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Hydrocarbon generation characteristics and exploration prospects of Proterozoic source rocks in China

Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第6期62卷 909-934页

作者： Wenzhi ZHAO Xiaomei WANG Suyun HU Shuichang ZHANG Huajian WANG Shuwei GUAN Yuntao YE Rong REN Tongshan WANG research institute of petroleum exploration & development PetroChina

A large number of primary oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered in Proterozoic strata all over the *** sequences are widely distributed in China, and the discovery of large Sinian-aged gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Mesoproterozoic liquid oil seepages in North China shows that attention should be paid to the exploration potential of Proterozoic strata. In this paper, the main controlling factors of Proterozoic source rocks are discussed. Principally, active atmospheric circulation and astronomical cycles may have driven intense upwelling and runoff to provide nutrients; oxygenated oceanic surface waters could have provided suitable environments for the organisms to thrive; volcanic activity and terrestrial weathering caused by continental break-up would have injected large amounts of nutrients into the ocean, leading to persistent blooms of marine organisms; and extensive anoxic deep waters may have created ideal conditions for the preservation of organic matter. Additionally, the appearance of eukaryotes resulted in diversified hydrocarbon parent material, which effectively improved the generation potential for oil and gas. Through the comparison of Formations across different cratons, seven sets of Proterozoic organic-rich source rocks have been recognized in China, which mainly developed during interglacial periods and are also comparable worldwide. The Hongshuizhuang and Xiamaling Formations in North China have already been identified previously as Mesoproterozoic source rocks. The early Proterozoic Changchengian System is highly promising as a potential source rock in the Ordos Basin. In the Upper Yangtze area, the Neoproterozoic Datangpo and Doushantuo Formations are extensively distributed, and represent the major source rocks for Sinian gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin. Moreover, the Nanhuan System may contain abundant shales with high organic matter contents in the Tarim Basin, although this possibility still needs to be veri

关键词： Proterozoic Source rocks Hydrocarbon generation characteristics Replacement field

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Geological features and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Xinken oil field,Tarim Basin

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2013年第4期32卷 367-379页

作者： SONG Lichen ZHU Guangyou LIU Xingwang ZHU Yongfeng SU Jin WANG Kai research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChina research institute of petroleum exploration and development Tarim Oilfield CompanyPetroChina

Recently,a large-scale Ordovician oil and gas pool has been discovered in Xinken,north of the Tarim Basin,and it has strongly heterogeneous reservoirs and complicated fluid *** analyzing oil,gas and water samples collected from this area,in combination of field production and testing data,this study reveals that the Xinken oil pool contains dominantly normal oil characterized by low viscosity,low sulphur,and high *** has a low content of natural gas,which presents typical characteristics of wet gas and is oil-associated ***-gas correlation shows that the oil was from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks and the charge and accumulation of oil and gas took place in the Late Hercynian *** by paleogeomorphology,sedimentary facies,ancient karstification,faults,and other factors in the Caledonian Period,the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs are dominated by dissolved pores,cavities and *** reservoir body of fractures and cavities is distributed in the shape of strip and laminate along faults and excellent reservoirs are mostly in the range of 70–100 m below the top of the Yijianfang *** a whole,the Xinken oil pool is a fracture-cavity pool controlled by interbedded karst reservoirs and is a complex composed of stacked karst fractures and cavities of various *** contains oil in large areas horizontally,which is quasi-laminated in distribution,and the accumulation of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development degree of the Ordovician carbonate *** study shows that this area has abundant resources and a great exploration potential for oil and gas.

关键词：塔里木盆地北部油气成藏地质特征碳酸盐岩储层石油伴生气油田储层控制非均质储层

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Isotopic evidence of TSR origin for natural gas bearing high H_2S contents within the Feixianguan Formation of the northeastern Sichuan Basin, southwestern China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第11期48卷 1960-1971页

作者： ZHU Guangyou ZHANG Shuichang LIANG Yingbo DAI Jinxing LI Jian research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

The northeastern area of Sichuan Basin, southwestern China, is the area with the maximal reserve of natural gas containing higher hydrogen sulphide (H2S) that has been found among the petroliferous basins of China, with the proven and controlled gas reserve of more than 200 billion cubic meters. These gas pools, with higher H2S contents averaging 9%, some 17%, are mainly distributed on structural belts of Dukouhe, Tieshanpo, Luojiazhai, Puguang, etc., while the oolitic-shoal dolomite of the Triassic Feixianguan Fm. (T1f) is the reservoir. Although many scholars regard the plentiful accumulation of H2S within the deep carbonate reservoir as the re-sult of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR), however, the process of TSR as well as its residual geological and geochemical evidence is still not quite clear. Based on the carbon iso-topic analysis of carbonate strata and secondary calcite, etc., together with the analysis of sulfur isotopes within H2S, sulphur, gypsum, iron pyrites, etc., as well as other aspects including the natural gas composition, carbon isotopes of hydrocarbons reservoir petrology, etc., it has been proved that the above natural gas is a product of TSR. The H2S, sulphur and calcite result from the participation of TSR reactions by hydrocarbon gas. During the process for hydrocarbons be-ing consumed due to TSR, the carbons within the hydrocarbon gas participate in the reactions and finally are transferred into the secondary calcite, and become the carbon source of secon-dary calcite, consequently causing the carbon isotopes of the secondary calcite to be lower (?18.2‰). As for both the intermediate product of TSR, i.e. sulfur, and its final products, i.e. H2S and iron pyrites, their sulfur elements are all sourced from the sulfate within the Feixianguan Fm. During the fractional processes of sulfur isotopes, the bond energy leads to the 32S being re-leased firstly, and the earlier it is released, the lower δ 34S values for the generated sulphide (H2

关键词： hydrogen sulphide, sulfate, sulfur isotope, carbon isotope, thermochemical sulfate reduction, northeasternSichuan Basin

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Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas exploration and development and Theoretical Technologies

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第3期89卷 938-971页

作者： ZOU Caineng YANG Zhi ZHU Rukai ZHANG Guosheng HOU Lianhua WU Songtao TAO Shizhen YUAN Xuanjun DONG Dazhong WANG Yuman WANG Lan HUANG Jinliang WANG Shufang petrochina research institute of petroleum exploration & development

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil ＆ *** accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil ＆ gas *** oil ＆ gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy *** gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration ＆ development,with tight oil becoming a ＇bright spot＇ domain and shale gas becoming a ＇hotspot＇ *** has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil ＆ gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil *** has an estimated（223-263）×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and（890-1260）×l0^（12）m^3 of gas *** has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil ＆ gas *** progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir *** breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology ＆ technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation *** characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil ＆ gas geological theory,method and *** formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil ＆ gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil＆ gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for ext

关键词： Unconventional oil and gas Unconventional petroleum geology fine-grainedsedimentology unconventional reservoir geology "man-made reservoir" development micro-/nano- scalepore throat tight gas tight oil shale gas shale oil

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Influence of meandering river sandstone architecture on waterflooding mechanisms: a case study of the M-I layer in the Kumkol Oilfield, Kazakhstan

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petroleum Science 2014年第1期11卷 81-88页

作者： Wang Jincai Zhao Lun Zhang Xiangzhong Tian Zhongyuan Chen Xi He Ling petrochina research institute of petroleum exploration & development

In order to explore the influence of sandstone architecture on waterflooding mechanisms using the architecture method,and taking as an example the M-I layer of the Kumkol oilfield in the South Turgay Basin,Kazakhstan,we portrayed the architecture features of different types of sandstones and quantitatively characterized heterogeneities in a single sand body in meandering river *** on the waterflooding characteristics of point bar sand and overbank sand according to waterflooded interpretation results in 367 wells and numerical simulation results of well groups,we finally analyzed the remaining oil potential of the meandering river sandstone and pointed out its development directions at the high water cut *** result shows that because lateral accretion shale beds are developed inside single sand bodies,the point bar sand is a semi-connected *** overbank sand is thin sandstone with poor connectivity,small area and fast lateral *** heterogeneity of the overbank sand is stronger than the point bar *** sandstone architectures control the waterflooding *** meandering river sandstones,the bottom of the point bar sand is strongly waterflooded,while the top of the point bar sand and most of the overbank sand are only weakly waterflooded or *** thickness percentage of unflooded zone and weakly waterflooded zone in point bar sand is 40％,and the remaining oil in its top part is the main direction for future development.

关键词： Meandering river point bar sand overbank sand architecture characteristics waterflooding characteristics

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Fine Stratigraphic Division of Volcanic Reservoir by Uniting of Well Data and Seismic Data—Taking Volcanic Reservoir of Member One of Yingcheng Formation in Xudong Area of Songliao Basin for an Example

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第2期25卷 337-347页

作者： Huanqing Chen Yongle Hu Jiuqiang Jin Qiquan Ran Lin Yan research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChina

Taking member one of Yingcheng Formation of Cretaceous in Xudong area, Xushen Gas Field of Songliao Basin for an example and aimed at the diachronous problem generally existed in vol- canic reservoir division, firstly advanced the method of two steps and two unites in the researches of volcanic reservoir finely division that guided by the method that sources controlled and founded the stratigraphic trellis. In this process, volcanic edifices and bodies were identified and traced. The results indicated that aimed strata in study areas could be carved up to six layers of YCII1, YCII2, YCII-II, YCIIlI, YCIII2 and YCIIII from the top to the bottom. Analyzing causes and firmly united of well data and seismic data could achieve fine stratigraphic division of volcanic reservoir. Surfaces of layers and volcanic bodies were basically unanimous in side direction. Stratum inclination gradually reduced with the distances increased from craters. The results of volcanic reservoir division had preferable con- sistency with lithologies and volcanic lithofacies and dynamic development data. The researches offered a useful method to stratigraphic division of volcanic reservoir and it had very important significance to effective development of volcanic reservoir in practice.

关键词： stratigraphic division and correlation of volcanic stratum volcanic body volcanic res- ervoir Yingcheng Formation Xushen Gas Field.

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Geochemical Characteristics of the Source Rocks in Mesozoic Yanchang Formation,Central Ordos Basin

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Journal of Earth Science 2013年第5期24卷 804-814页

作者：林森虎袁选俊陶士振杨智吴松涛 research institute of petroleum exploration & development PetroChina

The shale of Yanchang Formation in Upper Triassic is the most important source rock for the Mesozoic petroleum reserviors in Ordos Basin. Chang 7 and Chang 4＋5 members are the major source rock formation. Source rock samples, obtained from 22 cored wells in central Ordos Basin, were geochemically analyzed to determine the organic matter abundance, kerogen type and thermal maturity. Total organic carbon values ranged from 0.36% to 19.10%, 8.09% on average, in- dicating a good source rock potential. In this area, the shale is mature, as indicated by vitrinite re- flectance values. RockoEval data revealed that the samples are dominated by type II kerogen. Com- pare the Chang 7 and Chang 4＋5 members, which suggests that the Chang 7 shale has higher TOC, especially the highest lower Chang 7 members. The abundance of organic matter of Chang 4＋5 and Chang 7 members is both richest in southeast basin. The kerogen type of Chang 4＋5 and upper Chang 7 members is type II~, the counterpart of middle and lower Chang 7 member is type I. During the burial history, the total hydrocarbon-generating quantity of Chang 7 member is much more than that of Chang 4＋5 members.

关键词： hydrocarbon-generating potential geochemical characteristics of source rock Meso- zoic Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin.

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Geological Conditions and Prospect Forecast of Shale Gas Formation in Qiangtang Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第2期88卷 598-619页

作者： YU Yuanjiang ZOU Caineng DONG Dazhong WANG Shejiao LI Jianzhong YANG Hua LI Denghua LI Xinjing WANG Yuman HUANG Jinliang petrochina research institute of petroleum exploration and development

The presence of shale gas has been confirmed in almost every marine shale distribution area in North *** conditions of shale gas in China are the most favorable for marine,organic-rich shale as *** there has been little research focusing on shale gas in Qiangtang Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,where a lot of Mesozoic marine shale formations *** on the survey results of petroleum geology and comprehensive test analysis data for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,for the first time,this paper discusses characteristics of sedimentary development,thickness distribution,geochemistry,reservoir and burial depth of organic-rich shale,and geological conditions for shale gas formation in Qiangtang *** are four sets of marine shale strata in Qiangtang Basin including Upper Triassic Xiaochaka Formation （T3x）,Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation （J2b）,Xiali Formation （J2x） and Upper Jurassic Suowa Formation （J3s）,the sedimentary types of which are mainly bathyal-basin facies,open platform-platform margin slope facies,lagoon and tidal-fiat facies,as well as delta *** comparing it with the indicators of gas shale in the main ***,it was found that the four marine shale formations in Qiangtang Basin constitute a multi-layer distribution of organic-rich shale,featuring a high degree of thickness and low abundance of organic matter,high thermal evolution maturity,many kinds of brittle minerals,an equivalent content of quartz and clay minerals,a high content of feldspar and low porosity,which provide basic conditions for an accumulation of shale gas *** Formation shale is widely distributed,with big thickness and the best gas generating *** is the main gas source *** Formation shale is of intermediate thickness and coverage area,with relatively good gas generating indicators and moderate gas formation *** Formation shale and Suowa Formation shale are of relatively large thickness,and covering a small area,with p

关键词： Shale gas marine shale geological characteristics geological conditions for gas formation resources prospect forecast Qiangtang Basin

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Methods for seismic sedimentology research on continental basins

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petroleum Science 2015年第1期12卷 67-80页

作者： Ping-Sheng Wei Ming-Jun Su petrochina research institute of petroleum exploration & development-Northwest

In contrast to marine deposits, continental deposits in China are characterized by diverse sedimentary types, rapid changes in sedimentary facies, complex lithology, and thin, small sand bodies. In seismic sedimentology studies on continental lacustrine basins, new thinking and more detailed and effective technical means are needed to generate lithological data cubes and conduct seismic geo- morphologic analyses. Based on a series of tests and studies, this paper presents the concepts of time-equivalent seismic attributes and seismic sedimentary bodies and a ＂four-step approach＂ for the seismic sedimentologic study of conti- nental basins： Step 1, build a time-equivalent stratigraphic framework based on vertical analysis and horizontal corre- lation of lithofacies, electrofacies, seismic facies, and pale- ontological combinations; Step 2, further build a sedimentary facies model based on the analysis of single- well facies with outcrop, coring, and lab test data; Step 3, convert the seismic data into a lithological data cube reflecting different lithologies by means of seismic tech- niques; and Step 4, perform a time-equivalent attribute analysis and convert the planar attribute into a sedimentary facies map under the guidance of the sedimentary facies model. The whole process, highlighting the verification and calibration of geological data, is an iteration and feedback procedure of geoseismic data. The key technologies include the following：（1） a seismic data-lithology conversion technique applicable to complex lithology, which can convert the seismic reflection from interface types to rock layers; and （2） time-equivalent seismic unit analysis and a time- equivalent seismic attribute extraction technique. Finally, this paper demonstrates the validity of the approach with an example from the Qikou Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin and subsequent drilling results.

关键词： Continental basin Seismic sedimentology Four-step approach Time-equivalent seismic attribute Seismic sedimentary body Lithology conversion processing

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Origin and Source of Deep Natural Gas in Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第4期87卷 1081-1096页

作者： ZHU Guangyou WANG Zhengjun WANG Yongjun ZHAO Jie DONG Yuexia WANG Kai LIU Yongchang WANG Jianwei research institute of petroleum exploration and development PetroChina petrochina Jidong Oilfield

Natural gas exploration in Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, has achieved breakthroughs in recent years, and a number of natural gas and condensate wells with high yield have been found in several structures in the beach area. Daily gas production of single wells is up to 170,000 m3, and high-yield wells are mainly distributed in？the Nanpu No. 1 structural belt.？Studies have shown that these natural gases are mainly hydrocarbon gases, with methane content about 80% to 90% and ethane 6%-9%, so they are mainly wet gas; and non-hydrocarbons are at a low level.？Carbon isotopes of methane range from -42‰ to -36‰, and ethane from -28‰ to -26‰. Calculated maturity based on the relationship between δ13C and Ro of natural gas, the gases are equivalent to those generated from organic matter when Ro is 1.0%-1.7% （mainly 1.25%-1.32%）. The natural gas is oil-type gas generated from the source rocks at mature to high mature stage, associated with condensate, so carbon isotopes of the gases are heavier. Natural gas in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt is mainly associated gas with condensate. The analysis of the origin and source of natural gas and condensate, combined with the monomer hydrocarbon carbon isotopes and biomarker, indicated that the main source rocks in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt were Es3 （the lower member of the Shahejie Formation）, followed by Es1 （the upper member of the Shahejie Formation）.？The high-mature hydrocarbons from source rocks in the deep sag mainly migrated through deep inherited faults into shallow traps and accumulated to form oil and gas pools. Therefore, there is a great potential for exploring gas in deep layers.

关键词： Deep layer Natural gas Condensate Source rocks Shahejie Formation Nanpu sag,Bohai Bay Basin

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