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Effect of fracture fluid flowback on shale microfractures using CT scanning

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第2期16卷 426-436页

作者： Jiale He Zhihong Zhao Yiran Geng Yuping Chen Jianchun Guo Cong Lu Shouyi Wang Xueliang Han Jun Zhang State Key Laboratory of oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710049China Drilling Test Engineering department of Longdong oil and gas development Company Changqing OilfieldPetroChina Company LimitedQingyang745000China tight oil and gas exploration and development project department PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field CompanyChengdu610056China No.11 oil Production Plant Changqing Oilfield CompanyPetroChina Company LimitedQingyang745000China

The field data of shale fracturing demonstrate that the flowback performance of fracturing fluid is different from that of conventional reservoirs,where the flowback rate of shale fracturing fluid is lower than that of conventional *** the early stage of flowback,there is no single-phase flow of the liquid phase in shale,but rather a gas-water two-phase flow,such that the single-phase flow model for tight oil and gas reservoirs is not *** this study,pores and microfractures are extracted based on the experimental results of computed tomography(CT)scanning,and a spatial model of microfractures is ***,the influence of rough microfracture surfaces on the flow is corrected using the modified cubic law,which was modified by introducing the average deviation of the microfracture height as a roughness factor to consider the influence of microfracture surface *** flow in the fracture network is simulated using the modified cubic law and the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM).The results obtained demonstrate that most of the fracturing fluid is retained in the shale microfractures,which explains the low fracturing fluid flowback rate in shale hydraulic fracturing.

关键词： Shale Flowback of fracturing fluid Microfracture Lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)

Paleoenvironment of marine-continental transitional shales in the lower Permian Shanxi formation,southeastern Ordos Basin,China

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第3期5卷 221-233页

作者： Jia Tan Yuqiang Jiang Xingtao Li Chunhai Ji Yifan Gu Zhanlei Wang School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China The Unconventional Reservoir Evaluation department PetroChina Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil and Gas ResourcesChengdu610500China project department of tight oil and gas exploration and development PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengdu610056China PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company Beijing100028China Shale gas Research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gasfield CompanyChengdu610051China

The paleoenvironment of shales can be reconstructed to some extent using the combinations or concentrations of elements that correlate strongly with environmental *** this study,we analyzed rare earth elements(REEs),major elements,and trace elements in the marine-continental transitional shales(transitional shales for short)of the Shan 2^(3)submember of the Shanxi Formation in the southeastern Ordos *** purpose is to deduce the paleoenvironmental conditions of the shales,encompassing paleoredox,paleoclimate,paleoproductivity,and *** Shan 2^(3)submember comprises four sections,namely Shan 2^(3)-1,Shan 2^(3)-2,Shan 2^(3)-3,and Shan 2^(3)-*** Ba/Al,P/Al,and Cu/Al ratios,along with biogenic barium(Babio),indicate that the paleoproductivity of the submember peaked during the Shan 2^(3)-1 deposition and exhibited a downtrend upward in other *** in the Uau and the Ni/Co,V/Cr,U/Th,and V/Sc ratios suggest that suboxic conditions prevailed during the Shan 2^(3)-1 deposition,with the oxidation level gradually increasing from Shan 2^(3)-1 to Shan 2^(3)-4.C-value and the Sr/Cu ***/Rb cross-plot indicate a warm and arid paleoclimate during the Shan 2^(3)-1 deposition,which transitioned to cooler,drier conditions during the deposition of other *** sensitive to paleoclimate,such as the K/Rb and Th/U ratios,along with the ICV,PIA,and Chemical Index of Alteration(CIA),highlight elevated weathering from Shan 2^(3)-2 to Shan 2^(3)-4,with Shan 2^(3)-1 exhibiting the weakest weathering during its *** suggested by the REE data,the Zr/Sc ***/Sr cross-plot,provenance discriminant functions,and the cross-plots of Hf ***/Th,Th ***-Co,and∑REE ***/Yb,the sedimentary provenance for the transitional shales of the Shan 2^(3)submember is of multiple origins,with significant contributions from the Upper Continental Crust(UCC).Discriminant diagrams,including those of Th-Co-Zr/10,Th-Sc-Zr/10,La-Th-Sc,and K_(2)O/Na_(2)O

关键词： Transitional shale Paleoenvironment Elemental geochemistry Upper Permian Shan 2^(3)submember Ordos basin

Microscopic characteristics and geological significance of pyrite in shales of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations,southeastern Chongqing,China

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第3期5卷 203-211页

作者： Xiao Cai Wei Xia Yuxia Liu Shunzhou Liao Lei Zhang Weixue Hu Li Liu Wei Li Fanwu Zeng Research Institute of exploration and development East China Oil and Gas CompanyYangzhou225007China

Shales of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in the basin-margin transition zone of southeastern Chongqing,China are characterized by high organic matter content and a significant presence of pyrite *** examining numerous scanning electron microscope(SEM)images and considering the crystal and aggregate characteristics of minerals,we identified four types of pyrite in the study area:euhedral crystals,irregular aggregates,framboidal aggregates,and metasomatized *** these types,framboidal aggregates are the most *** formation mechanism of framboidal pyrite can be categorized into inorganic and organic *** inferred from the pyrite characteristics in the study area,the formation mechanism of the metasomatized organisms aligns with the biologically induced mineralization mode of organic origin,whereas the framboidal aggregates are more associated with the biologically controlled mineralization mode of organic *** underscores a close relationship between the pyrite formation and organic matter,which in turn indicates that an organic origin is more consistent with the pyrite characteristics observed in this study *** pyrite morphology can reflect reactive iron *** pyrite crystals tend to form under a low reactive iron concentration,whereas the formation of framboidal pyrite requires a high reactive iron ***,the type and grain size of pyrite aggregates can reflect variations in the redox conditions of the depositional *** produces positive effects on reservoir storage space,with intercrystalline organic pores,intercrystalline pores,and mold pores associated with pyrite contributing greatly to the storage spaces.

关键词： Wufeng-Longmaxi formations Shale Pyrite Microscopic characteristics Geological significance

Evaluation of Well Spacing for Primary development of Fractured Horizontal Wells in tight Sandstone gas Reservoirs

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第5期20卷 1015-1030页

作者： Fang Li Juan Wu Haiyong Yi Lihong Wu Lingyun Du Yuan Zeng exploration and development Research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengdu610041China oil and gas Resources department PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengdu610000China

Methods for horizontal well spacing calculation in tight gas reservoirs are still adversely affected by the complexity of related control factors,such as strong reservoir heterogeneity and seepage *** this study,the stress sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient of various types of reservoirs are quantitatively evaluated through reservoir seepage *** the basis of these experiments,a numerical simulation model(based on the special seepage mechanism)and an inverse dynamic reserve algorithm(with different equivalent drainage areas)were *** well spacing ranges of Classes I,II,and III wells in the Q gas field are determined to be 802–1,000,600–662,and 285–400 m,respectively,with their average ranges as 901,631,and 342.5 m,*** considering both the pairs of parallel well groups and series well groups as examples,the reliability of the calculation results is *** is shown that the combination of the two models can reduce errors and provide accurate results.

关键词： Well spacing for primary development tight gas reservoir fractured horizontal well threshold pressure gradient stress sensitivity

Fracture network types revealed by well test curves for shale reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin,China

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第1期5卷 264-274页

作者： Yanyan Wang Hua Liu Xiaohu Hu Cheng Dai Sidong Fang State Key Laboratory of Shale oil and gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective development Petroleum Exploration and Development Research InstituteSinopecBeijing100083China

Pressure buildup testing can be used to analyze fracture network characteristics and conduct quantitative interpretation of relevant parameters for shale gas wells,thus providing bases for assessing the well productivity and formulating proper development *** study establishes a new well test interpretation model for fractured horizontal wells based on seepage mechanisms of shale reservoirs and proposes a method for identifying fracturing patterns based on the characteristic slopes of pressure buildup curves and curve combination *** pressure buildup curve patterns are identified to represent three types of shale reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin,namely the moderately deep shale reservoirs with high pressure,deep shale reservoirs with ultra-high pressure,and moderately deep shale reservoirs with normal *** on this,the relationship between the typical pressure buildup curve patterns and the fracture network types are put *** effects of three types of shale gas reservoir are compared and *** results show that typical flow patterns of shale reservoirs include bilinear flow in primary and secondary fractures,linear flow in secondary fractures,bilinear flow in secondary fractures and matrix,and linear flow in *** fracture network characteristics can be determined using the characteristic slopes of pressure buildup curves and curve *** linear flow in early secondary fractures is increasingly distinct with an increase in primary fracture ***,the bilinear flow in secondary fractures and matrix and the subsequent linear flow in the matrix occur as the propping and density of secondary fractures *** increase in the burial depth,in-situ stress,and stress difference corresponds to a decrease in the propping of primary fractures that expand along different directions in the shale gas wells in the Sichuan *** pressure buildup curve patterns exist in the Sichuan Basin and it

关键词： Shale gas Fractured horizontal well Well testing interpretation Flow pattern characterization Parameter inversion Fracture network characteristics Sichuan basin

CO_(2)flooding in shale oil reservoir with radial borehole fracturing for CO_(2)storage and enhanced oil recovery

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Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 519-534页

作者： Jia-Cheng Dai Tian-Yu Wang Jin-Tao Weng Kang-Jian Tian Li-Ying Zhu Gen-Sheng Li State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China China National oil and gas exploration and development Company Limited Beijing100034China

This study introduces a novel method integrating CO_(2)flooding with radial borehole fracturing for enhanced oil recovery and CO_(2)underground storage,a solution to the limited vertical stimulation reservoir volume in horizontal well fracturing.A numerical model is established to investigate the production rate,reservoir pressure field,and CO_(2)saturation distribution corresponding to changing time of CO_(2)flooding with radial borehole fracturing.A sensitivity analysis on the influence of CO_(2)injection location,layer spacing,pressure difference,borehole number,and hydraulic fractures on oil production and CO_(2)storage is *** CO_(2)flooding process is divided into four *** in layer spacing will significantly improve oil production rate and gas storage ***,serious gas channeling can occur when the spacing is lower than 20 *** the pressure difference between the producer and injector,the borehole number,the hydraulic fracture height,and the fracture width can also increase the oil production rate and gas storage *** analysis shows that layer spacing and fracture height greatly influence gas storage and oil *** outcomes are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of shale oil reservoirs in the vertical direction.

关键词： Shale oil Radial borehole fracturing Embedded discrete fracture model Enhanced oil recovery Carbon storage

The formation and evolutionary characteristics of organic matter and pyrites in the continental shales of the 3^(rd)submember of Chang 7 Member,Yanchang formation,Ordos Basin,China

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 31-39页

作者： Ruikang Bian State Key Laboratory of Shale oil and gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective development Beijing 102206China Key Laboratory of Shale oil and gas exploration&Production Technology SinopecBeijing 102206China SINOPEC exploration&Production Research Institute Beijing102206China

Through microscopic analyses(e.g.,organic macerals,thin section observation,scanning electron microscope(SEM)imaging of fresh bedding planes via argon ion milling,and energy spectrum tests)combined with Rock-Eval analyses,this study systematically investigated the organic matter and pyrites in the continental shales in the 3^(rd)submember of the Chang 7 Member(Chang 7^(3)submember)in the Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin and determined their types and the formation and evolutionary *** results are as *** organic matter of the continental shales in the Chang 7^(3)submember is dominated by amorphous bituminites and migrabitumens,which have come into being since the early diagenetic stage and middle diagenetic stage A,*** formation and transformation of organic matter is a prerequisite for the formation of *** Ordos Basin was a continental freshwater lacustrine basin and lacked sulphates in waters during the deposition of the Chang 7 ***,the syndiagenetic stage did not witness the formation of large quantities of *** the basin entered early diagenetic stage A,large quantities of sulfur ions were released as the primary organic matter got converted into bituminites and,accordingly,pyrites started to ***,this stage featured poorer fluid and spatial conditions compared with the syndepositional stage due to withdraw of water,the partial formation of bituminites,and a certain degree of *** a result,large quantities of pyrrhotite failed to transition into typical spherical framboidal pyrites but grew into euhedral monocrystal *** addition,pyrites are still visible in the migrabitumens in both microfractures and inorganic pores of mudstones and shales,indicating that the pyrite formation period can extend until the middle diagenetic stage A.

关键词： Organic matter Pyrite Formation and evolution Continental shale Chang 7^(3)submember Ordos Basin

Fracturing timing of Jurassic reservoirs in the Dibei-Tuziluoke gas field,Kuqa foreland basin:Evidence from petrography,fluid inclusions,and clumped isotopes

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 129-140页

作者： Guoding Yu Wenfang Yuan Kelai Xi Yin Liu Shuai Wang Zhenping Xu Jing Yuan Lu Zhou Keyu Liu Key Laboratory of Deep oil and gas China University of PetroleumQingdaoShandong266580China Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and development Tarim Oil FieldCNPCKorla841000China

Determining the timing of fracturing is crucial for understanding reservoir evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation in foreland *** fracturing data from cores,borehole images,and outcrops,combined with the clumped isotope(D47)and fluid inclusion analyses of carbonate minerals filled in pores and fractures,this study ascertained the fracturing timing of the Jurassic reservoirs in the Dibei-Tuziluoke gas Field,Kuqa Foreland *** from outcrops and borehole images show two dominant fracture sets in the study area:W-E and NE-SW striking *** W-E striking fractures are carbonate-filled,while NE-SW striking fractures lack mineral *** veins,not easy to be identified in borehole images,are prevalent in *** petrographic analysis reveals that these bitumen veins formed before the calcite cementation in pores and display high viscosity and low *** temperatures(T_(h))from primary fluid inclusion assemblages in two representative calcite vein samples were notably lower than T_(△47) values from corresponding *** suggests the △_(47) signature underwent alteration due to partial reordering during ***,△_(47)-derived temperatures(apparent temperatures)may not faithfully represent the mineral precipitation *** plotting these apparent temperatures *** burial history,only the possible latest ages of fracturing *** ages were further refined by considering petroleum charging,tectonic evolution,and stress ***-filled fractures likely resulted from the Late Cretaceous uplift,marking the migration of low-maturity hydrocarbons in the study ***-filled E-W striking fractures emerged during the late Miocene(~13-6.5 Ma)alongside fold ***-striking fractures that crosscut W-E ones possibly formed recently due to stress reorientation.

关键词： Fracture Borehole imaging Bitumen vein Clumped isotope Fracturing timing

Experimental study on wax deposition of highly paraffinic oil in intermittent gas-oil flow in pipelines

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 2080-2088页

作者： Chuan-Shuo Wang Qian-Li Ma Xiao-Fang Lv Jie Zhang Yang Liu Shi-Dong Zhou Jiangsu Key Laboratory of oil and gas Storage and Transportation Technology Changzhou UniversityChangzhou213164JiangsuPR China Hade oil and gas development department Tarim Oilfield BranchKorla841000XinjiangPR China

oil-gas two phase wax deposition is a fairly common and open-ended question in flow assurance of multiphase transportation *** paper investigated the two main aspects of oil-gas two phase wax deposition layer:apparent thickness and crystal structure characteristics.A typical highly paraffinic oil in Bohai Sea,China,was used as the experimental material to investigate the wax deposition thickness in oil-gas two phase under the influence of different oil temperatures,superficial gas/liquid phase velocities and gas-oil ratios by using multiphase flow loop experimental *** as in the classical theory of wax molecular diffusion,it showed that wax deposition thickness of oil-gas two phase increased with increasing oil *** of the impact of different superficial phase velocities found that the actual liquid flow heat transfer and shear stripping was the gas phase dominant mechanisms determining wax deposit *** addition,the crystal structure of the wax deposition layer was characterized with the help of small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS)for different circumferential positions,flow rates and gas-oil *** bottom deposition layer had a complex crystal structure and high hardness,which were subject to change over flow rate ***,the SAXS results provided evidence that the indirect effect of the actual liquid velocity modified by the gas phase was the main *** study of the effect of gas phase on the wax deposition of oil-gas two phase will help shed light onto the mechanism by which this important process *** findings address a very urgent need in the field of wax deposition of highly paraffinic oil to understand the flow security of oilgas two phase that occurs easily in multiphase field pipelines.

关键词： oil-gas two phase Highly paraffinic oil Wax deposition SAXS