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The immune system:uncharted pathways between senses and the brain

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第6期19卷 1173-1174页

作者： Noelia Casares Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor Ana García-Osta Juan JoséLasarte Immunology and Immunotherapy program Centre for Applied Medical Research(CIMA)University of NavarraIDISNAPamplonaSpain Division of Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders Centre for Applied Medical Research(CIMA)University of NavarraIDISNAPamplonaSpain Pathology Anatomy and Physiology DepartmentSchool of MedicineUniversity of NavarraIDISNAPamplonaSpain

Humans and animals use the classic five senses-sight,hearing,touch,smell,and taste-to detect and monitor their environment,with the sense of position and movement often referred to as the sixth *** perception of external signals through the senses is essential to an organism's survival,transmitting signals to the central nervous system(CNS)and prompting physiological changes in other biological *** addition to the direct effects of sense-induced mediators in the brain.

关键词： prompt system transmitting

Rice canopy temperature is affected by nitrogen fertilizer

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第3期23卷 824-835页

作者： Min Jiang Zhang Chen Yuan Li Xiaomin Huang Lifen Huang Zhongyang Huo Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and physiology/Agricultural College Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China Jiangsu Co-lnnovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China

Canopy temperature strongly influences crop yield formation and is closely related to plant physiological ***, the effects of nitrogen treatment on canopy temperature and rice growth have yet to be comprehensively examined. We conducted a two-year field experiment with three rice varieties(HD-5, NJ-9108, and YJ-805) and three nitrogen treatments(zero-N control(CK), 200 kg ha~(–1)(MN), and 300 kg ha~(–1)(HN)). We measured canopy temperature using a drone equipped with a high-precision camera at the six stages of the growth period. Generally,canopy temperature was significantly higher for CK than for MN and HN during the tillering, jointing, booting, and heading stages. The temperature was not significantly different among the nitrogen treatments between the milky and waxy stages. The canopy temperature of different rice varieties was found to follow the order: HD-5>NJ-9108>YJ-805, but the difference was not significant. The canopy temperature of rice was mainly related to plant traits, such as shoot fresh weight(correlation coefficient r=–0.895), plant water content(–0.912), net photosynthesis(–0.84), stomatal conductance(–0.91), transpiration rate(–0.90), and leaf stomatal area(–0.83). A structural equation model(SEM) showed that nitrogen fertilizer was an important factor affecting the rice canopy *** study revealed:(1) A suite of plant traits was associated with the nitrogen effects on canopy temperature,(2) the heading stage was the best time to observe rice canopy temperature, and(3) at that stage, canopy temperature was negatively correlated with rice yield, panicle number, and grain number per panicle. This study suggests that canopy temperature can be a convenient and accurate indicator of rice growth and yield prediction.

关键词： canopy temperature rice physiological and biochemical characteristics yield

Changes in structural plasticity of hippocampal neurons in an animal model of multiple sclerosis

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Zoological Research 2024年第2期45卷 398-414页

作者： Poornima D.E.Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage Sohi Kang Joong-Sun Kim Sung-Ho Kim Hongbing Wang Taekyun Shin Changjong Moon Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR ProgramChonnam National UniversityGwangju 61186Republic of Korea Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science Institute of Health SciencesCollege of MedicineGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 52727Republic of Korea Department of physiology and Neuroscience program Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA Department of Veterinary Anatomy College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research InstituteJeju National UniversityJeju 63243Republic of Korea

Structural plasticity is critical for the functional diversity of neurons in the *** autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE)is the most commonly used model for multiple sclerosis(MS),successfully mimicking its key pathological features(inflammation,demyelination,axonal loss,and gliosis)and clinical symptoms(motor and non-motordysfunctions).Recentstudieshave demonstrated the importance of synaptic plasticity in EAE *** the present study,we investigated the features of behavioral alteration and hippocampal structural plasticity in EAE-affected mice in the early phase(11 days post-immunization,DPI)and chronic phase(28DPI).EAE-affected mice exhibited hippocampus-related behavioral dysfunction in the open field test during both early and chronic *** complexity was largely affected in the cornu ammonis 1(CA1)and CA3 apical and dentate gyrus(DG)subregions of the hippocampus during the chronic phase,while this effect was only noted in the CA1 apical subregion in the early ***,dendritic spine density was reduced in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 apical/basal and DG subregions in the early phase of EAE,but only reduced in the DG subregion during the chronic ***,mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines(Il1β,Tnfα,and Ifnγ)and glial cell markers(Gfap and Cd68)were significantly increased,whereas the expression of activity-regulated cytoskeletonassociated protein(ARC)was reduced during the chronic ***,exposure to the aforementioned cytokines in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons reduced dendritic complexity and ARC *** cultures of hippocampal neurons also showed significantly reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)phosphorylation upon treatment with proinflammatory ***,these results suggest that autoimmune neuroinflammation alters structural plasticity in the hippocampus,possibly through the ERK-ARC pathway,indicating that this alteration may be associated with hi

关键词： Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein Anxiety-like behavior Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Hippocampal dysfunction Neuroinflammation

Irrigation regimes modulate non-structural carbohydrate remobilization and improve grain filling in rice(Oryza sativa L.)by regulating starch metabolism

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第5期23卷 1507-1522页

作者： Yuguang Zang Gaozhao Wu Qiangqiang Li Yiwen Xu Mingming Xue Xingyu Chen Haiyan Wei Weiyang Zhang Hao Zhang Lijun Liu Zhiqin Wang Junfei Gu Jianchang Yang Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and physiology/Agricultural College YangzhouUniversityYangzhou225009China Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China

Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling. Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered(WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying(AWMD). Compared with the WW treatment,the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase), starch synthase(StSase) and starch branching enzyme(SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment. After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction(SSs)were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD. During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under ***, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures. The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime. We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism.

关键词： rice(Oryza sativa L.) non-structural carbohydrates(NsCs) enzymatic activity grain illing starch granules vascular bundle

Doubled haploid technology and synthetic apomixis:Recent advances and applications in future crop breeding

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Molecular Plant 2024年第7期17卷 1005-1018页

作者： Yanzhi Qu Alisdair R.Fernie Jie Liu Jianbing Yan National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan 430070China Department of Molecular physiology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam-GolmGermany Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology 4000 PlovdivBulgaria azhouwan National Laboratory Sanya 572024China

Doubled haploid(DH)technology and synthetic apomixis approaches can considerably shorten breeding cycles and enhance breeding *** with traditional breeding methods,DH technology offers the advantage of rapidly generating inbred lines,while synthetic apomixis can effectively fix hybrid *** this review,we focus on(i)recent advances in identifying and characterizing genes responsible for haploid induction(Hl),(ii)the molecular mechanisms of Hl,(ili)spontaneous haploid genome doubling,and(iv)crop synthetic *** also discuss the challenges and potential solutions for future crop breeding programs utilizing DH technology and synthetic ***,we provide our perspectives about how to integrate DH and synthetic apomixis for precision breeding and de novo domestication.

关键词： maize doubled haploid technology haploid induction synthetic apomixis precision breeding

An optimized strategy of nitrogen-split application based on the leaf positional differences in chlorophyll meter readings

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第8期23卷 2605-2617页

作者： Gaozhao Wu Xingyu Chen Yuguang Zang Ying Ye Xiaoqing Qian Weiyang Zhang Hao Zhang Lijun Liu Zujian Zhang Zhiqin Wang Junfei Gu Jianchang Yang Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and physiology/Agricultural College Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsYangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225127China

Modern rice production faces the dual challenges of increasing grain yields while reducing inputs of chemical ***,the disequilibrium between the nitrogen(N)supplement from the soil and the demand for N of plants is a serious obstacle to achieving these ***-based diagnosis can help farmers make better choices regarding the timing and amount of topdressing N *** objective was to evaluate a non-destructive assessment of rice N demands based on the relative SPAD value(RSPAD)due to leaf positional *** this study,two field experiments were conducted,including a field experiment of different N rates(Exp.I)and an experiment to evaluate the new strategy of nitrogen-split application based on RSPAD(***).The results showed that higher N inputs significantly increased grain yield in modern high yielding super rice,but at the expense of lower nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).The N nutrition index(NNI)can adequately differentiate situations of excessive,optimal,and insufficient N nutrition in rice,and the optimal N rate for modern high yielding rice is higher than conventional *** RSPAD is calculated as the SPAD value of the top fully expanded leaf *** value of the third leaf,which takes into account the non-uniform N distribution within a *** RSPAD can be used as an indicator for higher yield and NUE,and guide better management of N fertilizer ***,we developed a new strategy of nitrogen-split application based on RSPAD,in which the N rate was reduced by 18.7%,yield was increased by 1.7%,and the agronomic N use efficiency was increased by 27.8%,when compared with standard farmers'*** strategy of N fertilization shows great potential for ensuring high yielding and improving NUE at lower N inputs.

关键词： canopy crop management practices nitrogen nitrogen nutrition index rice SPAD

Does MgSO_(4) protect the preterm brain?Dissecting its role in the pathophysiology of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第9期19卷 1861-1862页

作者： Robert Galinsky Laura Bennet Alistair J.Gunn The Ritchie Centre Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVICAustralia Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia Department of physiology The University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand

Mitigating preterm encephalopathy continues to be one of the greatest challenges in perinatal *** encephalopathy is associated with high mortality,serious morbidity,and significant socio-economic impacts on the individuals,their families,and public health sectors and welfare systems that last a *** cost of disability associated with preterm brain injury continues to *** of this injury,and disability,would significantly reduce this socioeconomic burden.

关键词： encephalopathy mortality hypoxic

Optimized tillage methods increase mechanically transplanted rice yield and reduce the greenhouse gas emissions

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第4期23卷 1150-1163页

作者： Shuang Cheng Zhipeng Xing Chao Tian Mengzhu Liu Yuan Feng Hongcheng Zhang Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and physiology/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China

Biaxia lrotary tillage in dryland(DBRT)can complete biaxial rotary tillage with straw incorporation,secondary suppression,and ditching,and it has been previously studied in direct-seeded rice and ***,the effects of DBRT on the mechanically transplanted rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions remain *** evaluate the effects of DBRT on improving the food security of mechanically transplanted rice and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions,we conducted an experiment for two years with wheat straw *** tillage methods were set up:DBRT,uniaxial rotary tillage in dryland and paddy(DPURT),and uniaxial rotary tillage in paddy(PURT).The results showed that compared with DPURT and PURT,DBRT increased the yield of machine-transplanted rice by 7.5-11.0%and 13.3-26.7%,respectively,while the seasonal cumulative CH_(4) emissions were reduced by 13.9-21.2%and 30.2-37.0%,respectively,and the seasonal cumulative N_(2)O emissions were increased by 13.5-28.6%and 50.0-73.1%,***,DBRT reduced the global warming potential by 10.7-15.5%and 23.7-28.6%,respectively,andtheyield-scaledglobalwarmingpotentialby18.2-21.8%and36.4-39.3%,respectively,compared to DPURT and *** results were mainly related to the fact that DBRT significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased soil redox potential(Eh).Therefore,implementing DBRT in machine-transplanted rice fields is feasible,which cannot only increase the rice yield,but also reduce the greenhouse gas emissions.

关键词： integrated tillage rice grain yield CH_(4) N_(2)O

Resilience to structural and molecular changes in excitatory synapses in the hippocampus contributes to cognitive function recovery in Tg2576 mice

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第9期19卷 2068-2074页

作者： Carolina Aguado Sara Badesso JoséMartínez-Hernández Alejandro Martín-Belmonte Rocío Alfaro-Ruiz Miriam Fernández Ana Esther Moreno-Martínez Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor Ana García-Osta Rafael Luján Synaptic Structure Laboratory Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas(IDINE)Department of Medical SciencesFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Castilla-La ManchaCampus BiosanitarioAlbaceteSpain Gene Therapy for Neurological Disease program Center for Applied Medical Research(CIMA)University of NavarraInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra(IdiSNA)PamplonaSpain Pharmacology Unit Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesInstitute of NeurosciencesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain Neuropharmacology and Pain Group Neuroscience ProgramInstitut d’InvestigacióBiomèdica de BellvitgeIDIBELLL’Hospitalet de LlobregatSpain Department of Pathology Anatomy and PhysiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain UniversitéGrenoble Alpes Grenoble Institut des NeurosciencesGrenobleFrance

Plaques of amyloid-β(Aβ)and neurofibrillary tangles are the main pathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).However,some older adult people with AD pathological hallmarks can retain cognitive *** the factors that lead to this cognitive resilience to AD offers promising prospects for identifying new therapeutic *** hypothesis focuses on the contribution of resilience to changes in excitatory synapses at the structural and molecular levels,which may underlie healthy cognitive performance in aged AD *** the Morris Water Maze test,we selected resilient(asymptomatic)and cognitively impaired aged Tg2576 *** the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed similar levels of Aβ42 in both experimental groups,western blot analysis revealed differences in tau pathology in the pre-synaptic supernatant *** further investigate the density of synapses in the hippocampus of 16-18 month-old Tg2576 mice,we employed stereological and electron microscopic *** findings indicated a decrease in the density of excitatory synapses in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampal CA1 in cognitively impaired Tg2576 mice compared with age-matched resilient Tg2576 and non-transgenic ***,through quantitative immunoelectron microscopy in the hippocampus of impaired and resilient Tg2576 transgenic AD mice,we uncovered differences in the subcellular localization of glutamate ***,the density of GluA1,GluA2/3,and mGlu5 in spines and dendritic shafts of CA1 pyramidal cells in impaired Tg2576 mice was significantly reduced compared with age-matched resilient Tg2576 and non-transgenic ***,the density of GluA2/3 in resilient Tg2576 mice was significantly increased in spines but not in dendritic shafts compared with impaired Tg2576 and non-transgenic *** subcellular findings strongly support the hypothesis that dendritic spine plasticity and synaptic machinery in the hippocampus play cr

关键词： aging Alzheimer´s disease cognitive hippocampus immunoelectron microscopy resilience synapse