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Formation mechanism of deep natural hydrogen in the Sichuan Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年

作者： Xiaomei WANG Kun HE Chunlong YANG Hao XIE Xiaobo WANG Yitong LYU Linfeng XIE Shuichang ZHANG research institute of petroleum exploration & Development PetroChina Key Laboratory of petroleum Geochemistry China National Petroleum Corporation International Center for Isotope Effects research School of Earth Science and Engineering Nanjing University

As a potential renewable and clean energy source,the distribution and exploration prospects of natural hydrogen have garnered widespread ***,the limitations in understanding the formation mechanisms and accumulation patterns of underground natural hydrogen have significantly constrained its efficient exploration and *** study reports H2content and isotopes in natural gas from deep formations in sedimentary basins through geochemical analysis of 58 conventional gas samples from the Sinian to Triassic strata in the central Sichuan *** discovered that H2content in deep natural gas in central Sichuan generally exceeds 0.1%,with a maximum of 1.6%,and hydrogen isotopes (δ2HH2) range from-850‰to-586‰.Analysis of the geological conditions,hydrogen generation mechanisms,and isotope fractionation characteristics in the study area confirms that microbial fermentation or in-situ organic matter cracking are not effective pathways for deep *** with helium content and isotope analysis of the natural gas,it is inferred that the volcanic basement in the central Sichuan area is the potential source rock for natural H2in the Sinian to Triassic ***,H2originates from the radiolysis of water and hydrothermal reactions of Fe（II） in the basement ***,a diffusion fractionation model reveals significant isotope fractionation during the migration and accumulation of deep H2into sedimentary reservoirs,which lead to anomalously light δ2HH2in deep natural gas in central *** indicates that the underground natural hydrogen accumulation is in a long-term dynamic process,with simultaneous H2accumulation and dissipation in the gas *** research not only elucidates the formation mechanism of deep H2but also provides insights for the resource potential of natural hydrogen in sedimentary basins.

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Growth patterns and dynamics of mud cracks at different diagenetic stages and its geological significance

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International Journal of Sediment research 2014年第1期29卷 82-98页

作者： Zhen-yu ZHAO Yan-ru GUO Yan WANG Hong LIU Qing ZHANG research institute of petroleum exploration and Development research institute of petroleum exploration & Development of Changqing Oilfield

This paper discusses the growth stages,spatial structures,quantitative fitting relationships among various parameters,growth patterns and influencing factors of mud cracks by field survey,core observation and SEM *** study shows that:(1) Mud crack growth can go through three stages,*** syndiagenetic stage,the burial diagenetic stage(including early diagenetic stage,middle-late diagenetic stage) and the epidiagenetic stage.(2) Quantitative fitting relationships among various parameters allow a great significance to describe the spatial structure,the regional distribution and the growth environment of mud cracks.(3) Mud crack growth has three models,such as the unilateral growth model including the linear growth pattern,the curvilinear growth pattern and the bifurcation growth pattern,the multilateral growth model including the inteisectional growth pattern,the join growth pattern and the dispersed growth pattern,and the mixed growth model including the combination of any patterns listed above.(4) Modern mud crack growth usually undergoes four *** beds in sand-mud rhythmic strata can play a lubricative role on crack growth and provide enough sandy deposits for filling cracks.(5) Mud crack growth usually produces bifurcation and bifurcation angles which are mostly 120° or 90° that are related to sediment heterogeneity and released energy.(6)Factors affecting mud crack growth cover many aspects:clay content and salinity can control the number of mud cracks in different areas;terrain can control mud crack morphology;and different sedimentary cycles can control the growth patterns and filling models of mud cracks.

关键词： Mud crack Growth pattern Geological model Lagoon Coastal sediment

Hydrocarbon generation characteristics and exploration prospects of Proterozoic source rocks in China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第6期62卷 909-934页

作者： Wenzhi ZHAO Xiaomei WANG Suyun HU Shuichang ZHANG Huajian WANG Shuwei GUAN Yuntao YE Rong REN Tongshan WANG research institute of petroleum exploration & Development PetroChina

A large number of primary oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered in Proterozoic strata all over the *** sequences are widely distributed in China, and the discovery of large Sinian-aged gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Mesoproterozoic liquid oil seepages in North China shows that attention should be paid to the exploration potential of Proterozoic strata. In this paper, the main controlling factors of Proterozoic source rocks are discussed. Principally, active atmospheric circulation and astronomical cycles may have driven intense upwelling and runoff to provide nutrients; oxygenated oceanic surface waters could have provided suitable environments for the organisms to thrive; volcanic activity and terrestrial weathering caused by continental break-up would have injected large amounts of nutrients into the ocean, leading to persistent blooms of marine organisms; and extensive anoxic deep waters may have created ideal conditions for the preservation of organic matter. Additionally, the appearance of eukaryotes resulted in diversified hydrocarbon parent material, which effectively improved the generation potential for oil and gas. Through the comparison of Formations across different cratons, seven sets of Proterozoic organic-rich source rocks have been recognized in China, which mainly developed during interglacial periods and are also comparable worldwide. The Hongshuizhuang and Xiamaling Formations in North China have already been identified previously as Mesoproterozoic source rocks. The early Proterozoic Changchengian System is highly promising as a potential source rock in the Ordos Basin. In the Upper Yangtze area, the Neoproterozoic Datangpo and Doushantuo Formations are extensively distributed, and represent the major source rocks for Sinian gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin. Moreover, the Nanhuan System may contain abundant shales with high organic matter contents in the Tarim Basin, although this possibility still needs to be veri

关键词： Proterozoic Source rocks Hydrocarbon generation characteristics Replacement field

Experimental investigations on the fluid flow mechanism in porous media of enhanced oil recovery by alkli/surfactant/polymer flooding

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2005年第4期48卷 454-467页

作者： WANG Jialu SHEN Pingping CHEN Yongzhong ZHANG Zubo JIA Xu TIAN Yuling research institute of petroleum exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China

The fluid flow mechanism in porous media of enhanced oil recovery by Alkli/ Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) flooding is investigated by measuring production performance, pressure distribution and saturation distribution through installing differential pressure transducers and saturation measuring probes in a physical model of vertical heterogeneous reservoir. The fluid flow variation in porous media is the main reason of enhanced oil recovery of ASP flooding. The pressure field and saturation field are nonlinearly coupled together and the interaction between them results in the fluid flow variation in the reservoir. In a vertical heterogeneous reservoir, the ASP agents initially flow in the high permeability layers because the resistance in the high permeability layer is increased under the physical and chemical action of adsorption, retention and emulsion. ASP flooding displaces out not only the residual oil in the high permeability layer, but also the remaining oil in the low and the middle permeability layers by increasing swept volume and displacing efficiency.

关键词： ASP flooding, vertical heterogeneous reservoir, enhanced oil recovery, fluid flow mechanism in porous media.

Geochemical Characteristics and Genetic Types of Natural Gas in the Xinchang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, SW China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第6期91卷 2200-2213页

作者： WU Xiaoqi LIU Quanyou LIU Guangxiang WANG Ping LI Huaji MENG Qingqiang CHEN Yingbin ZENG Huasheng Wuxi research institute of petroleum Geology Petroleum Exploration and Production Research InstituteSINOPEC petroleum exploration and Production research institute SINOPEC exploration and Development research institute Southwest Branch CompanySINOPEC

The molecular compositions and stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Xinchang gas field in the Sichuan Basin were investigated to determine the genetic types. The natural gas is mainly composed of methane （88.99%-98.01%）, and the dryness coefficient varies between 0.908 and 0.997. The gas generally displays positive alkane carbon and hydrogen isotopic series. The geochemical characteristics and gas-source correlation indicate that the gases stored in the 5th member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are coal-type gases which are derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. The gases reservoired in the 4th member of the Xujiahe Formation and Jurassic strata in the Xinchang gas field are also coal-type gases that are derived from source rocks in the 3rd and 4th members of the Xujiahe Formation. The gases reservoired in the 2nd member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are mainly coal-type gases with small amounts of oil-type gas that is derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. This is accompanied by a small amount of contribution brought by source rocks in the Upper Triassic Ma＇antang and Xiaotangzi formations. The gases reservoired in the 4th member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation are oil-type gases and are believed to be derived from the secondary cracking of oil which is most likely to be generated from the Upper Permian source rocks.

关键词： natural gas geochemical characteristics genetic types Xinchang gas field western Sichuan Basin

High-precision Dating and Geological Significance of Chang 7 Tuff Zircon of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin in Central China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第6期93卷 1823-1834页

作者： ZHU Rukai CUI Jingwei DENG Shenghui LUO Zhong LU Yuanzheng QIU Zhen research institute of petroleum exploration and Development

The Ordos Basin, as the second largest petroliferous basin of China, contains abundant oil and gas resources, oil shale, and sandstone-type uranium mineral resources. Chang 7 shale is not only the major source rock of the Mesozoic petroliferous system of the Basin, but is also crucial in determining the space-time distribution relationship of the shale section for the effective exploration and development of the Basin's oil and gas resources. To obtain a highly precise age of the shale development section, we collected tuff samples from the top and bottom profile of the Chang 7 Member, Yishi Village, Yaoqu Town, Tongchuan District, on the southern margin of the Ordos Basin and performed high-precision chemical abrasion(CA)–isotope dilution(ID)–thermal ionization mass spectrometry(TIMS) zircon U-Pb dating on the basis of extensive laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) zircon U-Pb dating data. Our results show the precise ages of the top and bottom zircon in the Chang 7 shale to be 241.06±0.12 Ma and 241.558±0.093 Ma, respectively. We first obtained Chang 7 age data with Grade 0.1-Ma precision and then determined the age of the shale development in the Chang 7 Member to be the early-Middle Triassic Ladinian. This result is supported by paleontological evidence. The deposition duration of the Chang 7 shale is 0.5 Ma with an average deposition rate of the shale section being 5.3 cm/ka. Our research results provide time scale and basic data for further investigation of the basin–mountain coupling relation of the shale section, the sedimentary environment and volcanic ash and organic-matter-rich shale development relation, and the organism break-out and organic-matter enrichment mechanism.

关键词： Ordos Basin Chang 7 Member tuff zircon U-Pb dating

research ON CATIONIC POLYMER WATER BASE DRILLING FLUIDS

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 1997年第Z1期12卷 94-102页

作者：刘雨晴 research institute of petroleum exploration and Development

Cationic polymer drilling fluid (CPDF) is a new water base drilling fluid in which high molecular weight (HMW) cationic polymer (CPAM) is an encapsulating and flocculating agent and organic quaternary ammonium compound (NW-1) acts as shale inhibitor. This paper describes the experimental results of cuttings recovery, particle size distribution layer spacing and Zeta potential, and discusses the inhibition of CPDF system and its major additives. The advantages of CPDF will be proved by its application in well LX-2.

关键词： cationic polymer drilling fluid high molecule encapsulating agent flocculating agent shale inhibitor application

Geological features and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Xinken oil field,Tarim Basin

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2013年第4期32卷 367-379页

作者： SONG Lichen ZHU Guangyou LIU Xingwang ZHU Yongfeng SU Jin WANG Kai research institute of petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina research institute of petroleum exploration and Development Tarim Oilfield CompanyPetroChina

Recently,a large-scale Ordovician oil and gas pool has been discovered in Xinken,north of the Tarim Basin,and it has strongly heterogeneous reservoirs and complicated fluid *** analyzing oil,gas and water samples collected from this area,in combination of field production and testing data,this study reveals that the Xinken oil pool contains dominantly normal oil characterized by low viscosity,low sulphur,and high *** has a low content of natural gas,which presents typical characteristics of wet gas and is oil-associated ***-gas correlation shows that the oil was from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks and the charge and accumulation of oil and gas took place in the Late Hercynian *** by paleogeomorphology,sedimentary facies,ancient karstification,faults,and other factors in the Caledonian Period,the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs are dominated by dissolved pores,cavities and *** reservoir body of fractures and cavities is distributed in the shape of strip and laminate along faults and excellent reservoirs are mostly in the range of 70–100 m below the top of the Yijianfang *** a whole,the Xinken oil pool is a fracture-cavity pool controlled by interbedded karst reservoirs and is a complex composed of stacked karst fractures and cavities of various *** contains oil in large areas horizontally,which is quasi-laminated in distribution,and the accumulation of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development degree of the Ordovician carbonate *** study shows that this area has abundant resources and a great exploration potential for oil and gas.

关键词：塔里木盆地北部油气成藏地质特征碳酸盐岩储层石油伴生气油田储层控制非均质储层

Isotopic evidence of TSR origin for natural gas bearing high H_2S contents within the Feixianguan Formation of the northeastern Sichuan Basin, southwestern China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第11期48卷 1960-1971页

作者： ZHU Guangyou ZHANG Shuichang LIANG Yingbo DAI Jinxing LI Jian research institute of petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

The northeastern area of Sichuan Basin, southwestern China, is the area with the maximal reserve of natural gas containing higher hydrogen sulphide (H2S) that has been found among the petroliferous basins of China, with the proven and controlled gas reserve of more than 200 billion cubic meters. These gas pools, with higher H2S contents averaging 9%, some 17%, are mainly distributed on structural belts of Dukouhe, Tieshanpo, Luojiazhai, Puguang, etc., while the oolitic-shoal dolomite of the Triassic Feixianguan Fm. (T1f) is the reservoir. Although many scholars regard the plentiful accumulation of H2S within the deep carbonate reservoir as the re-sult of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR), however, the process of TSR as well as its residual geological and geochemical evidence is still not quite clear. Based on the carbon iso-topic analysis of carbonate strata and secondary calcite, etc., together with the analysis of sulfur isotopes within H2S, sulphur, gypsum, iron pyrites, etc., as well as other aspects including the natural gas composition, carbon isotopes of hydrocarbons reservoir petrology, etc., it has been proved that the above natural gas is a product of TSR. The H2S, sulphur and calcite result from the participation of TSR reactions by hydrocarbon gas. During the process for hydrocarbons be-ing consumed due to TSR, the carbons within the hydrocarbon gas participate in the reactions and finally are transferred into the secondary calcite, and become the carbon source of secon-dary calcite, consequently causing the carbon isotopes of the secondary calcite to be lower (?18.2‰). As for both the intermediate product of TSR, i.e. sulfur, and its final products, i.e. H2S and iron pyrites, their sulfur elements are all sourced from the sulfate within the Feixianguan Fm. During the fractional processes of sulfur isotopes, the bond energy leads to the 32S being re-leased firstly, and the earlier it is released, the lower δ 34S values for the generated sulphide (H2

关键词： hydrogen sulphide, sulfate, sulfur isotope, carbon isotope, thermochemical sulfate reduction, northeasternSichuan Basin