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Natural forests in New Zealand–a large terrestrial carbon pool in a national state of equilibrium

Forest Ecosystems 2021年第3期8卷 458-478页

作者： Thomas Paul Mark O.Kimberley Peter N.Beets Scion Private Bag 3020Rotorua 3046New Zealand Environmental Statistics Ltd Whangapararoa 0930New Zealand retired(previously Scion) Rotorua 3010New Zealand

Background:Natural forests cover approximately 29%of New Zealand’s landmass and represent a large terrestrial carbon *** 2002 New Zealand implemented its first representative plot-based natural forest inventory to assess carbon stocks and stock changes in these mostly undisturbed old-growth *** previous studies have provided estimates of biomass or carbon stocks,these were either not fully representative or lacked data from important pools such as dead wood(coarse woody debris).The current analysis provides the most complete estimates of carbon stocks and stock changes in natural forests in New ***:We present estimates of per hectare carbon stocks and stock changes in live and dead organic matter pools excluding soil carbon based on the first two measurement cycles of the New Zealand Natural Forest Inventory carried out from 2002 to *** show that New Zealand’s natural forests are in balance and are neither a carbon source nor a carbon *** average total carbon stock was 227.0±14.4 tC·ha^(−1)(95%C.I.)and did not change significantly in the 7.7 years between measurements with the net annual change estimated to be 0.03±0.18 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1).There was a wide variation in carbon stocks between forest *** forest had an averaged carbon stock of only 53.6±9.4 tC·ha^(−1) but had a significant sequestration rate of 0.63±0.25 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1),while tall forest had an average carbon stock of 252.4±15.5 tC·ha^(−1),but its sequestration rate did not differ significantly from zero(−0.06±0.20 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1)).The forest alliance with the largest average carbon stock in above and below ground live and dead organic matter pools was silver beech-red beech-kamahi forest carrying 360.5±34.6 tC·ha^(−1).Dead wood and litter comprised 27%of the total carbon ***:New Zealand’s Natural Forest Inventory provides estimates of carbon stocks including estimates for difficult to measure pools such as dead wood and roots.I

关键词： Forest inventory Natural forests Carbon stocks and change Terrestrial carbon pool

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Impact of nitrogen input from biosolids application on carbon sequestration in a Pinus radiata forest

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第2期9卷 213-221页

作者： Jianming Xue Mark O.Kimberley Russell B.McKinley Scion PO Box 29237Christchurch8440New Zealand Retired(previously Scion) Rotorua3010New Zealand Scion Private Bag 3020Rotorua3046New Zealand

Background:Forest management practices(*** of stand density,fertilisation)are just as important in carbon(C)forestry as in other types of forestry and will affect the level of C sequestration and *** C stored in wood is approximately proportional to the product of its volume and density,it is necessary to account for both volume growth and wood density when assessing the effects of fertilisation on C sequestration in pine ***:The effects of nitrogen(N)input from biosolids application on forest C sequestration were quantified from an intensively monitored biosolids field trial in a Pinus radiata plantation on a sandy soil in New *** field trial tested the application of three biosolids rates:Control(no application),Standard(300 kg N⋅ha^(-1) applied every three years),and High(600 kg N⋅ha^(-1) applied every three years),across three levels of stand density:300,450,and 600 stems⋅ha^(-1).Carbon sequestration was estimated using the C-Change model from annual plot measurements of stand density,stem height and diameter,and annual breast height wood densities obtained from increment ***:By age 24 years,N-fertilised trees had sequestered 40 t C⋅ha^(-1) more than unfertilised trees,an increase of 18%.Fertilisation increased stem volume by 23%but reduced stem wood density by 2.5%.Most of the increased C sequestration occurred between age 6 and age 17 years and the Standard rate gave the same increase in C sequestration as the High *** average,there was no significant difference in growth rate between fertilised and unfertilised trees after the 17th growth year,but the increased growth ceased earlier at higher stand densities,and later at lower stand ***:This study indicates that 2–3 applications of the Standard rate would have been sufficient to achieve the increased C sequestration,with an applied N to C conversion ratio of 43–65 kg C⋅kg^(-1) *** results highlight that N fertilisation will become

关键词： Biosolids application Stand density and growth Wood density C sequestration

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Banks, Digital Banking Initiatives and the Financial Safety Net: Theory and Analytical Framework

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Journal of Economic Science Research 2020年第1期3卷 24-46页

作者： Stephen Lumpkin Sebastian Schich United Nations previously OECD OECD Directorate of Financial and Enterprise Affairs

This report presents an analytical framework for exploring the implications of Fintech innovations for incumbent banks and for provision of the financial safety *** focus is on“digital banking initiatives”,that is,on Fintech initiatives that provide retail financial services akin to those traditionally provided by *** perform a wide range of functions for individual and institutional customers that help facilitate large-scale economic *** fact,in most economies the system of financial intermediation centres on banks and relies on their core products and services for financing of the economy and the maintenance of *** account of the central role banks play in the financial system,along with concerns about potential systemic instability linked to the riskiness of their activities,these institutions have long been regarded as“special”,as reflected in their prudential regulation and coverage under the various provisions of the financial safety *** developments raise questions about the special status of *** sets of questions are addressed herein:To what extent do new digital banking initiatives change the role that incumbent banks play in the financial system and the way that they perform their functions?To what extent are some of the new digital banking initiatives securing the benefits of the financial safety net without paying the commensurate price?To help address these questions the report first revisits the literature on core functions of the financial system to provide a framework for analysing recent *** attention is paid in this context to banks and their products and ***“special”role of banks is discussed,which links to the provisions of the traditional safety *** overview sections are followed by evidence on Fintech innovations that overlap the core banking *** on an examination of the characteristics of these new initiatives,the study then touches on the issue of whether

关键词： Banks Digital banking initiatives Financial innovation Financial safety net Fintech Finance and digitalisation

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ASEAN Regional Forum:Its Role in the Asian Pacific Security Cooperation

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Contemporary International Relations 1998年第7期8卷 14-27页

作者：丁奎松 Director of the President's Office previously Director of the Division for South & Southeast Asian StudiesCICIR.

Facing the turn of the century, Asia is unlucky to witness two crises successive-ly. One is the Southeast Asian financial crisis that started from Thailand in Ju-ly last year, which has swept almost all countries and regions in East Asia with dis-astrous struck to this“model student of the world”.Its impact has not onlyreached far to the United States, Europe, and Russia, but even led to serious polit-

关键词： Asia ARF

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Efficacy of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, percutaneous transhepatic obliteration and combined techniques for the management of gastric fundal varices

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第24期12卷 3866-3873页

作者： Hirotaka Arai Takehiko Abe Hitoshi Takagi Masatomo Mori Department of Gastroenterology Maebashi Red Cross Hospital 3-20-14 Asahi-choMaebashi 371-0014Japan Department of Medicine and Molecular Science Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine (previously known as the First Department of Internal Medicine Gunma University School of Medicine)MaebashiGunma 371-8511Japan

AIM： To evaluate the effect of three interventional treatments involving transvenous obliteration for the treatment of gastric varices, and to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of these methods, METHODS： From 1995 to 2004, 93 patients with gastric fundal varices underwent interventional radiologic embolotherapy at our hospital. Of the 93 patients, 75 were treated with the balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration （BRTO） procedure; 8 were with the percutaneous transhepatic obliteration （PTO） procedure; and 10 were with the combined BRTO and PTO therapy. A follow-up evaluation examined the rates of survival, recurrence and rebleeding of the gastric varices, worsening of esophageal varices and complications in each group. RESULTS： The BRTO, PTO, and combined therapy were technically successful in 81% （75/93）, 44% （8/18）, and 100% （10/10） patients, respectively. Recurrence of gastric varices was found in 3 patients in the BRTO group and in 3 patients in the PTO group. Rebleeding was observed in 1 patient in the BRTO group and in 1 patient in the PTO group. The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 98% and 87% in the patients without hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） in the BRTO group, 100% and 100% in the PTO group, and 90% and 75% in the combined therapy group, respectively. CONCLUSION： Combined BRTO and PTO therapy may rescue cases with uncontrollable gastric fundal varices that remained even after treatment with BRTO and/or PTO, though there were limitations of our study, including retrospective nature and discrepancy in sample size between the BRTO, PTO and combined therapy groups.

关键词： Gastric varices Balloon-occluded retrogradetransvenous obliteration Percutaneous transhepaticobliteration Combined therapy

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Dinosaur Dynamics in an Integrative Model for Rotating Rocks and Deformable Bodies

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Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology 2017年第3期7卷 35-40页

作者： Lena J-T Stromberg previously Sigma epsilon engrg and Dep of Solid Mech Royal Inst of Techn KTH Stockholm Sweden

Present long range interactions for signals, as well as large scale rare phenomena at Earthquakes are subjects of wave dynamics with large impact. Here, that will be addressed in a general (science fiction) format. The method used is based on energy balance for a continuum and kinematics of noncircular orbits, nco. Released vortex formation in a process invoking escape velocity for beamed up Dinosaurs, is modeled with fluid dynamics of a Helix. It is found that elasticity in terms of volumetric changes and vorticities interact giving large velocities and interchange of potential and kinetic energies. The model is an example of atmosphere integrative physiology.

关键词： Angular Velocity Vorticity Eddy Fluid Dynamics Helix Noncircular Orbit Nco Energy Balance Density Integrative Physiology Dinosaur Beam up

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NumericalModeling of ElasticWave Propagation in a Fluid-Filled Borehole

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Communications in Computational Physics 2008年第1期3卷 33-51页

作者： Arthur C.H.Cheng Joakim O.Blanch Cambridge GeoSciences 14090 Southwest FreewaySuite 300Sugar LandTX 77478USA Nexus GeoSciences 14090 Southwest FreewaySuite 240Sugar LandTX 77478USA previously at SensorWise Inc.2908 RodgerdaleHoustonTX 77042USA.

We review the methods of simulating elastic wave propagation in a *** considered two different approaches: a quasi-analytic approach using theDiscreteWavenumber SummationMethod, and the purely numerical Finite DifferenceMethod. We consider the special geometry of the borehole and discuss the problem incylindrical coordinates. We point out some numerical difficulties that are particularlyunique to this problem in cylindrical coordinates.

关键词： Acoustic borehole numerical modeling.

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A Theoretical Test of the Geostrophic Momentum Approximation

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 1992年第2期9卷 251-255页

作者： T.S.Spassova Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia previously developed model of a 2-dimensional air flow with constant horizontal shear is used to estimeate the accuracy of the geostrophic momentum approximation by comparison of exact solutions when exist with approximate ones.

A previously developed model of a 2-dimensional air flow with constant horizontal shear is used to estimeate the accuracy of the geostrophic momentum approximation by comparison of exact solutions when exist with appr... 详细信息

关键词：理论地转动量近似

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Distributed Relay Diversity Systems for OFDM-Based Networks

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2008年第3期1卷 215-227页

作者： Afif OSSEIRAN Andrew LOGOTHETIS Slimane Ben SLIMANE Airspan Networks previously with Ericsson Research Ericsson Research Stockholm Sweden Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm Sweden

In this paper, distributed relay diversity systems are analyzed, modeled and evaluated in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based networks. The investigated distributed relay diversity schemes extend the ideas of a single hop transmit antenna schemes such as Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD), Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), transmit Coherent Combining (CC) and Selection Diversity (SD) to distributed diversity systems. In contrast to the classical single hop system, the antennas in the distributed systems belongs to distributed relays instead of being co-located at the transmitter. The distributed relay diversity methods considered in this paper: Relay CDD (RCDD), Relay Alamouti (***), Relay CC (RCC) and Relay SD (RSD) are compared to the traditional 1-hop system. Analytical expressions for the received Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) are derived and used in a dynamic multi-cell multi-user simulator. Results show considerable SINR gains for both Round Robin and Max-SINR schedulers. The SINR gains translate into substantial cell throughput gains, up to 200%, compared to 1-hop systems. Despite its low complexity, the RCDD scheme has similar performance to that of other more sophisticated 2-hop schemes such as Relay Alamouti and Relay Coherent Combining. Marginally better results are observed for the Relay Selection Diversity scheme.

关键词： Coherent Combining Cooperative Communication Cyclic Delay Diversity Multi-User Diversity OFDM Relay Node Selection Diversity Space Time Transmit Diversity System Performance

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Generalized Potentials Describing Orbits in the Solar System： Derivation of a ＇Close-Force＇ Acting on the Inner Moon Phobos

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Journal of Aerospace Science and Technology 2015年第1期1卷 48-52页

作者： Lena Strumberg previously Department of Solid Mechanics Royal Institute of Technology KTH (Kungl Tekniska Hogskolan) Stockholm 11800 Sweden

The increased velocity for the inner moon Phobos at Mars is calculated, assuming a modified gravity law with distributed mass. The motion of the moon is assumed to be balanced by the ＂close-force＂. The results from Stroberg, for planets in noncircular orbits, in conjunction with assuming a density, admit a balance equation for the rotation in a continuum flow. From this, explicit expressions for a velocity field and a so called Le-density are given. These are exploited to model distributed mass and formations, exemplified with a large asteroid, 2 Pallas, in the asteroid belt, bounds for the L-frequency, the formation of Mercury and distances between planets.

关键词： Celestial mechanics phobos non-newtonian close-force distributed rotating mass rotational field Le-density field.

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