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Water Resources, Infrastructure Restoration, and Protection of the Upper Mississippi River Basin

Open Journal of soil science 2021年第1期11卷 13-38页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson Samuel J. Indorante Gerald A. Miller professor emeritus of soil science in the department of Natural Resources and Environmental sciences College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA soil science at Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois USA professor emeritus of soil science in the department of agronomy College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA

The Upper Mississippi River flows approximately 2000 km from Lake Itasca, Minnesota to Cairo, Illinois where it is confluences with the Ohio River to form the Lower Mississippi River. North of the confluence, numerous snags, sand bars, rapids, and other obstructions made the Upper Mississippi River travel difficult. This paper highlights how the geological and landscape resources of the Upper Mississippi River and tributary watershed were responsible for the successful economic development of this historically rich region of North America. Environmental challenges include an attempt to keep invasive species such as the Asian carp out of the rivers and lakes north of the Twin Cities. In an attempt to protect the Mississippi River resource, Environmental and Conservation groups have opposed continued navigation through Minneapolis and St. Paul and the planned Upper Mississippi River navigation infrastructure restoration by the United States Corps of Engineers including the upper and lower St. Anthony locks and dams. These Environmental, Conservation and Save the River groups are attempting to mitigate the historic highest and best use of the Mississippi River and adjacent watershed, navigation, and economic development, by having the urban river restored to the natural state.

关键词： Falls of St. Anthony Locks Dams Minneapolis St. Paul Navigation Water Pollution

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Long-Term Environmental Impacts of Pesticide and Herbicide Use in Panama Canal Zone

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Open Journal of soil science 2021年第9期11卷 403-434页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson Donna Tornoe professor emeritus of soil science in the department of Natural Resources and Environmental sciences College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA Director Veterans of Panama Canal Zone Military Veterans Advocacy Slidell USA

The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 transformed ocean-shipping and the availability of internationally-traded goods, shortened travel time between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, increased ship tonnage, and sparked the growth of port authorities on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Panama Canal. Historically, the United States was number one and China was number two in tons of cargo that pass through the canal annually in the high stakes game of import and export markets. Prior to the construction of the Panama Canal, the most efficient way to cross the 82-kilometer isthmus, between the Port of Panama City on the Pacific and the Port of Colon on the Atlantic, was by mule trails through tropical forests and river transportation. Since the construction of the Panama Canal through tropical forests in the 1910s, pesticides have been essential for managing mosquitoes as well as controlling wetland vegetation that blocked lakes, rivers and the canal. The primary objective of this research study is to document the long-term environmental impacts of pesticide and herbicide use in the Panama Canal Zone. Many of these chemicals, including 2, 4,-D, 2, 4, 5-T and DDT, have a long half-life under water and some, like arsenic (As), have no half-life. Pesticides and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun via surface runoff either in solution or attached to the sediment during the rainy season. The by-product 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an unanticipated contaminant created during the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T. TCDD can bio-accumulate in fish and birds and enter into the human food supply. The extent of the current chemical and pesticide contamination on former U.S. military base grounds and in Lake Gatun is unknown. Systematic soil sampling of current and former military bases, chemical disposal sites and Lake Gatun or the Panama Canal sediments is needed to determine if mitigation is necessary.

关键词： Arsenic Dams DDT Dioxin TCDD 2 4-D 2 4 5-T Howard Air Force Base Hyacinths Lake Gatun Locks Mosquitoes Pesticides Termites

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soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Eroding and Depositional Landscapes

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Open Journal of soil science 2016年第8期6卷 121-134页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson Mahdi Al-Kaisi Rattan Lal Larry Cihacek professor emeritus Department of NRES College of ACES University of Illinois Champaign IL USA department of agronomy College of Agriculture Iowa State University Ames IA USA School of Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA School of Natural Resources science North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA

As a requisite to determining management practice effects on stored soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in a landscape unit, the baseline SOC stock with depth must be determined and the land use, management practices and erosion-induced changes measured periodically or over a period of time. The SOC loss and additions due to soil erosion, transport and deposition must be accounted for or be quantified when determining the real impact of the management practices on net SOC stock over time. Quantifying the SOC loss due to erosion will help avoid over estimation of the management practice performances. Appropriate soil sampling designs and sampling procedures are needed to establish a SOC stock baseline and to monitor and verify new SOC storage or sequestration as a result of a management practice. The Dinesen Prairie landscape in western Iowa, USA was sampled to provide a SOC stock baseline and then the adjacent cropland was sampled to determine the past impact of land use change, management practices and erosion on SOC stock retention. After 100 to 150 years of farming, the entire cropland landscape retained only 49% of the baseline prairie SOC stock. Only the cropland toe-slope (TS) retained more SOC stock than the prairie TS as a result of the erosion, transport and deposition of SOC rich sediment on the TS.

关键词： soil Organic Carbon Erosion Monitoring

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Agent Orange Chemical Plant Locations in the United States and Canada: Environmental and Human Health Impacts

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Open Journal of soil science 2022年第8期12卷 363-426页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson David R. Speidel U.S. Army Vietnam Era Veteran and professor emeritus of soil science in department of Natural Resources College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA US Army Iraq Mosul and Balad Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Baqubah and Mahmudiyah Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Washington DC USA

During the Vietnam War, millions of liters of six tactical herbicides were sprayed on the southern Vietnam landscape to defoliate forests, to clear military perimeters and to destroy enemy food supplies. The environmental and human health impacts of spraying these herbicides, especially Agent Orange and those formulated with mixtures that included 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) which was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have been documented over the last 60 years. The dioxin TCDD clean-up efforts at former military bases and other Vietnam hotspots are ongoing. However, the lesser-told story was the environmental and human health impacts on the communities and chemical plant workers who manufactured Agent Orange and other herbicides that became contaminated with dioxin TCDD in the manufacturing processes at seven locations in the United States and one site in Canada. The pollution at these chemical plant sites, adjacent rivers and groundwater is well known within each affected state or province but not widely recognized beyond their localities. In this paper we assess the national long-term effects on land, groundwater and river resources where Agent Orange and other agricultural herbicides containing 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD were manufactured, transported, and temporarily stored. The sites where residual tactical herbicides with contaminated by-products were applied to public lands or disposed of by military and civilian workers within the United States and Canada are identified. After 60 years, these communities are still paying the price for the U.S. Government, DOD and USDA decisions to provide and use agricultural herbicides as tactical chemical weapons during the Vietnam War (1962-1971). There have been human health issues associated with the chemical manufacture, transport, storage and disposal of these herbicides related to workers who moved these chemical weapons from United States and Canada to SE

关键词： Dioxin TCDD Arsenic Chemical Plant Workers Chloracne Cancer Herbicides Cacodylic Acid Monsanto Dow Nitro Midland Elmira Uniroyal Times Beach Missouri Gagetown Incineration Certified Landfill Environmental Covenants

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