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Identifying Sustainable Practices for Tapping and Sap Collection from Birch Trees: Optimum Timing of Tapping Initiation and the Volume of Nonconductive Wood Associated with Taphole Wounds

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Agricultural Sciences 2018年第3期9卷 237-246页

作者： Abby K. van den Berg Mark L. Isselhardt Timothy D. Perkins proctor maple research center The University of Vermont Underhill VT USA The University of Vermont Extension Underhill VT USA

Experiments were conducted to determine two pieces of information essential to identify practices necessary to ensure tapping trees for birch sap collection is both sustainable and profitable—the selection of the time to initiate tapping birch trees to obtain maximum yields, and the volume of nonconductive wood (NCW) associated with taphole wounds in birch trees. The yields obtained from various timing treatments varied between sapflow seasons, but indicate that using test tapholes to choose the appropriate time to initiate tapping is likely to result in optimum yields from birch trees. The volume of NCW associated with taphole wounds in birch trees was highly variable and generally quite large, averaging 220 times the volume of the taphole drilled, and requiring relatively high radial growth rates to maintain NCW at sustainable levels over the long-term. However, more conservative tapping practices, including reduced taphole depth and increased dropline length, as well as thinning and other stand management practices, can be used to reduce the minimum growth rates required. Producers can use this information to ensure that they use tapping practices that will result in sustainable outcomes and obtain the maximum possible sap yields from their trees.

关键词： Birch Sap Birch Syrup maple Syrup Tapping Compartmentalization

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Composition and Properties of maple Sap, Concentrate, and Permeate

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Agricultural Sciences 2019年第1期10卷 32-45页

作者： Abby K. van den Berg Timothy D. Perkins Mark L. Isselhardt proctor maple research center The University of Vermont Underhill VT USA The University of Vermont Extension Underhill VT USA

Reverse osmosis is used widely in the maple syrup industry to concentrate maple sap and increase the overall efficiency and profitability of syrup production. Sets of samples from maple producers utilizing a range of sap concentration levels were collected and analyzed to provide a portrait of the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of maple sap, concentrate, and permeate across a single production season. The results reinforce that reverse osmosis functions essentially as a concentration process, without significantly altering the fundamental proportions of sap constituents.

关键词： maple Syrup Reverse Osmosis Membrane Separation maple Sap

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