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Impacts of major volcanic eruptions over the past two millennia on both global and Chinese climates:A review

Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 61-78页

作者： Weiyi SUN Deliang CHEN Guonian LÜ Liang NING Chaochao GAO Renhe ZHANG Bin WANG Jian LIU Key Laboratory for Virtual Geographic Environment Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution of Jiangsu ProvinceJiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and ApplicationSchool of Geography ScienceNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China regional Climate group Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg 40530Sweden College of Environmental and Resource Science Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences&Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200437China Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Atmosphere-Ocean research Center University of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96825USA Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex Systems School of Mathematical ScienceNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China Open Studio for the Simulation of Ocean-Climate-Isotope Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China

Major volcanic eruptions(MVEs)have attracted increasing attention from the scientific *** studies have explored the climatic impact of MVEs over the past two ***,proxy-based reconstructions and climate model simulations indicate divergent responses of global and China’s regional climates to ***,we used multiple data from observations,reconstructions,simulations,and assimilations to summarize the historical facts of MVEs,the characteristics and mechanisms of their climatic impact,and directions for future *** reviewed volcanic datasets and determined intensive MVE periods;these periods corresponded to the years 530–700,1200‒1460,and 1600‒1840 *** tropical MVEs,a substantial cooling effect is observed throughout the globe and China on the interannual-interdecadal time scales but an inconsistent cooling magnitude is detected between reconstructions and *** the first summer after tropical MVEs,a decrease in global and monsoonal precipitation is *** reconstructions and simulations,an increased precipitation is seen for the Yangtze River Basin,while large uncertainties in precipitation changes are present for other regions of *** drought can be induced by frequent eruptions and volcanism superimposed on low solar irradiation and internal *** affect climate directly through the radiative effect and indirectly by modulating internal variability,such as the El Niño‒Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO).However,changes in the phase,amplitude,and periodicity of ENSO and AMO after MVEs and the associated mechanisms remain controversial,which could account for model-reconstruction ***,other internal variability,uncertainties in reconstruction methods and aerosol‒climate models,and climate background may also induce model-reconstruction *** gaps and directions for future research are also discussed.

关键词： Major volcanic eruption Climate variability Mechanism Past two millennia Internal variability

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A global consistent positive effect of urban green area size on bird richness

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Avian research 2019年第3期10卷 271-284页

作者： Lucas M.Leveau Adriana Ruggiero Thomas J.Matthews M.Isabel Bellocq Departamento de Ecologia Geneica y EvolucionFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos Aires-IEGEBA(CONICET-UBA) Intendente Guiraldes 2160Ciudad UniversitariaPab 2Piso 4C1428EGA Buenos AiresArgentina Laboratorio Ecotono Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-Universidad Nacional del ComahueINIBIOMA-CONICET8400 San Carlos de BarilocheRio NegroArgentina GEES (School of geography Earth and Environmental Sciences) and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchThe University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TTUK Departamento de Ciencias e Engenharia do Ambiente CE3C-Centre for EcologyEvolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Acores9700-042 Angra do HeroismoAcoresPortugal

Background: Although the species-urban green area relationship (SARu) has been analyzed worldwide, the global consistency of its parameters, such as the fit and the slope of models, remains unexplored. Moreover,the SARu can be explained by 20 different models. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate which models provide a better explanation of SARus and, focusing on the power model,to evaluate the global heterogeneity in its fit and slope. Methods: We tested the performance of multiple statistical models in accounting for the way in which species richness increases with area, and examined whether variability in model form was associated with various methodological and environmental factors. Focusing on the power model, we analyzed the global heterogeneity in the fit and slope of the models through a meta-analysis. Results: Among 20 analyzed models, the linear model provided the best fit to the most datasets, was the top ranked model according to our efficiency criterion, and was the top overall ranked *** Kobayashi and power models were the second and third overall ranked models, *** number of green areas and the minimum number of species within a green area were the only significant variables explaining the variation in model form and performance, accounting for less than 10% of the variation. Based on the power model,there was a consistent overall fit (r2=0.50) and positive slope of 0.20 for the species richness increase with area ***:The good fit of the linear model to our SARu datasets contrasts with the non-linear SAR frequently found in true and non-urban habitat island systems;however, this finding may be a result of the small sample size of many SARu datasets. The overall power model slope of 0.20 suggests low levels of isolation among urban green patches, or alternatively that habitat specialist and area sensitive species have already been extirpated from urban green areas.

关键词： Birds Conservation macroecology Habitat islands Species-area relationships Species-urban green area relationship Urban parks Urbanization

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Changes in thermal comfortable condition in the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau from 1979 to 2020

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Advances in Climate Change research 2022年第5期13卷 666-675页

作者： Lan-Yue ZHOU Jirgen SCHMUDE Pan-Mao ZHAI Qian WANG Department of geography Ludwig-Maximilians-University(LMU)Munich 80331Germany State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau(QTP)is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change in the *** a result,people in the QTP are more likely to be sensitively affected by climate change than those in other regions,particularly in the poverty *** the Universal Thermal Climate Index(UTCI)derived from ERA5 and population data,changes in annual thermal comfort condition and population under such condition in the QTP are systematically *** results reveal that there is considerable regional heterogeneity in the distribution of UTCI and the number of comfortable days(CDs),mainly due to the complex geographic *** most areas of the QTP,the increase in UTCI leads to an increased number of comfortable *** distribution and temporal change in the number of comfortable days are found to be principally related to *** areas within altitudes of 3000–4500 m,the number of comfortable days increases by up to 6 d per decade,which is faster than that in higher elevation areas above 4500 *** also indicate that thermal comfortable condition has improved in areas of 2500–5000 m(medium to high altitude),particularly in spring and *** research indicates that population distribution also shows a regional clustering feature,with the majority of residents residing in cities and their vicinities,where a higher number of comfortable days were *** areas with a greater number of comfortable days have experienced a more significant increase in population under thermal comfortable *** implies that climate change more likely has a large influence on population in the *** findings are expected to enhance tourism development and the assessment of the impact on the living *** findings can be helpful for optimizing of tourism development and better understanding how climate change affects population distribution.

关键词： Climate change Thermal comfortable condition Universal thermal climate index Population Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau

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Periodic surface functional group density on graphene via laserinduced substrate patterning at Si/SiO2 interface

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Nano research 2020年第9期13卷 2332-2339页

作者： Karolina A.Drogowska-Horna Inam Mirza Alvaro Rodriguez Petr Kovaricek Juraj Sladek Thibault J.-Y.Derrien Mindaugas Gedvilas Gediminas Raciukaitis Otakar Frank Nadezhda M.Bulgakova Martin Kalbac J.Heyrovsky Institute of physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejskova 2155/318223 PragueCzech Republic HiLASE Centre Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of SciencesZa Radnict 82825241 Dolni BrezanyCzech Republic Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and physical Engineering Czech Technical University in PragueBrehova 78/711519Czech Republic Center for physical Sciences and Technology Savanoriu Ave.231LT-023000VilniusLithuania

Controlling the spatial distribution of functional groups on two-dimensional(2D)materials on a micrometer scale and below represents a fascinating opportunity to achieve anisotropic(opto)electronic properties of these *** patterns of covalent functionalization can lead to pericxJic potentials in the monolayer;however,creating such superstructures is very ***,we describe an original approach to the periodic functionalization of graphene induced by substrate patterning using a pulsed ***-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)are produced on silicon wafers with thermally-grown oxide *** irradiation conditions for the formation of UPSS confined at the SiO2/Si interface have been *** imprint their periodicity to the reactivity of the monolayer graphene placed on the substrate via modulation of its local doping *** method is clean,straightforward and scalable with high spatial resolution.

关键词： two-dimensional(2D)materials graphene functionalization laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS) periodic patterns Raman spectroscopy atomic force microscopy(AFM)

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Global mitigation efforts cannot neglect emerging emitters

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National Science Review 2022年第12期9卷 82-89页

作者： Can Cui Dabo Guan Daoping Wang Jing Meng Vicky Chemutai Paul Brenton Shaohui Zhang Yuli Shan Qiang Zhang Steven J.Davis Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction University College London Department of Computer Science and Technology University of Cambridge Centre for Nature and Climate World Economic Forum School of Urban and regional Science Shanghai University of Finance and Economics The World Bank School of Economics and Management Beihang University International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis School of geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California Irvine

International efforts to avoid dangerous climate change have historically focused on reducing energy-related CO2emissions from countries with either the largest economies(*** EU and the USA)and/or the largest populations(*** and India).However,in recent years,emissions have surged among a different and much less-examined group of countries,raising concerns that a next generation of high-emitting economies will obviate current mitigation ***,we analyse the trends and drivers of emissions in each of the 59 countries where emissions in 2010-2018 grew faster than the global average(excluding China and India),project their emissions under a range of longer-term energy scenarios and estimate the costs of decarbonization *** emissions from these ’emerging emitters’ reach as much as 7.5 GtCO2/year in the baseline 2.5° scenari—substantially greater than the emissions from these regions in previously published scenarios that would limit warming to 1.5℃ or even 2℃.Such unanticipated emissions would in turn require non-emitting energy deployment from all sectors within these emerging emitters,and faster and deeper reductions in emissions from other countries to meet international climate ***,the annual costs of keeping emissions at the low level are in many cases 0.2%-4.1% of countries’ gross domestic production,pointing to potential trade-offs with poverty-reduction goals and/or the need for economic support and low-carbon technology transfer from historically high-emitting *** results thus highlight the critical importance of ramping up mitigation efforts in countries that to this point have been largely ignored.

关键词： emerging emiters developing countries climate change mitigation CO_2 emissions net zero

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Using a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme(MSPAS)to Simulate the Interaction between Land Surface Processes and Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Semi-Arid Regions

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2004年第2期21卷 245-259页

作者：树华乐旭胡非刘辉志 group of Atmosphere Boundary Layer and Turbulence Laboratory of Severe Storm ResearchDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences the College of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 group of Atmosphere Boundary Layer and Turbulence Laboratory of Severe Storm Research Department of Atmospheric Sciences the College of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029

This paper uses a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to study the interaction between land surface and atmospheric boundary layer processes. The scheme is composed of two main parts: atmospheric boundary layer processes and land surface processes. Compared with SiB and BATS, which are famous for their detailed parameterizations of physical variables, this simplified model is more convenient and saves much more computation time. Though simple, the feasibility of the model is well proved in this paper. The numerical simulation results from MSPAS show good agreement with reality. The scheme is used to obtain reasonable simulations for diurnal variations of heat balance, potential temperature of boundary layer, and wind field, and spatial distributions of temperature, specific humidity, vertical velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence exchange coefficient over desert and oasis. In addition, MSPAS is used to simulate the interaction between desert and oasis at night, and again it obtains reasonable results. This indicates that MSPAS can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and the atmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surfaces and can be extended for regional climate and numerical weather prediction study.

关键词： modified soil-plant-atmosphere scheme (MSPAS) land surface processes (LSP) atmospheric boundary layer

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geography and Rural Household Income:A Village Level Study in Henan Province,China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2010年第1期20卷 1-8页

作者： LI Xiaojian FAN Xinsheng Institute of regional Sustainable Development Henan University of Finance and Economics Zhengzhou 450002 China College of Environment and Planning Henan University Kafeng 475001 China

This study uses the data from a sample survey conducted in April 2007 on 1 251 rural households in 11 villages of Henan Province, the largest less developed agricultural province in China, to examine how geography affects rural household income （RHI）. The quantitative analysis indicates following results. I） The significance of the traditional geographical factors reduces as RHI rank increases. 2） The landform does not affect the RHI significantly. The per capita income of rural household in a plain area is lower than that in a mountainous area. And 3） the capital endowment and status of non-farm economic activities contribute to the increase of RHI. But the probability and intensity of non-farm economic activities of rural households in urban outskirts villages are higher than that in non-urban outskirts villages. Based on the results, the paper further concludes that geography still plays a significant role in rural development, but it is changing over time. The agricultural resources （such as per capita arable land） significantly affect RHI with the relatively lower income level, while the geographical location shows a more significant impact on RHI with the relatively high income level. Along with economic development, the proximity replaces the traditional geographical factors such as landform and physical resources as the major determining factor in RHI.

关键词： rural household income (RH1) geographical factor village level study Henan Province

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Thermo-tectonic history of the Junggar Alatau within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(SE Kazakhstan,NW China):Insights from integrated apatite U/Pb,fission track and(U-Th)/He thermochronology

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第6期10卷 2153-2166页

作者： S.Glorie A.Otasevic J.Gillespie G.Jepson M.Danisik F.I.Zhimulev D.Gurevich Z.Zhang D.Song W.Xiao Department of Earth Sciences School of Physical SciencesThe University of AdelaideSA 5005Australia Department of Geosciences University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA John de Laeter Centre TIGeRCurtin UniversityWA 6846Australia Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Cransh of the Russian Academy of Sciences2 Pirogova St.Novosibirsk 630090Russia SRK Exploration MoscowRussia State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Xinjiang research Centre for Mineral Resources Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China

The Junggar Alatau forms the northern extent of the Tian Shan within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB)at the border of SE Kazakhstan and NW *** study presents the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic post-collisional thermo-tectonic history of this frontier locality using an integrated approach based on three apatite geo-/thermochronometers:apatite U-Pb,fission track and(U-Th)/*** apatite U-Pb dates record Carboniferous-Permian post-magmatic cooling ages for the sampled granitoids,reflecting the progressive closure of the Palaeo-Asian *** apatite fission track(AFT)data record(partial)preservation of the late Palaeozoic cooling ages,supplemented by limited evidence for Late Triassic(~230-210 Ma)cooling and a more prominent record of(late)Early Cretaceous(~150-110 Ma)*** apatite(U-Th)/He age results are consistent with the(late)Early Cretaceous AFT data,revealing a period of fast cooling at that time in resulting thermal history *** Cretaceous rapid cooling signal is only observed for samples taken along the major NW-SE orientated shear zone that dissects the study area(the Central Kazakhstan Fault Zone),while Permian and Triassic cooling signals are preserved in low-relief areas,distal to this *** distinct geographical trend with respect to the shear zone,suggests that fault reactivation triggered the Cretaceous rapid cooling,which can be linked to a phase of slab-rollback and associated extension in the distant Tethys *** conclusions were drawn for thermochronology studies along other major NW-SE orientated shear zones in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,suggesting a regional phase of Cretaceous exhumation in response to fault reactivation at that time.

关键词： Junggar Central Asian Orogenic Belt Thermochronology Exhumation Fault reactivation Tethys

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Preventive Practices on Ebola Virus Disease in the Kintampo Districts of Ghana

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Health 2016年第14期8卷 1465-1484页

作者： Obed Ernest A. Nettey Yeetey A. Enuameh Charles Zandoh Edward Apraku Anane Mahama Abukari Francis Agbokey Awurabena Q. Dadzie Mathilda Tivura Dennis Adu-Gyasi Lawrence Gyabaa Febir Kenneth A. Ae-Ngibise Timothy Letsa Kwaku Poku Asante Seth Owusu-Agyei Kintampo Health research Centre Kintampo Ghana regional Health Directorate Ghana Health Service Sunyani Ghana

This study describes community members’ knowledge of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), their attitudes and preventive practices. A mixed methods approach was used. A random sample of 1028 community members aged 15 - 65 years was interviewed in a quantitative survey. This was complemented with a qualitative study involving 24 opinion leaders who were carefully selected. The study was conducted in Kintampo North and South districts of Ghana from August 2014 to October 2014. 83% of respondents had heard of EVD, but 62.5% did not know the duration between the time of infection and onset of clinical symptoms. The most popular symptom mentioned spontaneously was bleeding through body orifices (48.6%). Majority of respondents mentioned handshake or skin contact as a mode of transmission (57.3%) and reduced contact with bats as a means to prevent the spread of EVD (58.1%). Knowledge of transmission of body fluids such as faeces, blood or urine was low (group. Majority (94%) of respondents acknowledged that EVD was a serious disease, however, only 58% saw themselves at risk. Current preventive behaviours included: improved hand hygiene (83%) and avoidance of handshakes and physical contact with people (81%). Community members in the Kintampo districts have high level of awareness of EVD, but important gaps in knowledge of EVD still exist, especially concerning body fluids as a mode of transmission. There is the need to intensify educational messages as part of Ghana’s preparedness towards a potential EVD outbreak.

关键词： Ebola Virus Kintampo Ghana Knowledge Attitudes Preventive Practices KAP

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For the Greater Good?—A Critical Reflection on Assessing Indirect Economic Effects Caused by Large Transport Projects

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Open Journal of Civil Engineering 2019年第2期9卷 135-156页

作者： Delphine Patrick Witte Thomas Hartmann Tejo Spit Annelies Zoomers Department of Human geography and Planning Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands Faculty of Environmental Sciences Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands

Investing in large transport projects affects the (potential) economic development of metropolitan areas. Yet, very little critical research has been performed to understand how to assess these effects. The relationship between infrastructure investments and regional economic development is complex and indirect, and many theoretical and methodological difficulties remain. On the one hand, the assumption that investing in infrastructure is important to sustain economic growth is sometimes doubted. On the other hand, it is argued that investments in infrastructure enhance the accessibility of urban regions and that in the slipstream of such investments, social problems in urban regions can be tackled as well. Despite these contrasting views, there is at least a consensus that transport infrastructure development depends on economic development and vice versa. Yet, in many cases, the method of assessing economic impacts highly affects the results. Therefore, this paper focuses on a critical reflection of methods for estimating economic effects of infrastructure investments. A critical evaluation is made based on Indonesian and Japanese cases. After conducting in-depth desk research on both cases, we found that the broader effects on affected group of people tend to be overlooked due to the problems of time and space dimensions, the chain reaction of effects, and inappropriate data practices. The assessment on the appraisal processes tends to overlook the broader economic implication due to narrow focus and the concept of efficiency of economic theory.

关键词： Large Infrastructure Projects High-Speed Railways Economic Effects Transport Investment Economic Assessment

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