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Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第7期27卷 88-96页

作者： Xiaofan Yang Huan Liu Hongyang Cui Hanyang Man Mingliang Fu Jiming Hao Kebin He School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University state Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and control of Air pollution Complex Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality

Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China＇s light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual（BAU） scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide（BAU ＋ extended Stage II）, there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery（ORVR） on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050（BAU ＋ ORVR/BAU ＋ delayed ORVR）. According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.

关键词： Evaporative VOC emissions China roadmap Vehicle Refueling emission control

Ca^2+ and SO4^2- interactions with dissolved organic matter: Implications of groundwater quality for CKDu incidence in Sri Lanka

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第2期32卷 326-337页

作者： Madhubhashini Makehelwala Yuansong Wei Sujithra K.Weragoda Rohan Weerasooriya state Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and pollution control Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Department of Water pollution control Technology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China National Water Supply and Drainage board KatugastotaSri Lanka National Institute of Fundamental Studies Hantana RoadKandy 20000Sri Lanka

It has recently been proposed that recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in groundwater plays a potent etiological role in the peculiar distribution of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu).This study aims to elucidate the interactions of Ca^2+and SO4^2-with a model organic fraction of humic acid(SHA) to determine the possible relationship of CKDu incidence with the DOC in drinking *** and FT-IR methods respectively determined the surface functional groups and chemical composition of protonated dissolved organic carbon(HDOC) in a CKDu high-risk zone(HR) of Sri Lanka and in *** surface C composition(87.9%) and lower O(11.4%) were observed for HDOC from the HR region than for SHA(C: 73.8%, O: 24.7%).Aromatic C with less Ocontaining functional groups was observed in *** IR band at 1170 cm^-1 confirms the formation of organic sulfonate(C–SO3^-) on SHA.A band at 1213 cm^-1 due to organic sulfonate in HDOC from the CKDu HR region was also *** IR band at 866 cm^-1 evidenced the formation of CaCO3 on SHA above pH *** data confirmed the presence of sulfur oxidation states corresponding to SO3^2-and SO4^2-at 168.9 eV and 170.1 eV binding energies,*** binding energies at 347 eV and 351 eV for Ca 2p3/2 and Ca 2p1/2 eV,respectively, confirmed the bidentate complexation of Ca^2+with COO-and sulfonate groups on *** organic sulfonate formed is postulated as a uremic toxicant.

关键词： Dissolved organic carbon Sulfate Calcium Ester group Bidentate

Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2020年第2期14卷 207-216页

作者： Xuan Zheng Sheng Lu Liuhanzi Yang Min Yan Guangyi Xu Xiaomeng Wu Lixin Fu Ye Wu College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China International Council on Clean Transportation Beijing 100084China Shenzhen Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Shenzhen 518001China state Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and control of Air pollution Complex Beijing 100084China

An increasing discrepancy between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption for light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs)has been reported by several ***,real-world fuel consumption is measured primarily by a portable emission measurement *** on-board diagnostic(OBD)approach,which is flexible and offers high-resolution data collection,is a promising fuel consumption monitoring *** LDPVs were tested with a laboratory dynamometer based on a type-approval cycle,the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC).Fuel consumption was measured by the OBD and constant-volume sampling system(CVS,a regulatory method)to verify the accuracy of the OBD *** results of the OBD method and the regulatory carbon balance method exhibited a strong linear correlation(e.g.,R^2=0.906-0.977).Compared with the carbon balance results,the fuel consumption results using the OBD were 7.1%±4.3%lower on ***,the real-world fuel consumption of six LDPVs was tested in Beijing using the *** results showed that the normalized NEDC real-world fliel consumption of the tested vehicles was 13%±17%higher than the type-approval-based fuel *** the OBD values are lower than the actual fuel consumption,using a carbon balance method may result in a larger discrepancy between real-word and type-approval ftiel *** means of the operating mode binning and micro trip methods,a strong relationship(R^2=0.984)was established between the average speed and relative fuel *** congested roads(average vehicle speed less than 25 km/h),the fuel consumption of LDPVs is highly sensitive to changes in average speed.

关键词： Fuel consumption Light-duty passenger vehicles On-board diagnostic systems

Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第3期27卷 62-70页

作者： Huaiyu Fu Mei Zheng Caiqing Yan Xiaoying Li Huiwang Gao Xiaohong Yao Zhigang Guo Yuanhang Zhang Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle pollution and Prevention Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University state Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and pollution control College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology Ministry of Education Ocean University of China

Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm were measured on board by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer （SPAMS）. The average hourly particle number （PN） was around 4560 ＋ 3240 in the South Yellow Sea （SYS）, 2900 ± 3970 in the North Yellow Sea （NYS）, and 1700 ± 2220 in the Bohai Sea （BS）. PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied shghtly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were dassifled using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm （ART-2a）. Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt, and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN, respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflow on marine environment. Variation of source types depended mainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of hi,h-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.

关键词： Source apportionment Marine aerosol Size and chemical composition SPAMS East China Sea

Effect of Reduction in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate on Blood Pressure of Sand Stone Mine Workers

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2016年第4期4卷 14-19页

作者： Banna Ram Panwar Anil Vyas Suresh Kumar Singh rajasthan state pollution control board Jaipur India Department of Chemical Engineering Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur India Department of Civil Engineering Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur India

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. Exposure to high concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) decreases the PEFR and the decrease depends upon the exposure concentration of particles and exposure duration. The decrease in PEFR is found to be responsible for increase in blood pressure (BP). Relationship between increase in BP and reduction in PEFR is not exactly linear but it can be considered as liner. It is noticed that if PEFR is reduced to about 50% to 60% in that case sudden increase in BP is recorded and behaviour of BP rise has complex pattern. It is also an established fact that if PEFR is reduced more than 50%, this is treated as severe respiratory problem. There are many factors (i.e. smoking habits, medical treatment, physiology, etc.) which may govern the increase of BP in this condition. Estimated relationship is found as: ISBP = 0.213 + 0.263 IPEF, IDBP = 0.102 + 0.176 IPEF.

关键词： PEFR BP SBP DBP RSPM

Optimized pre-treatment of high strength food waste digestate by high content aluminum-nanocluster based magnetic coagulation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2021年第6期33卷 430-443页

作者： Tharindu Ritigala Hailu Demissie Yanlin Chen Jiaxi Zheng Libing Zheng Jinxing Zhu Hua Fan Jiao Li Dongsheng Wang Sujithra KWeragoda Rohan Weerasooriya Yuansong Wei state Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and pollution control Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Laboratory of Water pollution control Technology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China state Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Beijing Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LtdBeijing 100101China National Water Supply and Drainage board Katugastota 20800Sri Lanka National Institute of Fundamental Studies Hantana RoadKandy 20000Sri Lanka Department of Chemistry College of Natural Sciences Arbaminch University 1000Ethiopia

Coagulation-based pre-treatment efficiency of high strength digestate of food waste(HSDFW) anaerobic digestion is negated by organic ligand-catalyzed decomposition of coagulants. In this study, an efficient HSDFW pre-treatment method, magnetic seeds(MS) coagulation, was employed by using highly stable Keggin Al_(30) nanocluster(PAC_(30)), MS and polyacrylamide(PAM), and its operation was optimized by evaluating the performance of removing turbidity, total suspended solids(TSS), chemical oxygen demand(COD), and total phosphorous(TP) phosphate. Results showed that at the optimum dosage of 4.82 g/L, PAC_(30) demonstrated excellent removals as high as 98.93% ± 0.1% of turbidity, 98.04% ± 0.1% of TSS, 58.28% ± 0.3% of total COD, 99.98% ± 0.01% of TP and 99.50% ± 0.01% of dissolved phosphate, respectively. Apparent molecular weight(AMW) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix(3 D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy analyses demonstrated more efficient removal of dissolved organic matter(DOM), particularly non-biodegradable and hydrophobic components by PAC_(30) than commercial coagulant. The sedimentation was much improved from 40 min by coagulation/flocculation to about 5 min settling by MS coagulation. The PAC_(30) based magnetic coagulation(MC) presents theoretical guidance on a cost-effective and much less footprint pre-treatment alternative for high strength wastewater.

关键词： Magnetic coagulation Keggin nanocluster Pre-treatment Removal mechanism Cost analysis

Monitoring and Analysis of SPM of an Industrial Town of Punjab （India）

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 2010年第6期4卷 31-37页

作者： K.M. Susheel G. Krunesh S. Nirankar School of Chemistry ＆ Biochemistry Thapar University Patiala 147004 India Punjab pollution control board Nabha Road Patiala 147001 India

Suspended particulate matter （SPM） levels in ambient air were monitored at Mandi Gobindgarh, an industrial town of Punjab, India located on the National Highway-1 during November 2001 to March 2002 covering spring and winter seasons to check the variation of SPM and its constituents in the town. The maximum levels of SPM varied between 594 μg/m^3 to 620 μg/m^3 at selected monitoring sites while the minimum levels varied between 209μg/m^3 to 220 μg/m^3. These values were observed always above the National Ambient Air Quality Standards （NAAQS） set by the state regulatory body. Major sources of SPM were identified as the industrial activity and traffic plying on the national highway. Collected SPM samples were further analyzed for the ignitable matter as loss on ignition （LOI） and organic tarry matter （OTM） content. Ignitable component of the SPM constituted about 45% and tarry matter in the ambient air was about 12%. Effects of meteorological parameters like temperature, wind direction and wind speed on SPM levels are discussed.

关键词： Ambient air SPM monitoring tarry and ignitable matter seasonal variation

Recovering metals from printed circuit board scrap by a mechanical separation process

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Journal of Chongqing University 2008年第2期7卷 100-106页

作者：徐敏李光明 state Key Lab of pollution control and Resource Reuse School of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji University

A mechanical separation process was developed for recovering metals from printed circuit board(PCB) scrap;it included three steps:impact crushing,sieving and fluidization *** mechanism of the technique was based on the difference in the crushabilities of metallic and nonmetallic materials in the PCBs that led to the concentrated distribution of metals in particles of larger sizes and nonmetals mostly in particles of smaller *** was found that crushed PCB particles from 0.125 mm to 1.000 mm contained about 80% of metals in the *** acquired satisfactory liberation in particles smaller than 0.800 *** crushed PCB particles were sieved into fractions of different size *** fraction separately went through a gas-solid fluidized bed operating at a selected optimal gas velocity for the specific size *** 95% of metals in printed circuit board particles from 0.125 mm to 0.800 mm was recovered by the gas-fluidized bed separator at the selected optimal gas ***,separation of metals from particles smaller than 0.125 mm was not *** study is needed on metal recovery from fine particles.

关键词： metal recovery fluidized bed printed circuit board scrap mechanical recycling fluidization separation

Influence of High Relative Humidity on Secondary Organic Carbon: Observations at a Background Site in East China

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2019年第5期33卷 905-913页

作者： Linlin LIANG Guenter ENGLING Yuan CHENG Xiaoye ZHANG Junying SUN Wanyun XU Chang LIU Gen ZHANG Hui XU Xuyan LIU Qianli MA state Key Laboratory of Severe Weather&Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China state Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and control of Air pollution Complex Beijing 100084China Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research InstituteRenoNV 89512USA California Air Resources board CA 91731USA School of Environment Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Lin'an Regional Atmosphere Background Station Lin'an 311307China

To investigate the impacts of relative humidity(RH) on secondary organic aerosol(SOA) concentrations and chemical reactions, the carbonaceous aerosol components [i.e., organic carbon(OC) and element carbon(EC)] were quantified in daily PM2.5 samples collected at a background site in East China during summer 2015. Based on the method of EC-tracer, the concentration of secondary organic carbon(SOC) demonstrated an obvious negative relationship with RH higher than 60%. Moreover, the ratio of SOC/EC also exhibited obvious decreasing trends with increasing RH, indicating negative effects for chemical production of SOA under high RH conditions. Due to high RH,photochemistry was weakened, gaseous oxidant concentrations was lowered(e.g., significantly decreased O3 levels),and the production rates of SOA were relatively low. On the other hand, because of more water uptake under higher RH conditions, the aerosol droplet acidity was reduced and enhancement of SOA formation by acidity was accordingly absent. In addition, high RH also plays an important role in changing viscosity of pre-existing aerosol coatings,which can affect reactive uptake yield of SOA. Overall, the results from this study imply that SOA production may be more associated with photochemical processes, while aqueous-phase chemistry is not very important for some SOA formation in a moist ambient environment. In the ambient atmosphere, oxidant concentrations, reaction rates,airborne species, etc., are highly variable. How do these factors affect SOA yields under given ambient environment warrants further detailed investigations.

关键词： relative humidity organic aerosol secondary organic carbon(SOC) photochemistry aqueous-phase