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Dietary carbohydrate-to-protein ratio influences growth performance,hepatic health and dynamic of gut microbiota in atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第3期10卷 261-279页

作者： Alejandro Villasante Carolina Ramírez Hector Rodríguez Patricio Dantagnan Adrian Hernandez Elías Figueroa Jaime Romero Facultad de medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía Universidad de Las AmericasSantiagoChile Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos Unidad de AlimentosInstituto de Nutricion y Tecnología de Los Alimentos(INTA)Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile programa de Anatomía y Biología del desarrollo Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Núcleo de investigacion en Produccion Alimentaria Facultad de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad Catolica de TemucoTemucoChile

Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)fed a carbohydrate-rich diet exhibit suboptimal growth performance,along with other metabolic disturbances.It is well known that gut microbes play a pivotal role in influencing metabolism of the host,and these microbes can be modified by the diet.The main goal of the present study was to determine the effect of feeding graded levels of digestible carbohydrates to Atlantic salmon on the distal intestine digesta microbiota at 3 sampling times(i.e.,weeks 4,8 and 12),during a 12-week trial.A low carbohydrate-to-high protein diet(LC/HP,0%wheat starch),a medium carbohydrate-tomedium protein diet(MC/MP,15%wheat starch)or a high carbohydrate-to-low protein diet(HC/LP,30%wheat starch)was fed to triplicate fish tanks(27 to 28 fish per tank).We performed an in-depth characterization of the distal intestine digesta microbiota.Further,growth parameters,liver histology and the expression of genes involved in hepatic neolipogenesis in fish were measured.Fish fed a HC/LP diet showed greater hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes(P=0.026 and P=0.018,respectively),lower final weight(P=0.005),weight gain(P=0.003),feed efficiency(P=0.033)and growth rate(P=0.003)compared with fish fed the LC/HP diet.Further,feeding salmon a high digestible carbohydrate diet caused greater lipid vacuolization,steatosis index(P=0.007)and expression of fatty acid synthase(fas)and delta-6 fatty acyl desaturase(d6fad)(P=0.001 and P=0.001,respectively)in the liver compared with fish fed the LC/HP diet.Although,the major impact of feeding a carbohydrate-rich diet to Atlantic salmon in beta diversity of distal intestine digesta microbiota was observed at week 4(HC/LP vs MC/MP and HC/LP vs LC/HP;P=0.007 and P=0.008,respectively)and week 8(HC/LP vs MC/MP;P=0.04),no differences between experimental groups were detected after 12 weeks of feeding.Finally,at the end of the trial,there was a negative correlation between lactic acid bacteria(LAB)members,including Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus,with hepatic steatosis level,the hepatosomat

关键词： Microbiota Microbiome Atlantic salmon Steatosis Lactic acid bacteria Probiotics

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Lower marine productivity increases agonistic interactions between sea lions and fur seals in Northern Pacific Patagonia

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Current Zoology 2022年第6期68卷 657-666页

作者： Felipe MONTALVA Hector PAVES Diego PEREZ-VenEGAS Karin G BARRIenTOS E Carola VALenCIA Diego MIRANDA-URBINA Mauricio SEGUEL Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiagoChile departamento de Ciencias Basicas Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Santo TomasOsornoChile Centro de investigacion y Gestion de Recursos Naturales(CIGRen) Instituto de BiologıaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ValparaısoValparaısoChile programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias Escuela de Graduados de laFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y AlimentariasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile Facultad de medicina Veterinaria Sede PatagoniaUniversidad San SebastianPuerto MonttChile Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad de TalcaTalcaChile department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada

Interspecific interactions are key drivers of individual and population-level fitness in a wide range of animals.However,in marine ecosystems,it is relatively unknown which biotic and abiotic factors impact behavioral interactions between competing species.We assessed the impact of weather,marine productivity,and population structure on the behavioral agonistic interactions between South American fur seals(SAFSs),Arctocephalus australis,and South American sea lions(SASLs),Otaria byronia,in a breeding colony of SAFS.We hypothesized that agonistic interactions between SAFSs and SASLs respond to biotic and abiotic factors such as SAFS population structure,marine productivity,and weather.We found that SASL and SAFS interactions almost always resulted in negative impacts on the social structure or reproductive success of the SAFS colony.SASL adult males initiated stampedes of SAFS and/or abducted and predated SAFS pups.Adult SAFS males abundance and severe weather events were negatively correlated with agonistic interactions between species.However,proxies for lower marine productivity such as higher sea surface temperature and lower catches of demerso-pelagic fish were the most important predictors of more frequent agonistic interactions between SAFS and SASL.Under the current scenario of decline in marine biomass due to global climate change and overfishing,agonistic interactions between competing marine predators could increase and exacerbate the negative impacts of environmental change in these species.

关键词： interspecific interactions climate change Guafo Island sea surface temperature South American fur seal South American sea lion

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Understanding Ehrlichia canis Infections in Dogs of Costa Rica: Hematological Findings and Indicative Clinical Signs

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2016年第11期6卷 163-175页

作者： Alexander V. Barrantes-González Ana E. Jiménez-Rocha Juan José Romero-Zuñiga Gaby Dolz programa de Investigación en medicina poblacional Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Laboratorio de Parasitología Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica

Background: A cross-sectional study combining different serological and molecular techniques for the detection of Ehrlichia canis in dogs was carried out to determine hemopathological findings and suggestive clinical signs associated with acute, subclinical and chronic infections in the dog population of Costa Rica. Objectives: The present study describes and analyzes, in a more representative sampling frame, the clinical and hematological presentation of E. canis infection in dogs of Costa Rica in all its clinical stages. Methods: A descriptive analysis of the clinical signs was performed from a 441-dog sample. Serological and molecular techniques for the detection of Ehrlichia canis in dogs were applied. One and two-way ANOVA were carried out to determine the effect of the infection status on the hematological parameters. Results: A total of 0.7% (3/407) dogs were found with acute (seronegative but PCR positive), 29.7% (121/407) with subclinical (seropositive and PCR negative), and 2.5% (10/407) with chronic (seropositive and PCR positive) E. canis infections. Significant hemopathological findings were determined in dogs with acute (thrombocytosis), subclinical and chronic (anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia) E. canis infections. Conclusions: Future studies must determine if dogs with subclinical E. canis infections eliminated the agent without any medication, or if they continue to be persistently infected, and will develop the chronic disease at some point in their lives.

关键词： Ehrlichiosis Epidemiology Hematopathology Infectious Disease Clinical Pathology

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Effect of Changes in Body Weight,Body Condition and Back Fat During Last Month of Pregnancy on the Reproductive Efficiency of Bos indicus Cows in the Tropics of Costa Rica

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2013年第1期3卷 22-28页

作者： Jaime Galindo Carlos S.Galina Sandra Estrada Juan Jose Romero Marco Alarcon Martín Maquivar Escuela de Agronomía Instituto Tecnologico de Costa RicaAlajuelaCosta Rica departamento de Reproduccion Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMexico DFMexico Programa de Investigacion en Medicina Poblacional Escuela de Medicina VeterinariaUniversidad Nacional HerediaCampus Benjamín NunezLagunillaCosta Rica department of Animal Sciences The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA

With the aim of evaluating how changes in the metabolic status in the last month of pregnancy affects reproductive efficiency, forty six Bos indicus multiparous cows (5.5 ± 2.4 parturitions), were used. Measurements of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and dorsal back fat (BF) were taken in the last month of pregnancy, postpartum period previous to synchronization (average 50 d) and at breeding by natural mating following synchronization with a progestin (average 70 d). Average postpartum days to resumption to ovarian activity were 79.96 ± 16.5 d, and average postpartum days to conception was 88.5 ± 14 d. Days postpartum to resumption of the ovarian activity was positively correlated (0.51, P 0.01) with days postpartum to conception, also, days postpartum to conception was positively correlated with prepartum back fat (14 d before parturition) (0.44, P 0.05). It was observed that BF at calving which is an objective measurement had a low correlation with other productive variables such as BCS and BW (always less than 0.39). Body fat might be a more reliable indicator of the current metabolic status of the animal particularly in the last month of pregnancy when the indicators of BCS are somehow more difficult to interpret and subjective.

关键词： Bos indicus Cattle Body Condition Body Weight Reproduction

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Pharmacological Control of Estrus in Tropical Cattle,an Economical Assessment of Different Synchronization Protocols

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2012年第3期2卷 151-157页

作者： Juan J.Molina Ivan Molina Alejandro Jimenez Carlos S.Galina Juan J.Romero Asesor Laboratorios Intervet Schering Plough BogotaColombia Director Tecnico Agropecuaria Las Tinajas S.A. BogotaColombia departamento de Reproduccion Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMexico CityMexico Programa de Investigacion en Medicina Poblacional Escuela de Medicina VeterinariaUniversidad NacionalHerediaCosta Rica Campus Benjamín Nunez HerediaCosta Rica

To compare the fertility results and to assess the cost-effectiveness of several synchronization protocols applied under the conditions of beef cattle enterprises in Colombia, 1658 multiparous zebu crossbred cows mostly Brahman and Nelore ranging between 2 - 6 parities were used. Five protocols of pharmacological treatments varying in hormones used, dosage and the time of application were tested. All cows were inseminated at 52 h by appointment. Pregnancy diagnosis was undertaken over 45 d after insemination by rectal palpation. The total cost per cow and the total cost per gestation, for each protocol, were calculated. Taking a herd of one-hundred cows as baseline for calculations, it was estimated the cost of the total amount of pregnancies possibly obtained in each protocol;then, the excess between the costs of a pregnant cow and the cost of a treated cow was estimated. Additionally, the costs due to cows empty after four services were calculated. A total of 874 pregnancies were registered (52.7%), with pregnancies per protocol varying between 46.9% and 66.2% (p en $64.08 and $97.47 and the cost per gestation from $126.01 to $177.26, without association between the cost of the treatment and the pregnancy rate. Protocol A was the best cost-effective with the lowest additional costs, the lowest amount of open days (2107.7 to 2231.7 d) and IA straws (average = 134), with an additional costs of $6940.00. Synchronization of estrus using pharmacological products seems to have a place in the management of cattle;however, caution should be called upon a careful assessment both from the part of the farm and the professional in charge of the enterprise to avoid using the technique indiscriminatively thus propitiating the use of a method that might not be cost efficient.

关键词： Tropics Bos Indicus Cost-Benefit Estru Synchronization

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Prevalence of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus and Avian Polyomavirus in Captivity Psittacines from Costa Rica

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2013年第4期3卷 240-245页

作者： Gaby Dolz Jessica Sheleby-Elías Juan J.Romero-Zuniga Bernardo Vargas-Leiton Gustavo Gutiérrez-Espeleta Kenneth Madriz-Ordenana Laboratorio de entomología y medicina poblacional Programa MEDPOBEscuela de Medicina VeterinariaUniversidad NacionalHerediaCosta Rica Maestría en enfermedades Tropicales Posgrado Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias TropicalesEscuela de Medicina VeterinariaUniversidad NacionalHerediaCosta Rica Escuela de Biología Universidad de Costa RicaSan JoseCosta Rica Biotécnica Análisis Moleculares San JoseCosta Rica

Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) and avian polyomavirus (APV) are the most common viral diseases in psittacine birds, both affecting feathers and physical appearance of birds. Between 2005 and 2009, a total of 269 samples were collected from birds presented at veterinary clinics, shelters and rescue centers of wildlife in Costa Rica. They belonged to 19 species of psittacine birds. The most representative species in the sample were Ara macao (157), Ara ambigua (37), Amazona autumnalis (24), Amazon ochrocephala (21) and Ara ararauna (8). A prevalence of 19.7% (53/269) for PBFDV and 4.8% (13/269) for APV was determined using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In 3.3% (9/269) of the birds mixed infections were detected. Statistical analysis determined that psittacines living in shelters and rescue centers had a greater risk to be positive to PBFDV and APV than birds that were presented at veterinary clinics, while only for PBFDV it was determined, that it is more likely to detect it in feathers than in blood. Finally, birds infected with PBFDV had 6.24 times more probability to become infected with APV, than non-infected birds. This is the first report of prevalence of PBFDV and APV in captive psittacines from Costa Rica.

关键词： Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus Avian Polyomavirus Psittacine Birds Costa Rica

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