking acting to separate moist tropical flow from drier midlatitnde air. Previous studies have also shown that Indian snmmer rainfall is largely unaffected in sensitivity experiments that remove only the Tibetan Plateau. However, given the large biases in simulating the monsoon in CMIP5 models, such results may be model dependent. This study investigates the impact of orographic forcing from the Tibetan Plateau, Himalaya and Iranian Plateau on the ISM and East Asian snmmer monsoon （EASM） in the UK Met Office＇s HadGEM3-GA6 and China＇s Institute of Atmospheric Physics FGOALS-FAMIL global climate models. The models chosen featnre oppositesigned biases in their simulation of the ISM rainfall and circulation climatology. The changes to ISM and EASM circulation across the sensitivity experiments are similar in both models and consistent with previous studies. However, considerable differences exist in the rainfall responses over India and China, and in the detailed aspects such as onset and retreat dates. In particular, the models show opposing changes in Indian monsoon rainfall when the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau orography are removed. Our results show that a multi-model approach, as suggested in the forthcoming Global Monsoon Model Intercomparison Project （GMMIP） associated with CMIP6, is needed to clarify the impact of orographic forcing on the Asian monsoon and to fully understand the implications of model systematic error.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau East Asian summer monsoon Indian summer monsoon model bias Global Monsoon Model Intercompaxison Project (GMMIP)

Sendai Five Years on: Reflections on the Role of International Law in the Creation and Reduction of Disaster Risk

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第2期11卷 230-238页

作者： Marie Aronsson-Storrier School of Law University of ReadingReading RG66EP.UK

This article offers a critical examination of the position of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 within international law. It is argued that any interrogation into the relationship between international law and disaster risk reduction(DRR) must begin not with existing DRR laws and policies, but rather with an enquiry into the nature of disaster risk and the role of international law in its creation and reduction. It is demonstrated how, while areas such as international human rights law can be utilized to enforce obligations in support of DRR, other areas—in particular international investment law—actively work to undermine DRR efforts. In order for international law to be a productive tool in the reduction of disaster risk, international lawyers must engage with critical work in disaster studies and explore the role that international law has played, and can play, in creating and addressing hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities.

关键词： Disaster risk creation Disaster risk reduction International law Sendai Framework

Electrochemical Fabrication and Electrocatalytic Properties of Nanostructured Mesoporous Platinum Microelectrodes

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2005年第6期21卷 863-865页

作者： Mengyan NIE Joanne M.Elliott School of Chemistry The University of Reading Reading RG6 6AD UK

Electrodeposition from a lyotropic liquid crystal template medium was used to produce nanostructured platinum microelectrodes with high specific surface area and high mass transport efficiency. Compared to polished and conventional platinized microelectrodes, well-ordered nanostructured platinum microelectrodes exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic properties for oxygen and ascorbic acid, whilst well-ordered nanostructured platinum microelectrodes offered improved electrocatalytic properties for oxygen reduction compared to disordered nanostructured platinum microelectrodes.

关键词： Liquid crystal template Mesoporous Microelectrode Electrocatalysis

Leaching from Heterogeneous Heck Catalysts:A Computational Approach

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2002年第2期18卷 175-177页

作者： Peter. M. Jenkins and Shik Chi Tsang Surface Science and Catalysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of reading, Whiteknights, reading, RG6 6AD, UK Surface Science and Catalysis Research Centre Department of Chemistry University of Reading Whiteknights 英国 Reading

The possibility of carrying out a purely heterogeneous Heck reaction in practice without Pd leaching has been previously considered by a number of research groups but no general consent has yet arrived. Here, the reaction was, for the first time, evaluated by a simple computational approach. Modelling experiments were performed on one of the initial catalytic steps: phenyl halides attachment on Pd (111) to (100) and (111) to (111) ridges of a Pd crystal. Three surface structures of resulting were identified as possible reactive intermediates. Following potential energy minimisation calculations based on a universal force field, the relative stabilities of these surface species were then determined. Results showed the most stable species to be one in which a Pd ridge atom is removed from the Pd crystal structure, suggesting Pd leaching induced by phenyl halides is energetically favourable.

关键词： Heterogeneous Heck reaction, Aryl halides, Computational Modelling Leaching of palladium

Plant conservation in the Anthropocene-Challenges and future prospects

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Plant Diversity 2017年第6期39卷 314-330页

作者： Vernon H.Heywood School of Biological Sciences University of Reading

Despite the massive efforts that have been made to conserve plant diversity across the world during the past few decades, it is becoming increasingly evident that our current strategies are not sufficiently effective to prevent the continuing decline in biodiversity. As a recent report by the CBD indicates,current progress and commitments are insufficient to achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets by *** species lists continue to grow while the world's governments fail to meet biodiversity conservation goals. Clearly, we are failing in our attempts to conserve biodiversity on a sufficient *** reasons for this situation are complex, including scientific, technical, sociological, economic and political factors. The conservation community is divided about how to respond. Some believe that saving all existing biodiversity is still an achievable goal. On the other hand, there are those who believe that we need to accept that biodiversity will inevitably continue to be lost, despite all our conservation actions and that we must focus on what to save, why and where. It has also been suggested that we need a new approach to conservation in the face of the challenges posed by the Anthropocene biosphere which we now inhabit. Whatever view one holds on the above issues, it is dear that we need to review the effectiveness of our current conservation strategies, identify the limiting factors that are preventing the Aichi goals being met and at the same time take whatever steps are necessary to make our conservation protocols more explicit, operational and efficient so as to achieve the maximum conservation effect. This paper addresses the key issues that underlie our failure to meet agreed targets and discusses the necessary changes to our conservation approaches. While we can justifiably be proud of our many achievements and successes in plant conservation in the past 30 years, which have helped slow the rate of loss, unless we devise a more coherent, consisten

关键词： Plant conservation Anthropocene Aichi targets Biodiversity governance Protected areas