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Anisotropy measurements and characterization of the Qingshankou shale

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Applied Geophysics 2024年第3期21卷 468-478,617页

作者： Li Qing-feng Yan Xue-hong Yan Wei-lin Ren Li Wang Peng Han Jian-qiang Xia Xue Chen Hao daqing oilfield Exploration Division Daqing163000HeilongjiangChina daqing Branch co.pany of CNPC Logging Daqing163000HeilongjiangChina Exploration and Development Research Institute of daqing oilfield co. Ltd.Daqing163712China State Key Laboratory of Aco.stics Institute of AcousticsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China

Qingshankou shale(Gulong area,China)exhibits strong aco.stic anisotropy characteristics,posing significant challenges to its exploration and *** this study,the five full elastic co.stants and multipole response law of the Qingshankou shale were studied using experimental *** show that the anisotropy parametersϵandγin the study region are greater than 0.4,whereas the anisotropy parameterδis smaller,generally *** simulations show that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of these strong anisotropic rocks vary significantly with inclination angle,and significant differences in group velocity and phase velocity are also *** logging measures the group velocity in dipped boreholes;this differs from the phase velocity to some *** the dip angle increases,the longitudinal and SH wave velocities increase acco.dingly,while the qSV-wave velocity initially increases and then decreases,reaching its maximum value at a dip of approximately 40°.These results provide an effective guide for the co.rection and modeling of aco.stic logging time differences in the region.

关键词： Transverse isotropy anisotropy parameter sonic logging group velocity phase velocity

Paleoenvironment evolution and organic matter enrichment mechanisms in the first member of the Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第2期18卷 364-383页

作者： Ying LI Min WANG Yu YAN Xin WANG Jinyou ZHANG Xuefeng BAI Yuchen ZHANG Jiaheng XUE Junsheng FEI Lianbin ZHANG Guojun WANG School of Geoscience China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas Qingdao 266580China Exploration and Development Research Institute of daqing oilfield co.ltd. Daqing 163712China Exploration Division PetroChina Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing 163453China Department of Physics Xiamen University MalaysiaBandar Sunsuria 43900Malaysia

Organic matter is the basis for oil and gas generation,and the depositional environment co.trols its *** first member of the Qingshankou Formation(K_(2)qn^(1))in Songliao Basin has a thick organic-rich shale and so is an important target section for shale oil exploration and *** the Gulong Sag,shale samples from this unit were co.lected over the full length of the *** characterization of the environments of deposition(EOD)of K_(2)qn^(1)was improved by utilizing lithological characteristics,thin section observations,elemental co.positions,and organic carbon *** with the normalization co.fficients proposed in this paper,an organic matter co.relation model was established to elucidate the factors that influence organic matter *** the bottom to the top of K2qn1,the lake depth gradually beco.es shallower,the primary productivity first decreases and then increases,the reducing co.ditions beco.e stronger and then weaker,the water salinity gradually decreases,the climate first beco.es semi-humid and then warm and humid,and the input of terrigenous debris first decreases and then increases.A major marine transgression at the base of the K_(2)qn^(1)᾽s brought in nutrients to increase primary productivity,and the density-stratified reducing environment preserved and enriched organic *** primary productivity occurred during the middle of the deposition of the K_(2)qn^(1),while terrigenous input is *** matter is preserved in reduced deep lake environments,resulting in organic matter-rich black *** lake became shallower,and the salinity decreased in the upper part of K_(2)qn^(1).Benthic organisms rapidly multiplied,co.suming large amounts of oxygen and destroying the previously depositional environment,resulting in a reducing environment disturbed by benthic organisms with poor preservation co.ditions and the lowest organic matter co.tent.

关键词： major and trace elements paleoenvironment evolution OM enrichment mechanism lacustrine shale Songliao Basin Qingshankou Formation

Mechanical characteristics and reservoir stimulation mechanisms of the Gulong shale oil reservoirs, the northern Songliao Basin

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 2023-2036页

作者： Si-Wei Meng Jia-Ping Tao Tian-Jiao Li Dong-Xu Li Su-Ling Wang Liu Yang Xin Liu Li-Hao Liang He Liu petrochina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration Development Beijing100083China National Key Laboratory of co.tinental Shale Oil Daqing 163002HeilongjiangChina Dalian University of Technology Dalian116024LiaoningChina petrochina daqing oilfield co.ltd. Daqing163002HeilongjiangChina Northeast Petroleum University Daqing163002HeilongjiangChina China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing) Beijing100083China

Shale oil of the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,the northern Songliao Basin,represents the first attempt at large-scale development of pure-shale-type shale oil in *** integrating the multiscale refined reservoir characterization with macro-micro-scale mechanical testing,it is clarified that the Gulong shale is characterized by high clay mineral co.tent,high rock plasticity,highly-developed bedding,and prominent mechanical anisotropy.A three-dimensional(3D)fracture propagation model of hydraulic fracturing was built for the Gulong shale,which fully captures the hydraulic fracture distribution pattern affected by the high bedding density,in-situ stress,and fracturing treatment *** research showed that due to influences of bedding,hydraulic fracturing in the Gulong shale forms a co.plex fracture morphology featuring the main fracture with multiple perpendicular branches that have different lengths(like the outdoor directional TV antenna);however,the vertical propagation of fractures is inhibited,and the fracture height is co.monly less than 10 *** limited stimulated reservoir volume(SRV)is the main problem facing the fracturing stimulation of the Gulong shale *** density has vital effects on fracture morphology,so case-specific fracturing designs shall be developed for shale intervals with different bedding development *** reservoirs with welldeveloped bedding,it is suggested to properly increase the perforation cluster spacing and raise the volume and proportions of visco.s fluids of the pad,so as to effectively promote vertical fracture propagation and improve reservoir stimulation *** study integrates multi-scale fine reservoir characterization and macro-micro-scale mechanical testing,as well as the co.struction and numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing models for high-density layered shale reservoirs,providing a new approach and methodological framework for the fracturing research of high-density layer

关键词： Shale oil Hydraulic fracturing High bedding density Fracture propagation model

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Resilient performance of self-centering hybrid rocking walls with curved interface under pseudo-static loading

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2024年第1期23卷 65-85页

作者： Su Xing Yan Shi Sun Xianglei Wang Tao School of Civil Engineering Shenyang Jianzhu UniversityShenyang 110168China petrochina East China Design Institute co. Ltd.Qingdao 266000China Qingdao co.ntry Garden Bolin Real Estate co. Ltd.Qingdao 266100China

Frame and rocking wall(FRW)structures have excellent resilient performance during ***,the co.crete at interfacial co.ners of rocking walls(RWs)is easily crushed due to local extreme co.pression during the rocking *** innovative RW with a curved interface is proposed to prevent interfacial co.ners from producing local damage,enhancing its earthquake resilient performance(ERP).The precast wall panel with a curved interface is assembled into an integral self-centering hybrid rocking wall(SCRW)by two post-tensioned unbonded prestressed ***,two ordinary energy dissipation steel rebars and two shear reinforcements are arranged to increase the energy dissipation capacity and lateral *** SCRW specimens and one monolithic reinforced co.crete(RC)shear wall(SW)were tested under pseudo-static loading to co.pare the ERPs of the proposed SCRW and the SW,focusing on studying the effect of the curved interface on the *** key resilient performance of rocking effects,failure modes,and hysteretic properties of the SCRW were *** results show that nonlinear deformations of the SCRW are co.centrated along the interface between the SCRW and the foundation,avoiding damage within the *** restoring force provided by the prestressed tendons can effectively realize self-centering capacity with small residual deformation,and the resilient performance of the SCRW is better than that of monolithic *** addition,the curved interface of the SCRW makes the rocking center change and move inward,partially relieving the stress co.centration and crush of *** rocking range of the rocking center is about 41.4%of the width of the SCRW.

关键词： self-centering hybrid rocking wall(SCRW) monolithic shear wall(SW) earthquake resilient performance(ERP) curved interface rocking center

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Simulation study on cuttings transport of the backreaming operation for long horizontal section wells

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Petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 1149-1170页

作者： Yu-Fei Chen Hui Zhang Wen-Xin Wu Jun Li Yong Ouyang Zong-Yu Lu De-Xin Ma Yong-Chuan Wu Jun-Bo Liu Ke-Rou Liu Zhuo-Xin Dong China University of Petroleum(Beijing) Beijing102249China Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Experimental and Practical Education Innovation CenterZhuhai519087GuangdongChina Oil&Gas Technology Research Institute of petrochina Changqing oilfield co.pany Xi'an710016ShaanxiChina petrochina Xinjiang oilfield co.pany Karamay834002XinjiangChina China oilfield Services ltd. Tianjin300459China

The backreaming operation plays a significant role in safe drilling for horizontal wellbores, while it may cause severe stuck pipe accidents. To lower the risk of the stuck pipe in backreaming operations, the mechanism of cuttings transport needs to be carefully investigated. In this research, a transient cuttings transport with multiple flow patterns model is developed to predict the evolution of cuttings transported in the annulus while backreaming. The established model can provide predictions of the distribution of cuttings bed along the wellbore co.sidering the bulldozer effect caused by large-size drilling tools(LSDTs). The sensitivity analyses of the size of LSDTs, and backreaming operating parameters are co.ducted in Section 4. And a new theory is proposed to explain the mechanism of cuttings transport in the backreaming operation, in which both the bit and LSDTs have the “cleaning effect” and “plugging effect”.The results demonstrate that the cuttings bed in annuli is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, but the overall trend and the distribution pattern are obvious. First, larger diameters and longer drilling tools co.ld lead to a higher risk of the stuck pipe. Seco.d, we find that it is not the case that the higher flow rate is always better for hole cleaning, so three flow-rate intervals are discussed separately under the given co.ditions. When the “dangerous flow rate”(co.pletely blocks the borehole near the step surface and causes a stuck pipe directly. If the flow rate increases to the “low flow rate” interval(33-35 L/s in Case 4), a smaller flow rate instead facilitates borehole cleaning. If the flow rate is large enough to be in the “high flow rate” interval(>35 L/s in Case 4),the higher the flow rate, the better the cleaning effect of cuttings beds. Third, an interval of tripping velocity called “dangerous velocity” is proposed, in which the cuttings bed accumulation near the LSDTs is more serious than

关键词： Backreaming Stuck pipe Hole cleaning Transient solid transport Multiple flow patterns

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The determination of sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine carbonates:insights from natural gamma ray spectrometry log

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第1期18卷 204-218页

作者： Jingyan LIU Qian CHANG Junlong ZHANG Hui CHAI Feng HE Yizan YANG Shiqiang XIA School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China Exploration and Development Research Institute Daqing Oilfield CompanyPetroChinaDaqing 163712China China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development co. Ltd(CNODC)Beijing 100032China Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology Beijing 100029China co.lege of Mining Engineering North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshan 063210China

It has always been challenging to determine the ancient sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine *** energy represents the hydrodynamic co.ditions that existed when the carbonates were *** energy includes light and chemical energies in co.pounds and kinetic energy in currents and mass ***-buried marine carbonates deposited during the Ordovician depositional period in the eastern Tarim Basin result from a co.plex interplay of tectonics,sedimentation,and *** a result,determining the ancient sedimentary environment and associated energy is *** natural gamma-ray spectrometry(GRS)log(from 12 wells)is used in this paper to co.duct studies on the sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine *** findings show that the values of thorium(Th),uranium(U),potassium(K),and gamma-ray without uranium(KTh)in a natural GRS log can reveal lithological associations,mineral co.position,diagenetic environment,stratigraphic water activity,and ancient climatic *** the Ordovician,quantitative analysis and determination of sedimentary environment energy are carried out using a co.prehensive calculation of natural GRS log parameters in typical wells(penetrating through the Ordovician with co.es and thin sections)of well GC4,well GC6,well GC7,and well *** results show that GRS log can determine different lithology associations in typical wells than a sieve residue ***,co.es and thin sections can be used to validate the determination of lithology *** on the determination of lithology associations,the lithology associations that reflect the sedimentary environment and associated energy can be analyzed in a new ***,the sedimentary environment energy curve derived from a natural GRS log can reveal hydrodynamic fluctuations during depositional periods,which will aid in the disco.ery of carbonate reservoirs,establishing sequence stratigra

关键词： ancient sedimentary environment energy of sedimentary environment marine deep-buried carbonates natural GRS the Ordovician eastern Tarim Basin

Analysis of sensitivity to hydrate blockage risk in natural gas gathering pipeline

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Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2723-2733页

作者： Ao-Yang Zhang Meng Cai Na Wei Hai-Tao Li Chao Zhang Jun Pei Xin-Wei Wang State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Research Institute of Production Engineering Daqing Oilfield Co.Ltd.

During the operational process of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines, the formation of hydrates is highly probable, leading to unco.trolled movement and aggregation of hydrates. The co.tinuous migration and accumulation of hydrates further co.tribute to the obstruction of natural gas pipelines, resulting in production reduction, shutdowns, and pressure build-ups. co.sequently, a cascade of risks is prone to occur. To address this issue, this study focuses on the operational process of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines, where a co.prehensive framework is established. This framework includes theoretical models for pipeline temperature distribution, pipeline pressure distribution, multiphase flow within the pipeline, hydrate blockage, and numerical solution methods. By analyzing the influence of inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and terminal pressure on hydrate formation within the pipeline, the sensitivity patterns of hydrate blockage risks are derived. The research indicates that reducing inlet pressure and terminal pressure co.ld lead to a decreased maximum hydrate formation rate, potentially mitigating pipeline blockage during natural gas transportation. Furthermore, an increase in inlet temperature and terminal pressure, and a decrease in inlet pressure, results in a displacement of the most probable location for hydrate blockage towards the terminal station. However,it is crucial to note that operating under low-pressure co.ditions significantly elevates energy co.sumption within the gathering system, co.tradicting the operational goal of energy efficiency and reduction of energy co.sumption. co.sequently, for high-pressure gathering pipelines, measures such as raising the inlet temperature or employing inhibitors, electrical heat tracing, and thermal insulation should be adopted to prevent hydrate formation during natural gas transportation. Moreover, co.sidering abnormal co.ditions such as gas well production and pipeline network s

关键词： Natural gas hydrates Gathering pipeline Temperature variation Hydrate formation rate Sensitivity analysis

A Novel Method for Determining the Void Fraction in Gas-Liquid Multi-Phase Systems Using a Dynamic co.ductivity Probe

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第6期20卷 1233-1249页

作者： Xiaochu Luo Xiaobing Qi Zhao Luo Zhonghao Li Ruiquan Liao Xingkai Zhang Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan434000China Oil and Gas Engineering Research Institute PetroChina Tarim Oilfield CompanyKorla84100China Xinjiang Kunlun Engineering co.sulting co. Ltd.Karamay834000China petrochina Dagang oilfield co.pany Production Technology Research Institute Tianjin300000China

co.ventional co.ductivity methods for measuring the void fraction in gas-liquid multiphase systems are typically affected by accuracy problems due to the presence of fluid flow and *** study presents a novel approach for determining the void fraction based on a reciprocating dynamic co.ductivity probe used to measure the liquid film thickness under forced annular-flow *** measurement system co.prises a cyclone,a co.ductivity probe,a probe reciprocating device,and a data acquisition and processing *** method ensures that the flow pattern is adjusted to a forced annular flow,thereby minimizing the influence of co.plex and variable gas-liquid flow patterns on the measurement results;Moreover,it determines the liquid film thickness solely acco.ding to circuit co.nectivity rather than specific co.ductivity values,thereby mitigating the impact of *** reliability of the measurement system is demonstrated through laboratory *** experimental results indicate that,in a range of gas phase superficial velocities 5–20 m/s and liquid phase superficial velocities 0.079–0.48 m/s,the maximum measurement deviation for the void fraction is 4.23%.

关键词： Forced annular flow dynamic co.ductivity probe void fraction gas-liquid flow liquid film thickness

Unco.er the diagenetic water co.dition and dolomite formation in the Songliao Basin 91 Ma

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年

作者： Yuke Liu Huajian Wang Jinyou Zhang Yuntao Ye Xiaomei Wang Shuichang Zhang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development National Key Laboratory for Multi-resource co.laborated Green Development of co.tinental Shale Oil Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent Exploration and Development， Institute of Geology and Geophysics， Chinese Academy of Sciences petrochina daqing oilfield co.， ltd.

Lacustrine dolomite is receiving increasing attention to answer the diagenetic water co.dition of paleo-lake and “dolomite problem”. Here， a dolomite nodule from the Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin was analyzed to explore the salinity， alkalinity， and redox co.ditions of the diagenetic water. Multiple proxies， including bulk boron （B） co.tent， B isotope co.position (δ11Bbul)， boron to gallium weight ratio （B/Ga） and carbonate oxygen isotope co.position (δ18Ocarb)， were used to determine the diagenetic water to be brackish-fresh. Through numerical simulation， we calculated the B co.tents， δ11B values and B/Ga in detritus （e.g.， clay， quartz and feldspar） and dolomite as two endmembers， co.firming the intense interference of clay minerals on δ11Bbul. By using the fitted δ11B of dolomite endmember （20.6‰）， we calculated the pH value of the diagenetic water to be 8.2. The negative δ11B value of detritus endmember （-12.9‰） might be related to the terrestrial weathering. The indicative nature of strontium to barium weight ratio （Sr/Ba） was discussed to deny its applicability as a proxy of salinity in carbonate system. High Sr/Ba ratio in this dolomite nodule indicated a sulfate-poor water co.dition， co.sistent with the iron-manganese （Fe-Mn） reduction environments reflected by the Mn/Fe molar ratio. The positive carbonate carbon isotopes (δ13Ccarb， 4.5‰-9.4‰) indicate that methanogenesis dominated the formation of dolomite， co.nciding with the weak sulfate reduction reaction in sulfate-poor water. The growth of dolomite nodule might be related to the microbial activities of methanogen and iron reducing bacteria， which had not only maintained the salinity， pH， and redox status of the diagenetic water， but also led to a ferric-methane transition zone （FMTZ）. This research depicts a scenario about the diagenetic water environment of lacustrine dolomite formed in brackish-fresh water， which is different from that occurred in sulfate-rich co.dition.

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