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Lophozonia tree cavities used for nesting by Slender-billed Parakeets(Enicognathus leptorhynchus)in the central valley of southern Chile:a potentially vanishing keystone resource

引用

Chinese Birds 2017年第1期8卷 25-36页

作者： Thomas H.White Jr. Jaime E.Jiménez puerto rican parrot recovery program United States Fish and Wildlife ServiceBox 1600Rio GrandePR 00745USA Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation program Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76201USA Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation program Department of Philosophy and ReligionUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76201USA Omora Etnobotanical Park Universidad de MagallanesPuerto WilliamsChile

Background: The Slender-billed Parakeet(Enicognathus leptorhynchus) is a psittacine endemic to southern Chile and an obligate secondary cavity-nester. In the central valley of southern Chile, most(94%) of the known Slender-billed Parakeet nests have occurred in large, mature southern beech(Lophozonia obliqua) trees(locally known as "pellines"). As relicts of the original old-growth forests of southern Chile, most pellines have been lost due to extensive landclearing throughout the region, potentially threatening long-term persistence of the Slender-billed ***: We conducted our study in the central valley of southern Chile, near the city of Osorno during three consecutive nesting seasons(November–January, 2008–2011). Nest trees used by Slender-billed Parakeets were located by direct observation of parakeet activities and through interviews with local residents, some of whom were former parrot nest poachers. Nest cavities were accessed, inspected and measured using single-rope climbing techniques. We report means, standard errors, 95% confidence intervals and ranges for 11 cavity-related variables. We also report clutch sizes encountered in active nests, and age estimates of nest trees based on known growth rates of Lophozonia trees in southern Chile. Linear regressions were used to evaluate potential relationships between cavity-related variables and clutch ***: We located and measured 38 Lophozonia tree cavities used for nesting by Slender-billed Parakeets. Compared to those used by other psittacines, nest trees were relatively large, averaging 30.4 breast height of 134.5 ter ± 1.1 m in height with a mean diameter at ± 4.7 cm. Based on estimated annual diameincrement, ages of nest trees ranged from approximately 209–485 years. Nest cavities entrances averaged 12.5 ± 0.9 m in height above ground level. Cavity entrance widths averaged 51.0 ± 13.3 cm(vertical) by 11.5 ± 0.7 cm(horizontal). Cavity entrance orientations were apparently random, with

关键词： Conservation Deforestation Habitat loss Lophozonia obliqua Pellines Psittacidae Regeneration

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