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Cellular and molecular Requirements for Polar PIN Targeting and Transcytosis in Plants

molecular Plant 2008年第6期1卷 1056-1066页

作者： Jurgen Kleine-Vehn tukasz tangowski Justyna Wisniewska Pankaj Dhonukshe Philip B Brewer Jiri Friml Department of Plant Systems Biology VIB and Department of Molecular Genetics Ghent University 9052 Gent Belgium Zentrum fur Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP) Universitat Tubingen 72076 Tubingen Germany present address: Institute of General and molecular Biology Nicolas Copernicus University 87-100 Torun Poland present address: Department of Biology Utrecht University 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands present address: Centre for Integrative Legume Research University of Queensland Brisbane Australia

The polar, sub-cellular localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers determines the direction of intercellular auxin flow, thus defining the spatial aspect of auxin signalling. Dynamic, transcytosis-like relocalizations of PIN proteins occur in response to external and internal signals, integrating these signals into changes in auxin distribution. Here, we examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of polar PIN delivery and transcytosis. The mechanisms of the ARF-GEF-dependent polar targeting and transcytosis are well conserved and show little variations among diverse Arabidopsis ecotypes consistent with their fundamental importance in regulating plant development. At the cellular level, we refine previous findings on the role of the actin cytoskeleton in apical and basal PIN targeting, and identify a previously unknown role for microtubules, specifically in basal targeting. PIN protein delivery to different sides of the cell is mediated by ARFdependent trafficking with a previously unknown complex level of distinct ARF-GEF vesicle trafficking regulators. Our data suggest that alternative recruitment of PIN proteins by these distinct pathways can account for cell type- and cargo-specific aspects of polar targeting, as well as for polarity changes in response to different signals. The resulting dynamic PIN positioning to different sides of cells defines a three-dimensional pattern of auxin fluxes within plant tissues.

关键词： cytoskeleton polarity protein targeting.

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Ultralight and superelastic MXene/reduced graphene oxide aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding

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Nano Research 2025年第1期18卷 1-9页

作者： Xinfeng Zhou Yang Dai Guoyao Yue Yiman Zhang Lulu Li Zhong-Zhen Yu Peng Min Hao-Bin Zhang 21 State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing 100029China Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing 100029China present address:BOE Technology Innovation Center BOE Technology Group Co.Ltd.Beijing 100176China Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi’an 710065China

Lightweight aerogels feature multifunctionality and a high porosity,yet accompanied with poor structure recovery under large strain *** this work,we develop an air bubble-ice crystal dual template and annealing strategy to integrate low density and high resilience for the conductive transition metal carbides/nitrides(MXene)composite *** air bubbles and ice crystals synergistically exclude the nanosheets to the gas-liquid interfaces,thereby constructing unique Y-shaped junctions and robust *** annealing process greatly enhances the interlayer *** external load,the Yshaped structures prevent the stress concentration at the junctions by transferring the forces to the skeleton for maintaining structural *** addition,the wrinkled and thick cell walls,together with the enhanced interlayer interactions,endow the aerogel with exceptional structural stability and *** a result,the MXene/reduced graphene oxide(RGO)composite aerogels exhibit superelasticity with reversible compressive strains of up to 95%.In addition,the electron bridging effect of the RGO sheets affords the aerogel to deliver excellent electromagnetic interference shielding performance,as high as 46.3 dB at 2.5 ***,the remarkable reshapeability of the aerogels allows for precise regulation of structure and performance(33.5-75.1 dB)by a simple wetting compression *** summary,this work offers helpful inspirations for developing lightweight and superelasticity aerogels for extensive applications.

关键词： lightweight superelasticity MXene aerogel electromagnetic interference shielding reshapeability

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OsWRKY62 is a Negative Regulator of Basal and Xa21-Mediated Defense against Xanthomonas orvzae pv. orvzae in Rice

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molecular Plant 2008年第3期1卷 446-458页

作者： Ying Peng Laura E. Bartley Xuewei Chen Christopher Dardick Mawsheng Chern Randy Ruan Patrick E. Canlas Pamela C. Ronald Department of Plant Pathology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA present address: Monsanto Corporation Davis CA 95616 USA present address: USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station Kearneysville WV 25430 USA

The rice Xa21 gene, which confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, encodes a receptor-like kinase, Few components involved in transducing the Xa21-mediated defense response have yet been identified. Here, we report that XA21 binds to a WRKY transcription factor, called OsWRKY62. The OsWRKY62 gene encodes two splice variants （OsWRKY62.1 and OsWRKY62.2）. OsWRKY62.1：smGFP2 and OsWRKY62.2：smGFP2 fusion pro- teins partially localize to the nucleus. Transgenic plants overexpressing OsWRKY62.1 are compromised in basal defense and Xa21-mediated resistance to Xoo. Furthermore, overexpression of OsWRKY62.1 suppresses the activation of defenserelated genes. These results imply that OsWRKY62 functions as a negative regulator of innate immunity in rice, and serves as a critical mediator of both basal and race-specific defense responses.

关键词： rice OsWRKY62 Xa21 defense response.

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Functional Analysis of Semi-conserved Transit Peptide Motifs and Mechanistic Implications in Precursor Targeting and Recognition

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molecular Plant 2016年第9期9卷 1286-1301页

作者： Kristen Holbrook Chitra Subramanian Prakitchai Chotewutmontri L. Evan Reddick Sarah Wright Huixia Zhang Lily Moncrief Barry D. Bruce Department of Biochemistry Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program in Plant Physiology and Genetics Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology Department of Botany Department of BotanyUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA present address: Department of Infectious Disease St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN 38105 USA present address: Institute of molecular Biology University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA present address: Department of Microbiology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas TX 75390 USA present address: Albert R. Mann Library Cornell University Ithaca NY 14850 USA present address: U.S. Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring MD 20993 USA

Over 95% of plastid proteins are nuclear-encoded as their precursors containing an N-terminal extension known as the transit peptide （TP）. Although highly variable, TPs direct the precursors through a conserved, posttranslational mechanism involving translocons in the outer （TOC） and inner envelope （TOC）. The organelle import specificity is mediated by one or more components of the Toc complex. However, the high TP diversity creates a paradox on how the sequences can be specifically recognized. An emerging model of TP design is that they contain multiple loosely conserved motifs that are recognized at different steps in the targeting and transport process. Bioinformatics has demonstrated that many TPs contain semiconserved physicochemical motifs, termed FGLK. In order to characterize FGLK motifs in TP recognition and import, we have analyzed two well-studied TPs from the precursor of RuBisCO small subunit （SStp） and ferredoxin （Fdtp）. Both SStp and Fdtp contain two FGLK motifs. Analysis of large set mutations （-85） in these two motifs using in vitro, in organello, and in vivo approaches support a model in which the FGLK domains mediate interaction with TOC34 and possibly other TOC components. In vivo import analysis suggests that multiple FGLK motifs are functionally redundant. Furthermore, we discuss how FGLK motifs are required for efficient precursor protein import and how these elements may permit a convergent function of this highly variable class of targeting sequences.

关键词： chloroplast biology protein translocation Toc34 transit peptide cell biology

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Expression, Imprinting, and Evolution of Rice Homologs of the Polycomb Group Genes

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molecular Plant 2009年第4期2卷 711-723页

作者： Ming Luo Damien Platten Abed Chaudhury W.J. Peacock Elizabeth S. Dennis CSIRO Plant Industry GPO BOX 1600 ACT 2601 Australia present address: Vitagrain Uttara Model Town Dhaka Bangladesh present address: IRRI Los Banos Laguna 4031 Philippines

Polycomb group proteins （PcG） play important roles in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Some core PeG proteins, such as Enhancer of Zeste （E（z））, Suppressor of Zeste （12）（Su（z）12）, and Extra Sex Combs （ESC）, are conserved in plants. The rice genome contains two E（z）-Iike genes, OsiEZ1 and OsCLF, two homologs of Su（z）12, OsEMF2a and OsEMF2b, and two ESC-like genes, OsFIE1 and OsFIE2. OsFIE1 is expressed only in endosperm; the maternal copy is expressed while the paternal copy is not active. Other rice PcG genes are expressed in a wide range of tissues and are not imprinted in the endosperm. The two E（z）-Iike genes appear to have duplicated before the separation of the dicots and monocots; the two homologs of Su（z）12 possibly duplicated during the evolution of the Gramineae and the two ESC- like genes are likely to have duplicated in the ancestor of the grasses. No homologs of the Arabidopsis seed-expressed PcG genes MEA and FIS2 were identified in the rice genome. We have isolated T-DNA insertion lines in the rice homologs of three PcG genes. There is no autonomous endosperm development in these T-DNA insertion lines. One line with a T-DNA insertion in OsEMF2b displays pleiotropic phenotypes including altered flowering time and abnormal flower organs, suggesting important roles in rice development for this gene.

关键词： Polycomb group protein pseudograin imprinting development evolution panicle.

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Blocking the Metabolism of Starch Breakdown Products in Arabidopsis Leaves Triggers Chloroplast Degradation

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molecular Plant 2009年第6期2卷 1233-1246页

作者： Michaela Stettler Simona Eicke Tabea Mettler Gaelle Messerli Stefan Hortensteiner Samuel C. Zeeman Department of Biology ETH Zurich CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland Institute of Plant Biology University of Zurich CH-8008 Zurich Switzerland present address: Max Planck Institute for molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam-Golm 14476 Germany present address: Johnson & Johnson Medical CH-8957 Spreitenbach Switzerland

In most plants, a large fraction of photo-assimilated carbon is stored in the chloroplasts during the day as starch and remobilized during the subsequent night to support metabolism. Mutations blocking either starch synthesis or starch breakdown in Arabidopsis thaliana reduce plant growth. Maltose is the major product of starch breakdown exported from the chloroplast at night. The maltose excess 1 mutant （mex1）, which lacks the chloroplast envelope maltose transporter, accumulates high levels of maltose and starch in chloroplasts and develops a distinctive but previously unexplained chlorotic phenotype as leaves mature. The introduction of additional mutations that prevent starch synthesis, or that block maltose production from starch, also prevent chlorosis of mex1. In contrast, introduction of mutations in disproportionating enzyme （DPE1） results in the accumulation of maltotriose in addition to maltose, and greatly increases chlorosis. These data suggest a link between maltose accumulation and chloroplast homeostasis. Microscopic analyses show that the mesophyll cells in chlorotic mex1 leaves have fewer than half the number of chloroplasts than wild-type cells. Transmission electron microscopy reveals autophagy-like chloroplast degradation in both mex1 and the dpe1/mex1 double mutant. Microarray analyses reveal substantial reprogramming of metabolic and cellular processes, suggesting that organellar protein turnover is increased in mex1, though leaf senescence and senescence-related chlorophyll catabolism are not induced. We propose that the accumulation of maltose and malto-oligosaccharides causes chloroplast dysfunction, which may by signaled via a form of retrograde signaling and trigger chloroplast degradation.

关键词： Carbohydrate metabolism photosynthesis senescence chloroplast biology Arabidopsis autophagy.

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Calcineurin-B-Like Protein CBL9 Interacts with Target Kinase CIPK3 in the Regulation of ABA Response in Seed Germination

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molecular Plant 2008年第2期1卷 238-248页

作者： Girdhar K. Pandey John J. Grant Yong Hwa Cheong Beom-Gi Kim Le Gong Li Sheng Luan Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Plant molecular Biology University of Delhi South Campus Benito Juarez Road New Delhi-110021 India present address: Department of Bio-Environmental Science Sunchon National University Suncheon Jeonnam 540-742 Korea present address: Department of molecular Physiology and Biochemistry National institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Suwon 441-707 Korea

Calcium plays a vital role as a second messenger in many signaling pathways in plants. The calcineurin B-like proteins （CBLs） represent a family of plant calcium-binding proteins that function in calcium signaling by interacting with their interacting protein kinases （CIPKs）. In our previous study, we have reported a role for one of the CBLs （CBL9） and one of the CIPKs （CIPK3） in ABA signaling. Here, we have shown that CBL9 and CIPK3 physically and functionally interact with each other in regulating the ABA responses. The CBL9 and CIPK3 proteins interacted with each other in the yeast two- hybrid system and when expressed in plant cells. The double mutant cbl9cipk3 showed the similar hypersensitive response to ABA as observed in single mutants （cbl9 or cipk3）. The constitutively active form of CIPK3 genetically complemented the cbl9 mutant, indicating that CIPK3 function downstream of CBL9. Based on these findings, we conclude that CBL9 and CIPK3 act together in the same pathway for regulating ABA responses.

关键词： ABA calcium CBL CIPK osmotic stress signal transduction.

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Occupancy of avian foraging guilds in soybean fields and borders in Entre Ríos, Argentina: responses to vegetation structure and prey resources

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Avian Research 2020年第4期11卷 398-411页

作者： Andrea P.Goijman Michael J.Conroy Vanina D.Varni Jeffrey J.Thompson María Elena Zaccagnini Instituto de Recursos Biológicos CIRNInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria(CNIA-INTA)HurlinghamBuenos AiresArgentina D.B.Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA present address:Athens GAUSA present address:Laboratorio de Genómica Ecológica y Evolutiva IrapuatoGtoMéxico present address:Guyra Paraguay-CONACYT Av.Cnel.Carlos BóvedaParque Ecológico Capital-Viñas CuéAsunciónParaguay present address:Instituto Saite AsunciónParaguay present address:The Ronin Institute MontclairNJUSA present address:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria(INTA) CABAArgentina

Background:Reconciling agriculture and biodiversity conservation is a challenge given the growing demand for agricultural *** recent decades,Argentina has witnessed agricultural expansion and intensification affecting biodiversity and associated ecosystem *** agroecosystems,the level of habitat quality is critical for birds,and may depend on vegetation structure,availability of invertebrate prey,and the use of *** the relationship between vegetation structure and avian occurrence has been widely studied,to our knowledge,there are no studies that also incorporate prey availability throughout the cycle of soybean crops in *** estimated and predicted the effects of land cover and temporal variation on the occurrence of avian foraging guilds in Entre Ríos,Argentina,in order to guide management related to potential ecosystem services provided by *** also estimated temporal effects of vegetation structure and insecticides on the main arthropod orders consumed by birds to evaluate prey ***:We conducted bird and arthropod surveys for 2 years along transects located in 20 randomly selected soybean fields(N=60)and their adjacent borders(N=78)throughout the crop growing season,in four *** estimated avian occupancy,accounting for imperfect detection,and arthropod counts fitting generalized linear mixed ***:The number of native trees in field borders positively influenced the occurrence of most bird species,mainly *** foliage gleaners,also were positively affected by grass *** and aerial foragers were weakly affected by distance to forest and native *** general,the availability of invertebrates to birds was highest during the third *** counts in borders were greater during the last three crop stages than during the pre-sowing ***:We found that with 10 to 15 native tree species in borders,coupled with a complex vegetation structure w

关键词： Agriculture Birds Ecosystem services Insecticide Insectivores Invertebrates Management Native trees Occurrence

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Transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations of gene expression during leaf polarity formation

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Cell Research 2007年第6期17卷 512-519页

作者： Lin Xu Li YangHai Huang National Laboratory of Plant molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China National Laboratory of Plant molecular Genetics Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China present address: IBMP CNRS Universite Louis Pasteur 67084 Strasbourg France present address: Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

Leaf morphogenesis requires the establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity after primordium initiation from the shootapical meristem (SAM). Several families of transcription factors are known to play critical roles in promoting adaxial orabaxial leaf fate. Recently, post-transcriptional gene silencing pathways have been shown to regulate the establishmentof leaf polarity, providing novel and exciting insights into leaf development. For example, microRNAs (miR165/166)and a trans-acting siRNA (TAS3-derived tasiR-ARF) have been shown to repress the expression of several key transcrip-tion factor genes. In addition, yet another level of regulation, post-translational regulation, has been revealed recently bystudies on the role of the 26S proteasome in leaf polarity. Although our understanding regarding the molecular mecha-nisms underlying establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity has greatly improved, there is still much that remains *** review aims to discuss recent progress, as well as the remaining questions, regarding the molecular mechanismsunderlying leaf polarity formation.

关键词： Arabidopsis leaf development polarity formation

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Contactless probing of the intrinsic carrier transport single-walled carbon nanotubes

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Nano Research 2014年第11期7卷 1623-1630页

作者： Yize Stephanie Li Jun Ge Jinhua Cai Jie Zhang Wei Lu Jia Liu Liwei Chen Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nono-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou Jiongsu 215123 Chino present address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison W153 706 USA present address: molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA

Intrinsic carrier transport properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been probed by two parallel methods on the same individual tubes： The contactless dielectric force microscopy （DFM） technique and the conventional field-effect transistor （FET） method. The dielectric responses of SWNTs are strongly correlated with electronic transport of the corresponding FETs. The DC bias voltage in DFM plays a role analogous to the gate voltage in FET. A microscopic model based on the general continuity equation and numerical simulation is built to reveal the link between intrinsic properties such as carrier concentration and mobility and the macroscopic observable, i.e. dielectric responses, in DFM experiments. Local transport barriers in nanotubes, which influence the device transport behaviors, are also detected with nanometer scale resolution.

关键词： single-walled carbon nanotubes electronic transport dielectric force microscopy field-effect transistor carrier density carrier mobility

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