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Trophic niche and adaptation in highland lizards:sex has greater influences than species matching

Integrative Zoology 2024年第3期19卷 564-576页

作者： Shengnan YANG Jiapeng QU Ke TANG Xinquan ZHAO Huakun ZHOU Junhua HU Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina qinghai provincial key laboratory of restoration ecology for cold Region Northwest lnstitute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina qinghai University XiningChina

The plateau environments are typically arid,cool,and high altitude,posing formidable challenges to wildlife survival due to resource scarcity and harsh conditions.Unraveling ecological adaptability in severe conditions requires a deeper understanding of the niche characteristics of plateau species.Trophic niche,which is a comprehensive indicator describing the energy acquisition strategy of animals,remains relatively understudied in plateau species.Here,by combining stable isotopes and morphological data,we quantified the trophic niches of two allopatric lizard species(Phrynocephalus vlangalii and P.erythrurus)that live in the hinterland of the qinghai–Tibetan Plateau,and explored how their trophic niches correlate with morphological and environmental factors.While both trophic niche and morphological traits were similar between species,noteworthy distinctions were observed between male and female Phrynocephalus lizards.The morphological traits associated with predation(i.***.limb length and head size)and reproduction(i.***.abdomen length),annual mean temperature,and sex played influential roles in shifting trophic niches.These results imply that sexual dimorphism may facilitate inter-sex divergence in resource utilization,leading to trophic niche variations in the highland lizards.Furthermore,extreme environmental stress can constrain interspecific divergence in morphological and trophic traits.Our findings illustrate the dynamic variations of trophic niches in highland lizards,contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the adaptation strategies employed by lizard species in plateau environments.

关键词： environmental adaptation Phrynocephalus qinghai-Tibetan Plateau sexual dimorphism stable isotope

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Geographical patterns and determinants of insect biodiversity in China

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第6期67卷 1255-1265页

作者： Huizhong Fan Tongyi Liu Youhua Chen Ziyan Liao Jun Chen Yibo Hu Gexia Qiao Fuwen Wei CAS key laboratory of Animal ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS key laboratory of Mountain Ecological restoration and Bioresource Utilization&China-Croatia“Belt and Road”Joint laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China Jiangxi provincial key laboratory of Conservation Biology College of ForestryJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang 330045China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Insects play important roles in the maintenance of ecosystem functioning and the provision of livelihoods for millions of people.However,compared with terrestrial vertebrates and angiosperms,such as the giant panda,crested ibis,and the metasequoia,insect conservation has not attracted enough attention,and a basic understanding of the geographical biodiversity patterns for major components of insects in China is lacking.Herein,we investigated the geographical distribution of insect biodiversity across multiple dimensions(taxonomic,genetic,and phylogenetic diversity)based on the spatial distribution and molecular DNA sequencing data of insects.Our analysis included 18 orders,360 families,5,275 genera,and 14,115 species of insects.The results revealed that Southwestern and Southeastern China harbored higher insect biodiversity and numerous older lineages,representing a museum,whereas regions located in Northwestern China harbored lower insect biodiversity and younger lineages,serving as an evolutionary cradle.We also observed that mean annual temperature and precipitation had significantly positive effects,whereas altitude had significantly negative effects on insect biodiversity in most cases.Moreover,cultivated vegetation harbored the highest insect taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity,and needleleaf and broadleaf mixed forests harbored the highest insect genetic diversity.These results indicated that human activities may positively contribute to insect spatial diversity on a regional scale.Our study fills a knowledge gap in insect spatial diversity in China.These findings could help guide national-level conservation plans and the post-2020 biodiversity conservation framework.

关键词： insect spatial patterns multiple dimensions driving factors vegetation types

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Biological soil crusts and their potential applications in the sand land over qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Research in cold and Arid regions 2024年第1期16卷 20-29页

作者： Yuan Zhang BenLi Liu key laboratory of Desert and Desertification/Research Station of Gobi Desert ecology and Environment in Dunhuang of Gansu Province(Dunhuang) Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability Qinghai Normal UniversityXiningQinghai 810008China

The qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

关键词： Biological soil crusts qinghai-Tibet Plateau Alpine sand areas Inoculated biological soil crusts technology Algae Cyanobacteria

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Storage, form, and influencing factors of karst inorganic carbon in a carbonate area in China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第3期67卷 725-739页

作者： Chaochao DU Xiaoyong BAI Yangbing LI Qiu TAN Cuiwei ZHAO Guangjie LUO Luhua WU Fei CHEN Chaojun LI Chen RAN Sirui ZHANG Lian XIONG Fengjiao SONG Biqin XIAO Zilin LI Yingying XUE Mingkang LONG Qing LUO Xiaoyun ZHANG Minghui LI Xiaoqian SHEN Shu YANG State key laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China School of Geography and Environmental Sciences Guizhou Normal UniversityGuiyang 550001China CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Xi'an 710061China Guizhou provincial key laboratory of Geographic State Monitoring of Watershed Guizhou Normal CollegeGuiyang 550018China College of Resources and Environmental Engineering Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China

Carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sinks reduce the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration and global warming. However, uncertainty still exists in the estimation results of carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink fluxes(CCSF), and the contributions of climate change and ecological restoration to the CCSF are not clear. To this end, we compiled published site data on ion concentrations in different watersheds in China and used a classical thermodynamic dissolution model to reassess the potential and spatial and temporal patterns of the CCSF in China from 1991 to 2020. We quantified the contributions of temperature(MAT), precipitation(MAP), evapotranspiration(ET), soil water(SM), and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) to the CCSF. The results revealed that(1) China's CCSF was 22.76 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1), which was higher than the global average(15.77 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)). The total carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink(CCS) was 4772.67×10^(4)t CO_(2), contributing 14.91% of the global CCS through a carbonate rock area of 252.98×10^(4)km^(-2).(2) China's CCSF decreased gradually from southeast to northwest, with values of 33.14, 12.93, and7.27 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)in the southern karst, qinghai-Tibetan karst, and northern karst regions, respectively.(3) The overall CCSF in China exhibited an increasing trend from 1991 to 2020, with a rate of increase of 0.16 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1).(4) The contributions of the MAP, MAT, ET, SM, and NDVI to the CCSF were 63.3%, 3.02%, 27.5%, 3.1%, and 3.05%, respectively. Among them, the increase in precipitation was the main contributor to the increase in the CCSF in China over the last 30 years, while the enhancement of ET offset part of the positive contribution of the increase in precipitation to the CCSF. In conclusion, the results of this study provide a systematic quantification of the magnitude, the patterns, and the influencing factors of CCS over a long time series in China. The results are of great significance an

关键词： Carbonate rocks Carbon sinks Patterns Influencing factors Thermodynamic dissolution modeling

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Effect of soil archaea on N2O emission in alpine permafrost

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Research in cold and Arid regions 2024年第2期16卷 45-62页

作者： YuZheng Gu ChenJie Dong ShengYun Chen JingWei Jin PeiZhi Yang JianWei Chen PeiJie Wei Ali Bahadur College of Grassland Agriculture Northwest A&F University Cryosphere and Eco-Environment Research Station of Shule River Headwaters Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil EngineeringNorthwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Sciences College of ecology Lanzhou University BGI-Qingdao BGI-Shenzhen University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Soil microbial communities are pivotal in permafrost biogeochemical cycles, yet the variations of abundant and rare microbial taxa and their impacts on greenhouse gas emissions in different seasons, remain elusive, especially in the case of soil archaea. Here, we conducted a study on soil abundant and rare archaeal taxa during the growing and non-growing seasons in the active layer of alpine permafrost in the qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results suggested that, for the archaeal communities in the sub-layer, abundant taxa exhibited higher diversity, while rare taxa maintained a more stable composition from the growing to non-growing season. Water soluble organic carbon and soil porosity were the most significant environmental variables affecting the compositions of abundant and rare taxa, respectively. Stochastic and deterministic processes dominated the assemblies of rare and abundant taxa, respectively. The archaeal ecological network influenced N2O flux through different modules. Rare taxa performed an essential role in stabilizing the network and exerting important effects on N2O flux. Our study provides a pioneering and comprehensive investigation aimed at unravelling the mechanisms by which archaea or other microorganisms influence greenhouse gas emissions in the alpine permafrost.

关键词： Alpine permafrost Abundant and rare archaea Assembly processes Co-occurrence network N 2 O flux

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中国碳收支:1980~2021年

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Science Bulletin 2024年第1期69卷 114-124页

作者：夏晓圣任培阳王旭辉刘丹陈修治丹利何斌何洪林居为民梁敏琪陆星劼彭静覃章才夏江周郑博魏静乐旭于贵瑞朴世龙袁文平 School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon CycleSun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 510245China Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100091China State key laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Resources and EnvironmentInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China key laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State key laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource ecology College of Global Change and Earth System ScienceBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Synthesis Research Center of China’s Ecosystem Research Network Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China International Institute for Earth System Science Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Tianjin key laboratory of Water Resources and Environment Tianjin Normal UniversityTianjin 300387China Institute of Environment and ecology Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment TechnologySchool of Environmental Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China

As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases,China has set itself the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.Therefore,it is crucial to quantify the magnitude and trend of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),and to monitor China's progress toward these goals.Using state-of-the-art datasets and models,this study comprehensively estimated the anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions from energy,industrial processes and product use,and waste along with natural sources and sinks of CO_(2)for all of China during 1980-2021.To recognize the differences among various methods of estimating greenhouse emissions,the estimates are compared with China's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories(NGHGIs)for 1994,2005,2010,2012,and 2014.Anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions in China have increased by 7.39 times from 1980 to 12.77 Gt CO_(2)a^(-1)in 2021.While benefiting from ecological projects(e.g.,Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project),the land carbon sink in China has reached 1.65 Gt CO_(2)a^(-1)averaged through 2010-2021,which is almost 15.81 times that of the carbon sink in the 1980s.On average,China's terrestrial ecosystems offset 14.69%±2.49%of anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions through 2010-2021.Two provincial-level administrative regions of China,Xizang and qinghai,have achieved carbon neutrality according to our estimates,but nearly half of the administrative regions of China have terrestrial carbon sink offsets of less than 10%of anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions.This study indicated a high level of consistency between NGHGIs and various datasets used for estimating fossil CO_(2)emissions,but found notable differences for land carbon sinks.Future estimates of the terrestrial carbon sinks of NGHGIs urgently need to be verified with process-based models which integrate the comprehensive carbon cycle processes.

关键词： CO_(2)emission Land carbon sink China Carbon neutrality Carbon budget

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Long-term warming does not affect soil ecoenzyme activity and original microbial nutrient limitation on the qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Soil ecology Letters 2022年第4期4卷 383-398页

作者： Yuanze Li Huakun Zhou Wenjing Chen Yang Wu Lei Lei Qiao ZiRan Yan GuoBin Liu Sha Xue State key laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China qinghai provincial key laboratory of restoration ecology in cold regions Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXining 810000China State key laboratory of Plateau ecology and Agriculture Qinghai UniversityXining 810000China Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water ResourcesYangling 712100China College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China

Microbes play an important role in the carbon cycle and nutrient flow of the soil ecosystem.However,the response of microbial activities to long-term warming over decades is poorly understood.To determine how warming changes ecoenzyme activity and microbial nutrient limitation,we conducted a long-term,21 years,experiment,on the qinghai–Tibet Plateau.We selected typical grass-and shrub-covered plots,used fiberglass open-top chambers(OTCs)to raise the temperature,conducted soil sampling at different depths,studied the response of nutrient-acquiring enzyme activity and stoichiometry,and conducted vector analysis of stoichiometry.Our results showed that long-term warming did not have a notable effect on the activity of nutrient-acquiring enzymes or enzymatic stoichiometry.However,Spearman correlation analysis indicated a significant and positive correlation between ecoenzyme activity and the available nutrients and microbial biomass in soil.Vector analysis of stoichiometry showed phosphorus limitation for all soil microbes at different depths,regardless of whether the soil experienced warming.These changes in enzymatic stoichiometry and vector analysis suggested that microbial nutrient limitation was not alleviated substantially by long-term warming,and warming did not considerably affect the stratification of microbial nutrient limitation.Our research has also shown that long-term warming does not significantly change soil ecoenzyme activity and original microbial nutrient limitation at different soil depths within the OTUsʼimpact range.These results could help improve understanding of microbial thermal acclimation and response to future long-term global warming.

关键词： Global warming Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry Microbial nutrient limitation Thermal acclimation qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Isotopic evidence for soil water sources and reciprocal movement in a semi-arid degraded wetland:Implications for wetland restoration

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Fundamental Research 2023年第6期3卷 861-867页

作者： Yuanchun Zou Sijian Zhang Xiaofei Yu Guobin Fu Xianguo Lu Heilongjiang Xingkai Lake Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station&key laboratory of Wetland ecology and Environment&Jilin provincial Joint key laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland and ecology Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130102China State Environmental Protection key laboratory for Wetland Conservation and Vegetation restoration&Jilin provincial key laboratory of Ecological restoration and Ecosystem Management&key laboratory of Vegetation ecology of Ministry of Education School of EnvironmentNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun 130117China CSIRO Land and Water Private Bag 5WembleyWA 6913Australia

Understanding water dynamics is a prerequisite for the restoration of degraded ecosystems in arid and semiarid regions.In this study,we carried out δD and δ^(18)O analyses of precipitation,unsaturated soil water,overland flow,surface runoff,and groundwater samples from a seasonally flooded wetland in the Momoge National Nature Reserve of the Songnen Plain,Northeast China,to identify the water sources and understand the mechanisms of unsaturated soil water movement.Unsaturated soil water content(W/W%)at every 20 cm along with a soil profile(0–100 cm)was collected during the growing season,and the HYDRUS-1D model was used to simulate temporal-spatial variations.The results showed that the local meteoric water line(δD=5.90δ18O-7.34,R2=0.95)had a smaller slope and intercept than the global meteoric water line because of strong evaporation at our study site under semi-arid climate.The groundwater was partly recharged by local precipitation via overland flow and unsaturated soil water infiltration.Unsaturated soil water was sourced from both precipitation and groundwater with variations at different depths.The upper soil layer at 0–15 cm was mainly sourced from limited precipitation,while the groundwater could move up to a 25 cm layer during the dry period.The unsaturated soil water content increased with soil depth in the top 40 cm,decreased at depths of 40 to 80 cm,and increased again at depths of 80 to 100 cm.The HYDRUS-1D model could simulate the unsaturated soil water dynamics well in the upper(0–40 cm)and lower(80–100 cm)sections,but poorly for depths of 40–80 cm due to the upward and downward flow.The bidirectional unsaturated soil water movement highlights the importance of capillary groundwater for wetland plants with similar climatic or hydrogeological conditions.

关键词： Water stable isotopes Unsaturated soil water sourcing HYDRUS-1D Degraded wetland restoration Songnen Plain

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Achievements and challenges of primate conservation in China

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Zoological Research(Diversity and Conservation) 2024年第1期1卷 66-74页

作者： Bao-Guo Li He Zhang Ming Li Xue-Long Jiang Peng-Fei Fan Jiang Zhou Song-Tao Guo Xiao-Guang Qi Jin-Hua Li Ji-Qi Lu Dong-Po Xia Liang-Wei Cui Zuo-Fu Xiang Qi-Hai Zhou Zhi-Pang Huang Cheng-Ming Huang Wen Xiao Hui-Jian Hu Zhi-Xin Zhou Ming-Yong Chen Da-Yong Li Peng-Lai Fan Yin Yang Ru-Liang Pan Shaanxi key laboratory for Animal Conservation College of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710069China Jiangxi provincial key laboratory of Conservation Biology College of ForestryJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangJiangxi 330045China key laboratory of Animal ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State key laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650201China School of Life Sciences Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510275China School of Karst Science Guizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangGuizhou 550025China International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral ecology Anhui UniversityHefeiAnhui 230601China Institute of Biodiversity and ecology Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan 450001China key laboratory for Conserving Wildlife with Small Populations in Yunnan Southwest Forestry UniversityKunmingYunnan 650224China College of Life Sciences and Technology Central South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangshaHunan 410004China key laboratory of ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection(Ministry of Education) Guangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxi 541004China International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation Centre Dali UniversityDaliYunnan 671003China Guangdong key laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Institute of ZoologyGuangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong 510663China School of Life Sciences Yunnan UniversityKunmingYunnan 650500China key laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation(Ministry of Education) China West Normal UniversityNanchongSichuan 637001China Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security Yunnan UniversityKunmingYunnan 650500China School of Human Sciences The University of Western AustraliaPerthWA 6009Australia

The dual impact of climate change and human activities has precipitated a sharp decline in primate biodiversity globally.China is home to the most diverse primate species in the Northern hemisphere,which face severe ecological threats due to the expansion of modern agriculture,extensive exploitation and consumption of natural resources,and excessive land development during its transition from an agricultural to a modern society.In response,China has implemented various ecological conservation measures,including habitat restoration and protection.These efforts have made substantial strides in biodiversity conservation,with certain regions witnessing an increase in primate populations.In the current study,we conducted a systematic review of historical documents and field research data related to Chinese primates,evaluating the endangered status of primate species in China.Despite improvements in the habitats of most primate species and some population growth,many species still face severe threats,including declining and small populations.Species such as the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus strykeri),eastern black crested gibbon(Nomascus nasutus),and Hainan gibbon(N.hainanus)remain particularly vulnerable due to their limited distribution ranges and extremely small populations.Insufficient scientific data,fragmented information,and not enough studies in conservation biology further compound the challenges.Moreover,there is a notable lack of detailed population monitoring data for species such as the Bengal slow loris(Nycticebus bengalensis),pygmy slow loris(N.pygmaeus),Indochinese gray langur(Trachypithecus crepusculus),Shortridge’s langur(T.shortridgei),and capped langur(T.pileatus),which hinders the development of practical and targeted conservation management strategies.Therefore,for national biodiversity conservation,there is an urgent need for specialized primate surveys,enhancing habitat protection and restoration,and increasing focus on cross-border conservation strategies and regional cooperation.Ther

关键词： Primates Biodiversity Habitat fragmentation Habitat restoration Conservation strategies

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The role of herbivores in the grassland carbon budget for Three-Rivers Headwaters region,qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

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Grassland Research 2022年第3期1卷 207-219页

作者： Junbang Wang Xinquan Zhao Xihuang Ouyang Liang Zhao Wenying Wang Chan Zuo Zhenhua Zhang Huakun Zhou Alan Watson Yingnian Li key laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling National Ecosystem Science Data CenterInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina State key laboratory of Plateau ecology and Agriculture Qinghai UniversityXiningChina qinghai provincial key laboratory of restoration ecology for cold Region Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina College of Life Sciences Qinghai Normal UniversityXiningChina Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMontanaUSA

Background:An accurate assessment of the carbon budget is a crucial part of projecting future climate change and its impact on ecosystems.Grasslands foster multiple ecological functions including support for wild animals and livestocks.Herbivores intake forage biomass carbon,then digest and metabolize,and finally retain some carbon.The carbon processes have not been well quantified,resulting in uncertainties in the estimation of regional carbon budgets for grassland ecosystems.Methods:An animal metabolic carbon flux model was developed for herbivores in the Three-Rivers Headwaters region of China.The forage intake and metabolic carbon rates were estimated through metabolic body weight and daily digested measures for the main herbivore species.Results:The carbon intake was 5.52 Tg C year−1(45%)from partial aboveground biomass(12.2 Tg C year−1),in which 39.31%was released into the atmosphere by respiration CO_(2),43.77%was returned to the ecosystem as feces and urine,and 16.96%was retained in herbivores for population regeneration or for human well-being.Conclusions:This study,as the first research on this topic,quantified the carbon flux of herbivores and found livestock accounts for a major part of consumed carbon on grasslands,which is important for understanding regional carbon budgets to mitigate and adapt to climate change over grasslands worldwide.

关键词： aboveground biomass alpine grassland carbon budget herbivores livestock metabolism

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