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Synthetic brochosomes:Design,synthesis,and applications

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Nano Research 2024年第2期17卷 734-742页

作者： Lin Wang Jinsol Choi Tak-Sing Wong Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802USA Materials Research Institute The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802USA Department of Biomedical Engineering The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802USA

Brochosomes,which are nanoscopic buckyball-shaped granules produced by leafhoppers,are one of the most intricate structures discovered in *** functions of brochosomes have been proposed but only a few have been experimentally validated due to the challenge of fabricating their synthetic *** in micro-and nanofabrication have recently led to the emergence of synthetic brochosomes,opening up new possibilities for innovative *** review explores the early discovery of natural brochosomes and their geometrical features,followed by the recent progress in fabricating synthetic brochosomes and their *** on future applications and challenges in the scalable manufacturing of synthetic brochosomes are discussed.

关键词： synthetic brochosomes leafhopper antireflection superhydrophobicity surface-enhanced Raman scattering photocatalyst energy harvesting

Analysis of synthetic parameters for coating aluminum powders with phenyltriethoxysilane coupling agent and their effects on powder flow behavior

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Particuology 2024年第7期90卷 412-417页

作者： Lillian M.Mawby Bellamarie Ludwig Benjamin J.Lear Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA

Though silanization of aluminum powder is currently used to improve its flow properties,for use as an alternative fuel source,there are a wide range of experimental parameters for the process and not all of them have been thoroughly *** this is complete,it is unknown if the process is optimized in terms of time,efficiency,and ***,we report on a study into the effects of changes in humidity,degree of agitation,reaction temperature,and curing time upon the deposition of phenyl triethoxysilane into 20μm(d50)aluminum *** confirm the deposition of the coating via diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron *** then characterize the coated particles using apparent density measurements and Carney flow *** analysis of variance,we find that,of the parameters explored,only changes in cure time and reaction temperature provide meaningful changes to the apparent density,while none of our parameters produced statistically significant changes in Carney flow ***,we conclude that,when optimizing silanization of aluminum particles,environmental control of humidity is unneeded and that the reaction can be run with minimal *** ability to largely ignore these parameters is a benefit to large-scale processing.

关键词： Aluminum powder Silane Fluidization Apparent density Carney flow

A call for enhanced data-driven insights into wind energy flow physics

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Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters 2024年第1期14卷 6-10页

作者： Coleman Moss Romit Maulik Giacomo Valerio Iungo Wind Fluids and Experiments(WindFluX)Laboratory Mechanical Engineering DepartmentThe University of Texas at DallasRichardson 75080USA college of Information Sciences and Technology The Pennsylvania State UniversityState College 16801USA

With the increased availability of experimental measurements aiming at probing wind resources and wind turbine operations,machine learning(ML)models are poised to advance our understanding of the physics underpinning the interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer and wind turbine arrays,the generated wakes and their interactions,and wind energy ***,the majority of the existing ML models for predicting wind turbine wakes merely recreate Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulated data with analogous accuracy but reduced computational costs,thus providing surrogate models rather than enhanced data-enabled physics *** ML-based surrogate models are useful to overcome current limitations associated with the high computational costs of CFD models,using ML to unveil processes from experimental data or enhance modeling capabilities is deemed a potential research direction to *** this letter,we discuss recent achievements in the realm of ML modeling of wind turbine wakes and operations,along with new promising research strategies.

关键词： Machine learning Wake Wind turbine Wind farm Supervisory control and data acquisition

Chemotherapy-induced small extracellular vesicles prime the pre-metastatic niche to accelerate neuroblastoma metastasis

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Genes & Diseases 2024年第4期11卷 65-68页

作者： Carson A.Wills Xiaoming Liu Longgui Chen Yuanjun Zhao Zhenqiu Liu Vladimir S.Spiegelman Jeffrey Sundstrom Hong-Gang Wang Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Hematology and OncologyThe Pennsylvania State University Collegeof MedicinePA 17033USA Department of Ophthalmology The Pennsylvania State University College of MedicinePA 17033USA Department of Public Health Sciences The Pennsylvania StateUniversityCollegeofMedicinePA 17033USA

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children,accounting for more than 10%of cancerrelated deaths in this *** standard of care for patients diagnosed with medium-to high-risk neuroblastoma,incl... 详细信息

关键词： neuroblastoma metastatic metastasis

Constrained re-calibration of two-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models

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Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters 2024年第2期14卷 82-89页

作者： Yuanwei Bin Xiaohan Hu Jiaqi Li Samuel J.Grauer Xiang I.A.Yang Department of Mechanical Engineering Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802USA state Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China college of Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Machine-learned augmentations to turbulence models can be advantageous for flows within the training dataset but can often cause harm *** lack of generalizability arises because the constants(as well as the functions)in a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS)model are coupled,and un-constrained re-calibration of these constants(and functions)can disrupt the calibrations of the baseline model,the preservation of which is critical to the model's *** safeguard the behaviors of the baseline model beyond the training dataset,machine learning must be constrained such that basic calibrations like the law of the wall are kept *** letter aims to identify such constraints in two-equation RANS models so that future machine learning work can be performed without violating these *** demonstrate that the identified constraints are not ***,they help preserve the generalizability of the baseline model.

关键词： Machine learning Turbulence modeling Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes

Oryza CLIMtools:A genome–environment association resource reveals adaptive roles for heterotrimeric G proteins in the regulation of rice agronomic traits

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Plant Communications 2024年第4期5卷 145-165页

作者： Angel Ferrero-Serrano David Chakravorty Kobie J.Kirven Sarah M.Assmann Biology Department Pennsylvania State University208 Mueller LaboratoryUniversity ParkPA 16802USA Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics Pennsylvania State University208 Mueller LaboratoryUniversity ParkPA 16802USA

Modern crop varieties display a degree of mismatch between their current distributions and the suitability of the local climate for their *** address this issue,we present Oryza CLIMtools(https://***/CLIMtools/oryza_v1.0/),thefirst resource for pan-genome prediction of climate-associated genetic variants in a crop *** CLIMtools consists of interactive web-based databases that enable the user to(1)explore the local environments of traditional rice varieties(landraces)in South-East Asia and(2)investigate the environment by genome associations for 658 Indica and 283 Japonica rice landrace accessions collected from georeferenced local environments and included in the 3K Rice Ge-nomes *** demonstrate the value of these resources by identifying an interplay betweenflowering time and temperature in the local environment that is facilitated by adaptive natural variation in OsHD2 and disrupted by a natural variant in *** quantitative trait locus analysis has suggested the impor-tance of heterotrimeric G proteins in the control of agronomic ***,we analyzed the climate associations of natural variants in the different heterotrimeric G protein *** identified a coordi-nated role of G proteins in adaptation to the prevailing potential evapotranspiration gradient and revealed their regulation of key agronomic traits,including plant height and seed and panicle *** conclude by highlighting the prospect of targeting heterotrimeric G proteins to produce climate-resilient crops.

关键词： Oryza sativa rice G by E adaptation flowering time GWAS OsHD2 OsSOC1 heterotrimeric G pro-tein OsRGA1 d1 OsGS3 OsDEP1 OsGGC2

Extreme Weather Disruptions and Emergency Preparedness Among Older Adults in Ohio: An Eight-County Assessment

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2024年第2期15卷 213-225页

作者： Smitha Rao Fiona C.Doherty Anthony Traver Marisa Sheldon Emma Sakulich Holly Dabelko‑Schoeny college of Social Work The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA Age Friendly Innovation Center College of Social WorkThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA college of Public Health The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA

The disproportionate risks and impacts of climate change and extreme weather on older adults are increasingly evident. While especially true in disaster-prone areas, human-caused climate change introduces an element of uncertainty even in previously identified “safe” regions such as the Midwestern United states. Using a cumulative disadvantage and vulnerability-informed framework and descriptive statistics from multiple data sources, this article provides an overview of climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and county-level characteristics, focusing on older adults living in Central Ohio. A comparative multiple-case study methodology was used to triangulate regionally representative primary and secondary data sources to examine state and county-level measures of vulnerability, emergency preparedness, and disruptions caused by extreme weather among older adults across eight counties in Central Ohio. Seventy-eight percent of older adults in the sample reported being prepared for emergencies per Federal Emergency Management Agency guidelines. Older adults in Union County reported the highest rates of preparedness, while those in Fayette County reported the lowest. County-level rates of disruption of life activities by extreme weather ranged widely. Among the most rural in the region, Fayette County emerged as uniquely disadvantaged, with the lowest median income, the most vulnerable across multiple social vulnerability dimensions, and the most reported disruptions to life activities from extreme weather. County profiles offer a snapshot of existing vulnerabilities, socioeconomic conditions, special needs, preparedness, and current disruptions among older adults in the region and can inform resource mobilization across community and policy contexts.

关键词： Disaster preparedness Extreme weather Midwestern United states Older adults Regional assessment Social vulnerability

A multi-mechanism numerical simulation model for CO_(2)-EOR and storage in fractured shale oil reservoirs

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1814-1828页

作者： Yuan-Zheng Wang Ren-Yi Cao Zhi-Hao Jia Bin-Yu Wang Ming Ma Lin-Song Cheng college of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China John&Willie Leone Department of Energy&Mineral Engineering The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park16802PA.USA

Under the policy background and advocacy of carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS),CO_(2)-EOR has become a promising direction in the shale oil reservoir *** multi-scale pore structure distribution and fracture structure lead to complex multiphase flow,comprehensively considering multiple mechanisms is crucial for development and CO_(2) storage in fractured shale *** this paper,a multi-mechanism coupled model is developed by *** to the traditional Eclipse300 and MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox(MRST),this model considers the impact of pore structure on fluid phase behavior by the modified Peng—Robinson equation of state(PR-EOS),and the effect simultaneously radiate to Maxwell—Stefan(M—S)diffusion,stress sensitivity,the nano-confinement(NC)***,a modified embedded discrete fracture model(EDFM)is used to model the complex fractures,which optimizes connection types and half-transmissibility calculation approaches between non-neighboring connections(NNCs).The full implicit equation adopts the finite volume method(FVM)and Newton—Raphson iteration for discretization and *** model verification with the Eclipse300 and MRST is *** results show that the interaction between the mechanisms significantly affects the production performance and storage *** effect of molecular diffusion may be overestimated in oil-dominated(liquid-dominated)shale *** well spacing and injection gas rate are the most crucial factors affecting the production by sensitivity ***,the potential gas invasion risk is *** model provides a reliable theoretical basis for CO_(2)-EOR and sequestration in shale oil reservoirs.

关键词： CO_(2)-EOR CO_(2)storage Shale oil reservoir Complex fracture model Multiple mechanisms

Your personal choices in transportation and food are important for lowering carbon emissions

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第6期18卷 27-32页

作者： Bruce Logan Fang Zhang Wulin Yang Le Shi Institute of Energy and the Environment The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802USA School of Environment Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China college of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China college of Environmental and Resource Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

There is a global need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the extent of climate change.A better understanding of how our own activities and lifestyle influence our energy use and carbon emissions can help us enable changes in activities that can lead to reductions in carbon *** we discuss an approach based on examining carbon emissions from the perspective of the unit C,where 1 C is the CO_(2)from food a person would on average eat every *** approach shows that total CO_(2)emissions in China,normalized by the population,is 22.5 C while carbon emissions for a person in the US is 43.9 C.A better appreciation of our own energy use can be obtained by calculating carbon emissions from our own activities in units of C,for example for driving a car gasoline or electric vehicle a certain number of kilometers,using electricity for our homes,and eating different *** this information,we can see how our carbon emissions compare to national averages in different countries and make decisions that could lower our personal CO_(2)emissions.

关键词： Carbon dioxide Climate change Daily energy Greenhouse gas