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An experimental and numerical study of packing, compression, and caking behaviour of detergent powders

Particuology 2014年第1期12卷 2-12页

作者： Subhash C.Thakur Hossein Ahmadian Jin Sun Jin Y.Ooi School of Engineering University of Edinburgh Newcastle Innovation Centre Procter and Gamble Technical Centre Ltd

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of the packing, compression, and caking behaviour of spray dried detergent （SDD） powders with a two-fold aim： an experimental process of observation and evaluation of the packing, compression and caking behaviour of SDD powders, and a numerical approach based on discrete element modelling （DEM）. The mechanical properties, including the stress-strain response and the corresponding porosity change as a function of consolidation stress in a confined cylinder, the stress-strain response during unconfined shearing and the cake strength as a func- tion of consolidation stress, were evaluated and compared for different SDD powders using an extended uniaxial tester （Edinburgh Powder Tester - EPT）. The experiments using EPT showed excellent repro- ducibility in the measurement of packing, compression and caking behaviour and were therefore very useful for describing the handling characteristics of these powdered products including screening new products and different formulations. It was found that the sample with higher moisture had lower bulk porosity but higher compressibility and cake strength. The porosity, compressibility and cake strength were found to vary across different size fractions of the same sample. The larger sieve-cut samples had higher initial bulk porosity, compressibility and cake strength. It is revealed that moisture plays a sig- nificant role in packing, compression, and shearing behaviour of the powder. Three-dimensional DEM modelling using a recently developed elasto-plastic adhesive-frictional contact model showed that the contact model is able to capture the detergent behaviour reasonably well and can be used to model complex processes involving these powders.

关键词： Discrete element methodPowder flowCohesive materialUniaxial testPlasticityContact model

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Effect of Non-reactive Powder Particle Properties on Dry Agglomeration in a High Shear Mixer

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Transactions of Tianjin University 2018年第5期24卷 442-452页

作者： Hongyuan Wei Bohao Feng Guangzong Zhao Xiao Tian Leping Dang School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University procter & gamble Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd

The effect of non-reactive powder particle properties on the detergent dry agglomeration process in a high shear mixer was investigated. Three types of micron-scale silica were chosen as the non-reactive fine powders and a semi-solid alkyl ethyl ethoxy sulfate(AES) paste with ultra-high viscosity was chosen as the binder. The granules were characterized using massbased granule size distribution, scanning electron microcopy, and bulk density tests. The results revealed that powder particle size plays a leading role in agglomeration behavior. A decrease in the median particle size results in enhanced dispersion of silica particles in the AES paste binder droplets, which leads to the formation of uniform granules that are slightly affected by compacting forces. Agglomerate quality, using silica with high oil absorption as well as optimum particle size, was satisfactory, and the product exhibited a smaller median particle size, narrower size distribution, and superior anti-caking capacity under the same liquid-to-solid ratio(L/S).

关键词： Dry agglomeration Particle size distribution Agglomerate formation Granulation kinetics

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Regime Map of Dry Neutralization Agglomeration Process Containing Non-Reactive Ingredient on a Laboratory Scale

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Transactions of Tianjin University 2019年第1期25卷 66-73页

作者： Leping Dang Xu Li Jinsheng Fu Xiaojun Lang Hongyuan Wei School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University procter and gamble Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd

This study described a regime map for dry neutralization agglomeration. Based on the map, the effects of selected key parameters, such as ingredient composition, operation temperature, agitation speed, and size of Na_2CO_3 particles, were investigated using a laboratory-scale mixer, and properties of the agglomeration product were analyzed, including particle size distribution, Hunter color, and flowability. Torque curves evolving during the process were correlated with the system flowability. Three distinguishable regimes were indicated, dry, wet, and transitional, and the agitation speed was found to have a different influence on the agglomeration process for the three regimes. Furthermore, the influence of temperature on reactive agglomeration significantly differed from that in agglomeration processes in which the binder was non-reactive.

关键词： Regime map Dry neutralization Agglomeration Non-reactive particles

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Molecular diffusion in ternary poly(vinyl alcohol)solutions

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2022年第6期16卷 1003-1016页

作者： Katarzyna Majerczak Ophelie Squillace Zhiwei Shi Zhanping Zhang Zhenyu J.Zhang School of Chemical Engineering University of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUK The procter and gamble Company CincinnatiOH 45040USA

The diffusion kinetics of a molecular probe-rhodamine B-in ternary aqueous solutions containing poly(vinyl alcohol),glycerol,and surfactants was investigated using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and dynamic light *** show that the diffusion characteristics of rhodamine B in such complex systems is determined by a synergistic effect of molecular crowding and intermolecular interactions between chemical *** presence of glycerol has no noticeable impact on rhodamine B diffusion at low concentration,but significantly slows down the diffiision of rhodamine B above 3.9%(w/v)due to a dominating steric inhibition ***,introducing surfactants(cationic/nonionic/anionic)to the system results in a decreased diffusion coefficient of the molecular *** solutions containing nonionic surfactant,this can be explained by an increased crowding *** ternary poly(vinyl alcohol)solutions containing cationic or anionic surfactant,surfactant-polymer and surfactant-rhodamine B interactions alongside the crowding effect of the molecules slow down the overall diffiisivity of rhodamine *** results advance our insight of molecular migration in a broad range of industrial complex formulations that incorporate multiple compounds,and highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate additives and surfactants in formulated products.

关键词： fluorescence correlation spectroscopy poly(vinyl alcohol) anomalous diffusion crowding effects dynamic light scattering binding effects rhodamine B

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ZnO nanofluids-A potential antibacterial agent

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2008年第8期18卷 939-944页

作者： Malcolm Povey David York procter Department of Food Science University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK procter and gamble Newcastle Technical Centre Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE12 9TS UK

In this work, ZnO nanofluids were produced by a medium mill with a pH value of about 7.2 and characterized by Nano-Sizer and SEM. After milling, ZnO nanofluids were formed with an average particle size of 198.4 nm. The ZnO nanofluids used for testing were stored for different periods (1-, 90- and 120-day) and kept in different conditions (under the light and in the dark). The antibacterial activities of these ZnO nanofluids were evaluated by estimating the reduction ratio of the bacteria treated with ZnO. The results showed that the ZnO nanofluid stored for 120 days under the light had the best antibacterial behavior against Escherichia coli DH5a. SEM images suggest that an interaction between the ZnO particles and the E. coli bacteria cells caused by electrostatic forces might be a mechanism.

关键词： Antibacterial Nanofluids ZnO E. coli Photocatalysis

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Exposure Based Safety Assessment:Application to paper product（Menstrual Pad）

Exposure Based Safety Assessment:Application to paper produc...

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中国毒理学会第七次全国毒理学大会暨第八届湖北科技论坛

作者： Ying Wang Denise Gutshall Tingting Zhu procter & gamble Company procter & gamble Technology

A Menstrual pad is a complex three-dimensional product consisting of carefully designed layers for external use and functions to absorb menstrual/vaginal *** individual pad may be worn for several hours at a *** on product structure,ingredients in menstrual pad can be assessed as direct,indirect and no/negligible exposure to skin,either by direct transfer or *** evaluation of the exposure for each component is a prerequisite for an accurate safety *** assessments of consumer products are based on understanding hazard and exposure of all *** each ingredient,its respective exposure condition is considered and will factor into the overall safety assessment *** suitable and reliable exposure data is often a weak point in a consumer goods safety *** defining an exposure model,it is necessary to specify the target groups,identify the exposure route,and measure or estimate the magnitude,duration and frequency of exposure based on relevant habits and practices data.P＆G has a wide variety of habits and practices data for consideration in exposure assessments as well as default exposure assumptions from industry associations（e.g.,Cosmetic Europe,EPA,etc.）.In the absence of consumer habits ＆practices data,the most conservative exposure should generally be used in the safety assessment.A second required element of a safety assessment is detailed hazard data,considering also dose-response *** is the inherent potential of a substance or object to cause an adverse or harmful effect on human *** pads are basically comprised of polymeric raw materials so that the majority of the ingredients（large molecular weight polymers） are of limited toxicological *** toxicity data may be available for low level trace materials,such as processing aids or *** use of read-across and predictive toxicology provides an approach to evaluate risk for materials lacking sufficie

关键词： exposure assessment menstrual pad read-across

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Cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinses alleviate experimental gingivitis by inhibiting dental plaque maturation

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International Journal of Oral Science 2016年第3期8卷 182-190页

作者： Fei Teng Tao He Shi Huang Cun-Pei Bo Zhen Li Jin-Lan Chang Ji-Quan Liu Duane Charbonneau Jian Xu Rui Li Jun-Qi Ling Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics Guanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat-sen University Single-Cell Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Oral Care Clinical Operation Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research University of Chinese Academy of Science Department of Stomatology Peking Union Medical College Hospital Global Microbiology Capability Organization Procter & Gamble Innovation Center Global Microbiology Capability Organization Procter & Gamble International Operations SA Singapore Branch

Oral rinses containing chemotherapeutic agents, such as cetylpyridinium chloride （CPC）, can alleviate plaque-induced gingival infections, but how oral microbiota respond to these treatments in human population remains poorly understood. Via a double- blinded, randomised controlled trial of 91 subjects, the impact of CPC-containing oral rinses on supragingival plaque was investigated in experimental gingivitis, where the subjects, after a 21-day period of dental prophylaxis to achieve healthy gingivae, received either CPC rinses or water for 21 days. Within-subject temporal dynamics of plaque microbiota and symptoms of gingivitis were profiled via 16S ribosomal DNA gene pyrosequencing and assessment with the Mazza gingival index. Cetylpyridinium chloride conferred gingival benefits, as progression of gingival inflammation resulting from a lack of dental hygiene was significantly slower in the mouth rinse group than in the water group due to inhibition of 17 gingivitis-enriched bacterial genera. Tracking of plaque a and β diversity revealed that CPC treatment prevents acquisition of new taxa that would otherwise accumulate but maintains the original biodiversity of healthy plaques. Furthermore, CPC rinses reduced the size, local connectivity and microbiota-wide connectivity of the bacterial correlation network, particularly for nodes representing gingivitis- enriched taxa. The findings of this study provide mechanistic insights into the impact of oral rinses on the progression and maturation of dental plaque in the natural human population.

关键词： cetylpyridinium chloride oral microbiota oral rinse

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An investigation on dissolution kinetics of single sodium carbonate particle with image analysis method

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2016年第10期24卷 1487-1496页

作者： Changdong Li Carlos Amador Yulong Ding Institute of Particle Science and Engineering University of LeedsLeedsUK procter&gamble Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Innovation Centre NewcastleUK School of Chemical Engineering University of BirminghamBirminghamUK

Dissolution kinetics of sodium carbonate is investigated with the image analysis method at the approach of single *** dissolution experiments are carried out in an aqueous solution under a series of controlled temperature and p *** selected sodium carbonate particles are all spherical with the same mass and *** dissolution process is quantified with the measurement of particle diameter from dissolution *** concentration of dissolved sodium carbonate in solvent is calculated with the measured diameter of *** surface reaction model and mass transport model are implemented to determine the dissolution mechanism and quantify the dissolution rate constant at each experimental *** to the fitting results with both two models,it is clarified that the dissolution process at the increasing temperature is controlled by the mass transport of dissolved sodium carbonate travelling from particle surface into *** dissolution process at the increasing pH is controlled by the chemical reaction on particle ***,the dissolution rate constant for each single spherical sodium carbonate particle is quantified and the results show that the dissolution rate constant of single spherical sodium carbonate increases significantly with the rising of temperature,but decreases with the increasing of pH conversely.

关键词： Sodium carbonate Single particle Dissolution rate constant Image analysis

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International Validation of the Reconstructed 3D Skin Micronucleusand Comet Assays

International Validation of the Reconstructed 3D Skin Micron...

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中国毒理学会第七次全国毒理学大会暨第八届湖北科技论坛

作者： Stefan Pfuhler Jie Zhang procter & gamble Co procter & gamble Technology(Beijing) Co

Historically,studies using laboratory animals such as the in vivo bone marrow MN assay and the in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis（UDS） assay were used to further evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemicals that are positive in in vitro genotoxicity *** to the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive of the European Union,since March of 2009,in vivo assays are no longer permitted for genotoxicity testing of cosmetics *** in vivo genotoxicity assays,industry and regulators will have to rely solely on the results of in vitro genotoxicity ***,while showing high sensitivity for detecting carcinogens,these tests have been shown to produce unacceptably high rate of positive results that are not confirmed in in vivo genotoxicity and/or rodent carcinogenicity tests,i.e. "false" positive ***,relying only on results from in vitro genotoxicity assays would severely impact the ability to market potentially safe and beneficial new cosmetic *** address this issue,we developed micronucleus / Comet assays that are based on reconstructed human skin *** assays are currently part of a validation exercise sponsored by Cosmetics Europe（formerly COLIPA）.This effort is also supported by the European Center for Validation of Alternative Methods（ECVAM）.Importantly,in April 2014（SCCS/1532/14）,the European Union’s Scientific Committee for Consumer safety（SCCS） highlighted the possibility of in-vitro-only follow-up in case unfavorable results are observed in the standard genotoxicity test battery and emphasizes the utility of 3D skin based genotoxicity assays for such follow-up *** project follows a modular validation approach and is divided into three phases:Phase 1- transferability,optimization,and within-laboratory reproducibility with two model genotoxins;Phase 2- between-laboratory reproducibility with at least five coded chemicals;and Phase 3- increasing the domain of chemicals tested for predictive capacity and fu

关键词： 3D skin comet assays genotoxicity micronucleus Assays

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Visualization of Wormlike Micelle Fluid Flow in a Mixing Tank

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Transactions of Tianjin University 2018年第4期24卷 308-317页

作者： Hongyuan Wei Jieliang Lu Chong Gu Kate Xu Boonho Ng Leping Dang School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300350China procter&gamble Technology(Beijing)Co. LtdBeijing 101312China

In this study,particle image velocimetry was applied to investigate flow fields of wormlike micelle(WLM) fluids in a mixing tank equipped with a four-blade,down-pumping,pitched blade turbine. First,the rheology of WLM fluids was investigated,and the Carreau model was utilized to describe their apparent viscosity. Then,the effects of the rotation speeds and rheological properties on the flow fields were studied using different WLM fluids at different rotation speeds. The results revealed that with increasing Reynolds number,the discharge angle decreases and the carven size increases. Furthermore,elastic effects of WLM fluids lead to a more curved flow and a smaller carven.

关键词： Wormlike micelle PIV Mixing Flow fi eld

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