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The amelioration of degraded larch(Larix olgensis)soil depends on the proportion of Aralia elata litter in larch-A.elata agroforestry systems

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Journal of forestry Research 2023年第4期34卷 1065-1076页

作者： Pingzhen Gao Jiaojun Zhu Qiaoling Yan Kai Yang Jinxin Zhang Qingyuan Forest CERN National Observation and Research StationShenyang 110016Liaoning ProvinceChina CAS Key Laboratory of forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Research has indicated that introducing Aralia elata into larch plantations forms an agroforestry system which could provide economic benefi ts for local farmers and improve degraded soils.However,the impact of litter mixtures on soil chemical and microbial properties in this agroforestry system are unclear,which limits effi cient management of the agroforestry system.A 365-d incubation experiment examined the eff ect of litter mixtures of diff erent proportions of larch(L)and A.elata(A)on soil chemical and microbial properties.The results show that levels of mineral N,available P,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,cumulative C mineralization,and activities of hydrolases and oxidases increased with an increase of A.elata in the litter mixtures.Concentration of total soil carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorous did not change(except for total nitrogen).Compared with larch litter alone,levels of mineral N,available P,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,cumulative C mineralization,and the activities of hydrolases and oxidases increased by 7.6–433.5%.Most chemical and microbial properties were positively correlated with mixed litter proportions and the initial levels of N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Mn,Zn and Cu in the litter,while negatively correlated with the initial concentrations of C,Fe and lignin,C/N and lignin/N ratios.The results indicate that A.elata litter can improve degraded larch soil and the degree depends on the proportion of A.elata litter in the litter mixtures.

关键词： Larch-based agroforestry Incubation experiment Litter mixtures Litter quality Soil properties

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The coupled effect of light and temperature on dormancy release and germination of Pinus koraiensis seeds

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Journal of forestry Research 2022年第4期33卷 1135-1144页

作者： Min Zhang Jiaojun Zhu Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China

Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of environmental factors on seed dormancy and germination will provide guidance for tree regeneration.Toward understanding the coupled effect of light and temperature on dormancy release and germination of Pinus koraiensis seeds,we set up three light conditions(L200:200μmol m^(-2) s^(-1),L20:20μmol m^(-2) s^(-1),L0:0μm^(-2) s^(-1))and four storage temperatures[T-5:-5°C(50 days),T5:-5°C(50 days)+5°C(50 days),T25:-5°C(50 days)+5°C(50 days)+25°C(50 days),T15:-5°C(50 days)+5°C(50 days)+25°C(50 days)+15°C(50 days)]using imbibed seeds,then quantified phytohormones gibberellic acid(GA_(3))and abscisic acid(ABA)during the stratification.Germination percentage(G_(P)),mean germination time(T_(M)),and germination value(G_(V))under 25/15°C temperature and the three light conditions were then determined.Phytohormone levels and germination performances were significantly affected by light and temperature.No consistent trend was found between the phytohormone levels and G_(P) caused by light levels.Under the three light conditions,ABA concentrations in the embryo and endosperm decreased as storage temperature shifted from T-5 to T25 and increased from T25 to T15;GA_(3) decreased in nearly all four storage temperatures.G_(P) reached 40–60%in T25 storage without light irradiance.In the three light conditions,G_(P) and G_(V) were higher at T5 and T25 than at T-5 and T15;so T5 and T25 are considered as optimum storage temperatures for dormancy release and germination.At optimum temperatures,light(L200,L20)significantly increased the G_(P) and G_(V) compared with the dark(L0).At L200 and L20,significant negative correlations between G_(V) and the ABA concentrations and positive correlations between G_(V) and GA/ABA in the seed embryo were found.Temperature played a more important role in primary dormancy release and germination;light was unnecessary for primary dormancy release.Light facilitated seed germination at optimum temperatures.The dormancy release and germination of P.koraiensis seeds w

关键词： Seed germination Gibberellic acid Abscisic acid Germination percentage Cold stratification Primary dormancy

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Response of species and stand types to snow/wind damage in a temperate secondary forest,Northeast China

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Journal of forestry Research 2018年第2期29卷 390-399页

作者： Xiufen Li Lei Jin Jiaojun Zhu Limin Liu Jinxin Zhang Yi Wang Chengyao Zhu Agronomy college Shenyang Agricultural University Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Snow/wind damage is one of the important natural disturbances in forest ecosystems,especially in a montane secondary forest.However,the effects of snow/wind damage remain unclear which affects the management of these forests.Therefore,we investigated the responses of species,individual tree traits and stand structure to snow/wind damage in a montane secondary forest.Results show that,amongst the canopy trees,Betula costata exhibited the most uprooting,bending and overall damage ratio(the number of damaged stems to the total number of stems in a plot); Quercus mongolica showed the highest breakage ratio and Fraxinus mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica the least overall damage ratios.Among the subcanopy trees,Carpinus cordata,Acer mono,Acer tegmentosum and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the least uprooting and breakage,and the most bending damage.A.pseudo-sieboldianum demonstrated the lowest breakage and highest bending damage ratios.Thesefindings indicate that different species have various sensitivities to snow/wind damage.Larger trees(taller,wider crowns) tend to break and become uprooted,while smaller trees are bent or remain undamaged,suggesting that tree characteristics significantly influence the types of damage from snow and wind.Stands of Q.mongolica and B.costata had the highest damage ratios,whereas A.pseudosieboldianum had the lowest snapping ratio.In summary,the severity and type of snow/wind damage are related to individual tree attributes and stand-level characteristics.Therefore,selection of suitable species(e.g.,shorter,smaller with deep root systems,hard wood,bending resistance and compression resistance) and appropriate thinning are recommended for planting in the montane secondary forests.

关键词： Cover type Montane secondary forests Storm damage Tree species

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The effect of low-temperature event on the survival and growth of Juglans mandshurica seedlings within forest gaps

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Journal of forestry Research 2018年第4期29卷 939-947页

作者： Xiufen Li Yongjing Wen Jinxin Zhang Limin Liu Lei Jin Tao Yan Yi Wang Agronomy college Shenyang Agricultural University Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences

In forest ecosystems, gap formation changes the allocation of abiotic resources and thus affects the survival and growth of understory plants. However, how tree seedling survival and growth respond to low-temperature events and the influencing mechanisms remain unclear. To clarify how low-temperature event limits the survival and growth of tree seedlings in the montane regions of eastern Liaoning Province, northeast China, we investigated temperature and light intensity within secondary forest gaps, and the survival and growth of Juglans mandshurica seedlings after a low-temperature event in the spring of 2014. Damage to seedlings due to low temperature sig- nificantly varied in different aspects. Seedlings in gaps on southeast-facing slopes were the most seriously damaged, followed by those in gaps on northeast-facing slopes. In contrast, seedlings in west-facing gaps and in control plots without slope aspect were not damaged. The freezing injury index for seedlings was negatively correlated with minimum temperature （r = - 0.608, P 〈 0.01）, but it was positively correlated with light intensity （r= 0.818, P 〈 0.01）. In addition, height and root collar diameter of damaged seedlings were significantly lower than those of the undamaged seedlings （P 〈 0.01） during the early growing season （April-July）, but no significant difference were observed during the late growing season （July-Oc- tober）（P 〉 0.05）. The extent of seedling damage was directly related to slope aspect. Low temperature and high light intensity were found to be the dominant factors affecting extent of damage to seedlings on southeast- and northeast-facing slopes.

关键词： Secondary forest gap Freezing injury index Minimum temperature Light intensity Slope aspect

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Effects of harvest intensity on the marketable organ yield,growth and reproduction of non-timber forest products(NTFPs):implication for conservation and sustainable utilization of NTFPs

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forest Ecosystems 2021年第4期8卷 755-764页

作者： Ting Zhang Lizhong Yu Yuan Man Qiaoling Yan CAS Key Laboratory of forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Luanping County Chengde 068250China

Background:Non-timber forest products(NTFPs)are an important part of forest biodiversity,and the subsistence and trade of local people,especially in less developed countries.Because of the high ecological and economic value,NTFPs have faced the problem of over-exploitation,and the key to solve this problem is to determine the feasible way of sustainable utilization of NTFPs.Harvest intensity is one of the most important and easily controlled utilization factors,which can greatly influence the plant individual survival,growth and reproductive performances,and even the population structure and dynamics.Therefore,we chose two common and important NTFPs species with different marketable parts(i.e.,Acanthopanax senticosus with tender leaves and Aralia elata with tender buds)as our study objects.Aiming to determine the optimum harvest intensity for sustainably utilizing both NTFPs species,five levels of harvest intensity treatments(i.e.,control,light,medium,high and severe)were designed to assess the effects of harvest intensity on their marketable organ yield,plant growth and reproductive performances.Results:The biomass growth rates of marketable organ and plant growth of A.senticosus under light harvest intensity treatment were significantly higher than those under other harvest intensities.The plant height growth and 1000-seed weight of A.elata under severe harvest intensity treatment were significantly lower than those under control treatment.Conclusions:The light harvest intensity with 25% leaf removal and the high harvest intensity with all terminal buds harvested are the optimum harvest intensity to maintain the sustainable utilization of A.senticosus and A.elata,respectively.These findings could provide managers with basic but practical guidance for making decisions about the sustainable harvest management plan for the cultivated NTFPs species,and further provide a theoretical basis for managers to establish the harvest regulations for wild NTFPs species.Consequently,the local residents or communities can impr

关键词： Araliaceae family Non-timber forest products Sustainable utilization Harvest intensity Plant regeneration Marketable organ yield

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The effects of stump size and within-gap position on sprout non-structural carbohydrates concentrations and regeneration in forest gaps vary among species with different shade tolerances

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 337-350页

作者： Ting Zhang Qiaoling Yan G.Geoff Wang Jiaojun Zhu CAS Key Laboratory of forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China Department of forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson UniversityClemsonSC 29634USA

Background:To restore secondary forests(major forest resources worldwide),it is essential to accelerate the natural regeneration of dominant trees by altering micro-environments.forest gaps are products of various disturbances,ranging from natural storms or wildfires to anthropogenic events like logging and slashing-andburning,and sprouts of most tree species with non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)storage can regenerate from stumps after gap formation.However,how the stump sprouts with diverse NSCs storages and stump sizes(i.e.,diameters)adapt to various micro-environments of within-gap positions remains unclear.Therefore in this study,we monitored the stump sprout regeneration(density,survival,and growth)and NSCs concentrations of three dominant tree species with different shade tolerances and varying stump diameters at five within-gap positions for the first two consecutive years after gap formation.Results:Stump diameter was positively correlated with sprout density,growth,and survival of all three tree species,but insignificantly related with sprout NSCs concentrations at the early stage after gap formation.The effect of within-gap position on sprout NSCs concentrations was different among species.After an environmental adaptation of two growing seasons,the north of gap(higher light availability and lower soil moisture habitat)was the least conducive for shade-intolerant Quercus mongolica to accumulate leaf NSCs,and the east of gap(shadier and drier habitat)was conducive to increasing the leaf NSCs concentrations of shade-tolerant Tilia mandshurica.Conclusions:Within-gap position significantly affected leaf NSCs concentrations of all three tree species,but most of the sprout growth,survival,and stem NSCs concentrations were independent of the various within-gap positions.Besides stump diameter,the NSCs stored in stump and root systems and the interspecific differences in shade tolerance also contributed more in sprout regeneration at the early stage(2 years)of gap formation.A prolonged monitoring(>10 years)is

关键词： Non-structural carbohydrates Sprout regeneration Sprout growth Sprout survival Within-gap position Stump size

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2019年第4期12卷 615-623页

作者： Tao Yan Jiaojun Zhu Huanhuan Song Kai Yang CAS Key Laboratory of forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Aims Larch is the dominant timber species in Northeast China.However,compared with the adjacent secondary forests,soil available ni-trogen(N)significantly declined in~40-year-old larch plantations.Thus,it is of great importance to determine how N use strategies in larch change in response to declining soil N availability.Methods We investigated the changes in N concentration and ^(15)N natural abundance(δ^(15)N)from 18 August to 25 October in the leaves,stems,branches and roots of 1-year-old Larix kaempferi seedlings under nutrient-sufficient(NSu)and nutrient-starvation(NSt)condi-tions with a pot experiment in Northeast China.Important Findings Stem and branch N concentrations exhibited upward trends,and leaf N concentration exhibited a downward trend.Root N concentration exhibited an upward trend under NSu conditions,but a downward trend under NSt conditions.These results suggested that stems and branches were served as N storage organs,but roots shifted from storage to resorption organs when switched from NSu to NSt.Leaf nutrient resorption was intensely occurred on 11 October,as indi-cated by the sharply decreased leaf N concentration and increased stem,root and branch N concentrations.Theδ^(15)N of roots,branches and leaves overlapped between NSu and NSt approximately on 11 October,which may be regulated by isotope discrimination dur-ing N resorption.Leaf N resorption efficiency under NSt(76.33%)was significantly higher than that of NSu(56.76%),indicating that nutrient stress stimulates leaf N resorption.Taken together,larch seedlings enhance leaf nutrient resorption and shift roots from nu-trient storage to nutrient resorption to adapt to NSt conditions.These changes might relieve the adverse effects of declining soil nutrient availability on seedling survival and regeneration.

关键词： nutrient stress storage organ resorption organ redistribution stable nitrogen isotope

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The impact of landslides on chemical and microbial properties of soil in a temperate secondary forest ecosystem

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Journal of forestry Research 2022年第6期33卷 1913-1923页

作者： Yakun Zhang Chen Miao Jiaojun Zhu Tian Gao Yirong Sun Jinxin Zhang Shuang Xu Kai Yang Qingyuan Forest CERN Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China CAS Key Laboratory of forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049People’s Republic of China

In forest ecosystems,landslides are one of the most common natural disturbances,altering the physical,chemical and microbial characteristics of soil and thus further altering ecosystem properties and processes.Although secondary forests comprise more than 50%of global forests,the influence of landslides on the soil properties in these forests is underappreciated.Therefore,this study investigates the influence of landslides on the chemical and microbial nature of the soil.Study of these modifications is critical,as it provides baseline evidence for subsequent forest revegetation.We selected four independent landslides and adjacent secondary forest stands as references in a temperate secondary forest in northeastern China.Soils were obtained from each stand at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths to determine chemical and microbial properties.Soil total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N),available phosphorus(P),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)and phenol oxidase,exoglucanase,β-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase,L-asparaginase and acid phosphatase activities were 29.3–70.1%lower at the 0–10 cm soil depth in the landslide sites than at the secondary forest sites,whereas total phosphorus(TP)and ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)-N)were unaffected by the landslides.N-related enzymes,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and L-asparaginase were reduced by more than 65%in the landslide sites,consistent with the decrease in nitrate concentration at the same 0–10 cm depth.At a depth of 10–20 cm,the variations in the soil properties were consistent with those at the 0–10 cm depth.The results demonstrated that soil chemical and microbial properties were significantly disrupted after the landslides,even though the landslides had occurred 6 years earlier.A long time is thus needed to restore the original C and nutrient levels.In temperate secondary forests,soil TC and TN contents were found to be more suitable for estimating the state of soil restoration than soil TP content.

关键词： Secondary forest Landslide Soil nutrients Microbial biomass Enzyme activity

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A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests

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Journal of forestry Research 2021年第2期32卷 435-448页

作者： Jiaojun Zhu Lining Song Yu Lei CAS Key Laboratory of forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Liaoning Key Laboratory for Management of Non-Commercial forests Shenyang 110016People’s Republic of China 不详

A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of forests.Ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and management.Most protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in China.The development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global change.We introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests.Ecological mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration strategies.In addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1)theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2)the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3)the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.

关键词： Ecologically fragile areas Ecological effects forestry eco-engineering Management systems Assessment of protective forests

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Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus resorption of woody species in response to climatic conditions and soil nutrients： a meta-analysis

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Journal of forestry Research 2018年第4期29卷 904-912页

作者： Tao Yan Jiaojun Zhu Kai Yang CAS Key Laboratory of forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Shenyang 110016 People' s Republic of China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China

Nutrient resorption before abscission is an important nutrient conservation mechanism regulated by climatic conditions and soil nutrients. However, our current understanding of leaf nutrient resorption is primarily derived from site-specific studies or from the use of greenleaf nutrient concentrations to represent those in soils. It remains unknown how nutrient resorption responds to natural soil-nutrient concentrations at a global scale. The effects of plant functional groups, climatic conditions, and soil nutrients and their interactions on leaf nutrient resorption are also unknown. In this study, we established a global database derived from 85 published papers, including 547 reports of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency （NRE and PRE）, climatic factors （LAT, latitude; MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation） and soil-nutrient data （STN, soil total nitrogen; STP, soil total phosphorus） across 111 research sites. The results demonstrated that mean NRE and PRE were 48.4 and 53.3%, respectively. NRE of trees was lower than those of shrubs. NRE and PRE of coniferous species were both higher than those of broad-leaved species. Evergreen species had higher PRE than did deciduous species. NRE was negatively related to STN, but PRE and STP were not related. Both NRE and PRE decreased with increasing MAT and MAP but increased with increasing LAT. Plant functional groups, climate and soil nutrients jointly explained 22 and 32% of the variations in NRE and PRE, respectively. It is important to note that climate （especially MAT） explained 12 and 29% of the variations in NRE and PRE, respectively, implying that continuing global warming will exert an increasingly profound influence on plant nutrient cycles.

关键词： Global Climate change Nutrient resorptionefficiency Tree Shrub

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